UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8

SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

○
▪️ QUADRATIC RELATIONS
LESSON 1 The equation can also be determined by the zero
(x-intercepts) of the relations

𝑠 +𝑡
(1) STANDARD FORM EQUATION x= 2

● The general equation in standard form of quadratic

● The direction of opening can be determined in two ways:
relation is given by the equation:
1) By the a value:
○ y=ax2+ bx + c
a) If a>0, the parabola opens up
○ Where a, b,c are real numbers, and a≠0
b) If a<0, the parabola opens down
● The “base” quadratic relation is given by the equation:
2) By the second differences:
○ y=x2
a) If the constant values of the second differences
○ Where a=1,b=c=0
are positive, the parabola opens up
● Linear relation: y=ax1+ b are considered 1st degree
b) If the constant values of the second differences
polynomial relations (based on the degree of x2- term)
are negative , the parabola opens down
○ Quadratic relations are considered 2nd degree
polynomial relations
(2) PROPERTIES OF QUADRATIC RELATIONS
▪️ RECOGNIZING QUADRATIC RELATIONS
FROM A TABLE OF VALUES

● If there are second differences that are constant, then it

is non-linear (it is a quadratic relation).
● Example:

x y Differences

0 0 1st 2nd

1 1 1 +2

2 4 3 +2

3 9 5 +2

4 16 7 +2

● How to find an unknown

values given a table:
● Vertex: is the highest or lowest point of a parabola ○ Use first and second
○ The vertex of the parabola is (h,k) differences to extend
● Optimum value: The y-coordinate of the vertex: tables of values and to find unknown values in a
○ The optimum value is a maximum if the parabola table by working backwards.
opens down
○ The optimum value is a minimum if the parabola
opens up
● Axis of symmetry: it is always a vertical line that passes Format: Dark blue- main topic, light turquoise-subtopics, highlights- keywords

through the vertex.

○ The equation of the axis of symmetry is x=h

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 1 1

 UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8
SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

▪️ FACTORING TRINOMIALS
LESSON 2 2)

SIMPLIFY Determine the pair

of integers
● Expand: The algebra word meaning “multiply”.
Multiply until the expression is a collection of terms The greatest common We need a pair of integers
without brackets. factor (GCF): 5𝑥𝑦 that have a product of 28
● Factor: Write an expression as a product. Change an and a sum of sum of -3.
3 2 2
expression from a collection of two or more terms 5𝑥𝑦 5𝑥 𝑦 = 7(𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 7)
= 5𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥𝑦 = 7(𝑥 ± ?) (𝑥 ± ?)
without brackets into a product with terms in brackets.
140𝑥𝑦 I
− 5𝑥𝑦
● Trinomial: A trinomial is a polynomial with three terms
2
=𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 28𝑥𝑦
∴ 5𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 7)
2
=5𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 28)

(1) FOUR TYPES OF FACTORING

1) Common factoring
2) Factoring trinomials in the form
ax2 + bx + c
3) Factoring a difference of squares
4) Factoring a perfect square
(2) EXERCISES: FACTORING x2 + bx +c

1)
▪️ FACTORING COMPLEX TRINOMIALS
● Factoring ax2 +bx + c form, where a ≠ 0, 1
SIMPLIFY Determine the pair
of integers
● There are two methods of factoring complex trinomials
1) Inspection (trial and error)
The greatest common We need a pair of integers that
have a product of -7 and a sum a) Remove any common factors
factor (GCF): 7
of sum of 6. b) Create a list of possible binomial pairs by looking at
2 42𝑥 49 2 the first and last terms of the expanded form.
= 7𝑥 + − = 7(𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 7)
7 7
= 7(𝑥 ± ?) (𝑥 ± ?) c) Eliminate options that have common factors.
2 d) Expand and simplify remaining possible pairs to see
= 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 7
if any produce ax2 + bx + c
2
= 7(𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 7)
∴ 7(𝑥 − 7) (𝑥 + 6)

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 2 2

 UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8
SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

2) Decomposition
a) If possible, a common factor first.
b) Think of two integers, p and q, that add to b and Expand and simplify to check the options.
multiply to ac.
c) Decompose the middle term using the integers
from the previous step.
d) Common factors are the first two terms and the
second two terms. Ensure the resulting two
brackets contain the same expressions.
e) Common factor the common bracket out of the two Notice: the required middle term is negative, so only the
remaining terms. second or fourth candidates are possible.

Therefore, the correct factorization is (2𝑥 − 1) (3𝑥 − 4)

(1) EXERCISES: FACTORING ax2 + bx +c
Factoring complex trinomials by method of inspection and By method of decomposition:
decomposition
Common factor:
2 Since there are no common factors, we can move to step 2.
a) 6𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 4

By method of inspection: Think of two integers that add to b and multiply to ac:
The two integers should have a sum of -11 and product of 24.
Determine the binomial pairs that when expanded ∴ the two numbers are -3 and -8.
produce 6x2
Decompose the middle term using the integers from
(𝑥 ± ?) (6𝑥 ± ?) the previous step.

(2𝑥 ± ?) (3𝑥 ± ?)

Determine binomial pairs that when expanded

produce +4
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 4)
(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2) Common factor the first and second pairs of terms
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 4) separately.
(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2)

Eliminate options with common factors.

Combining all of the options from the previous steps then any
of the options in which either bracket has a common factor
can be eliminated, leaving only four potentially correct
factorizations: Common factor the bracket out of the two remaining
terms.

More in-depth lessons and exercises on:

https://courseware.cemc.uwaterloo.ca/43/assignments/1163/0

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 2 3

 UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8
SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

▪️ FACTORING SQUARES (4) SPECIAL CASES

● We will be looking at two more types of factoring:

difference of squares and perfect squares
● Note: You cannot factor a sum of squares
○ Example: x2 + 25
● You cannot factor a sum of squares

(1) DIFFERENCE OF SQUARES AND PERFECT SQUARE

TRINOMIALS (5) COMPLETING THE SQUARE
● 2 2
A difference of squares is of the form a - b . Its factored ● Definition: Completing the square is the process of
form is (a-b)(a+b). rearranging a trinomial x2 + bx + c to the form (x-h)2 +k
● A perfect square trinomial is of the form a2 +2ab+b2. Its (i.e., an expression containing a perfect square)
factored form is (a+b)2. These can be factored by ● Examples, where a=1:
recognizing the pattern and determining a and b by using
Decomposition.
● When deciding which type of factoring applies, check in
this order:
1) Common factoring
2) Difference of squares factoring
3) Trinomial factoring of the form x2 + bx + c
or ax2 +bx + c
4) Perfect squares factoring
● Several factoring questions involve two or more types of
factoring. Always keep in mind to check your answer to
see if any of the factors themselves are factorable.

(2) HOW TO FACTOR A PERFECT DIFFERENCE OF SQUARE

● Square root the first term
● Square root the last term
● Separate by “+” and “-” in the other

(3) HOW TO FACTOR A PERFECT DIFFERENCE OF SQUARE

● Always check for a common factor first
● Recall that factoring and expanding are opposite
operations
● Square root the first term
● Square root the last term
● Use the sign of the middle term
● Check: double the product of the terms in the
binomial= the middle term of the trinomial More in-depth lesson and exercises on:
https://courseware.cemc.uwaterloo.ca/43/assignments/1165/6

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 2 4

 UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8
SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

● Special cases:

▪️ SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS BY FINDING THE

LESSON 3

INTERCEPTS
● Examples, where a≠1:
● Quadratic relations are written in the form y=ax2 +bx + c.
This represents all ordered pairs (x,y) that satisfy the
relation.
● Quadratic equations are written in the form ax2 +bx +c=0.
This represents only the values of x that make y=0.

● To solve a quadratic equation means to find the

x-intercepts of the corresponding relation. These
x-intercepts are also known as zeros or roots.
● There are 3 possible outcomes when solving quadratic
equations:

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 3 5

 UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8
SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

(2) WHEN CAN THE VERTEX FORM EQUATION BE

FOUND?
● Steps to determining an equation given the vertex:
1) Using the vertex (h,k), write the general form of the
parabola y=ax(x-h)2 +k, leaving a as a variable
2) Substitute a point (not the vertex) that is on the
parabola into the equation written in step 1
3) Isolate to solve for a

▪️FINDING INTERCEPTS BY FACTORING

4) Write the final equation.
● When you are given the vertex and another point on the
● The Zero Product property: If m x n=0, then: graph with these steps:
○ m=0 or n=9, or both. 1) Using the vertex, write the general vertex form of the
● To solve by factoring: parabola, leaving a as a variable.
○ Rearrange the equation so 2) Sub another point that is on the parabola into the
that one side is equal to 0 equation.
○ Factor the expression 3) Isolate for a.
○ Set each factor equal to zero 4) Write the final equation.
and solve for the variable ● When you are given the factored form equation by first
determining the vertex.
1) From the factored form equation, determine the
▪️ VERTEX FORM
LESSON 4
zeros.
2) Average the zeros to determine the axis of symmetry.
● Minds-on: Move the sliders to change the quadratic
3) Determine the y-coordinate of the vertex by
relation y= a(x-h)2 + k. Try to match the shape of the red
substituting the value of the axis of symmetry into
dashed curve: https://www.geogebra.org/m/ugkus7qr
the equation.
4) Determine the vertex using the results of steps 2 and
(1) VERTEX FORM EXPLAINED
3.
5) Write the vertex form equation using a from the
factored form equation and the vertex from step 4.

(3) SUMMARY: THREE FORMS OF QUADRATIC

RELATIONS
● We have seen that there are three forms of equations:
standard, factored, and vertex:

Standard form: Factored form: Vertex form:

Vertex is (h,k)

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 3 6

 UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8
SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

▪️ DEVELOPING THE QUADRATIC FORMULA ▪️ RADICALS

LESSON 5 LESSON 6

● The quadratic formula provides an efficient and

systematic method for finding the solutions of a
quadratic equation, even if the equation cannot be easily
factored.
○ It is derived using the technique called completing
the square, which involves manipulating the
equation to create a perfect square trinomial.
(1) SIMPLIFYING SQUARE ROOTS
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-home/alg-ex
p-and-log/alg-simplify-radical-expressions/a/simplifying-sq
uare-roots-review

● Example 1

● In this formula, the symbol "±" indicates that we take

both the positive and negative values of the square root
part. This is because a quadratic equation can have two
solutions, one for each value of the square root.

● By substituting the values of a, b, and c from a given

quadratic equation into the quadratic formula, we can
calculate the corresponding solutions for x.

● Here is how it was developed:

Or watch this video: ● Example 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3SEkdtpobo

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 6 7

 UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8
SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

● Example:
Important fact:
First simplify then look for the GREATEST perfect square

● Example: Simplifying square roots with variables

(2) A REVIEW OF THE NUMBER SYSTEM AND THE

PRINCIPAL nth ROOT

● Example: More challenging square root expressions

● The principal nth root:

○ Example:

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 6 8

 UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8
SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

▪️ COMPLEX NUMBERS
LESSON 7

● Sometimes we get negative square roots:

(3) AN INTRODUCTION TO RADICALS

● RADICALS:

○ n is called the index.

○ The number x is called the radicand. The symbol
between the index and the radicand is called a radical
symbol. And the whole expression is called a radical.

● The term with the negative square root is an imaginary

number. The combination of the real number and the
imaginary number is a complex number.
● MIXED AND ENTIRE RADICALS:
○ There are two different ways that we can represent a
radical.

How do we know if we have completely simplified a square root?

● The imaginary unit, i is defined by:

More in-depth lesson and exercises on:

https://courseware.cemc.uwaterloo.ca/41/assignments/1087/5

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 6 9

 UNIT1: QUADRATICS MPM2D8
SEMESTER 2 | ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 | GRADE 10

▪️ THE DISCRIMINANT
LESSON 8

● The discriminant helps you to identify the numbers of

roots and how the parabola opens.

(1) EXERCISES

b)

UNIT 1: QUADRATIC RELATIONS LESSON 8 10