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• It is clearly a periodic function, with period 2, as the values of the gradient of
the function must repeat itself every 2 just as y does;
2
Using this information, you can sketch the graph of the derivative of sin x:
2
-1
This suggests that y = cos x might fit the picture, and this is in fact the case, although
you need to know more about trig functions to prove this.
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Edexcel A level Maths Further diff 2 Notes & Examples
What about the derivative of cos x? The graph of cos x is that of sin x translated to
2
the left, so the gradient function will be that of sin x translated to the left:
2
y = cos x
1 gradient of y = cos x
2
-1
This looks like the reflection of y = sin x in the x-axis, which is y = -sin x. So:
d d
(sin x) = cos x , (cos x) = − sin x
dx dx
Example 1
Using the derivatives of sin x and cos x, prove that the derivative of tan x is sec2x.
Solution
sin x
You know that tan x = .
cos x
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Edexcel A level Maths Further diff 2 Notes & Examples
du dv
v −u
dy
= dx 2 dx
dx v
cos x cos x − sin x (− sin x)
=
(cos x)2
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
=
cos 2 x since cos2 x + sin 2 x = 1
1
=
cos 2 x
= sec2 x
This is another result which you should remember and may be quoted.
d
(tan x) = sec2 x
dx
You can now apply all the differentiation techniques you have learned to functions
involving sines, cosines and tangents.
Functions of the form y = sin kx , y = cos kx and y = tan kx , where k is a constant, can
be differentiated using the chain rule.
Example 2
Differentiate y = sin 2 x
Solution
Using the chain rule with u = 2 x :
du
u = 2x =2
dx
dy
y = sin u = cos u
du
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
= cos u 2
= 2cos 2 x
d d d
(sin kx) = k cos kx , (cos kx) = −k sin kx , (tan kx) = k sec2 kx
dx dx dx
You can use these results directly, without having to write out the chain rule.
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Edexcel A level Maths Further diff 2 Notes & Examples
Example 3
Differentiate:
(i) cos2 x
(ii) sin x
(iii) e x tan x
sin x
(iv) ,
1 + cos x
Solution
(i) Using the chain rule:
du
u = cos x = − sin x
dx
dy
y = u2 = 2u
du
dy dy du
=
dx du dx You can only differentiate trig
= 2u (− sin x) functions when they are measured
in radians, so convert to radians
= −2cos x sin x
by multiplying by
180
x
(ii) y = sin x = sin
180
dy x
= cos
dx 180 180 Using the standard result for
differentiating cos kx
= cos x
180
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Edexcel A level Maths Further diff 2 Notes & Examples
du dv
v −u
dy
= dx 2 dx
dx v
(1 + cos x) cos x − sin x(− sin x)
=
(1 + cos x) 2
cos x + cos 2 x + sin 2 x Notice the use of
= trigonometric identities to
(1 + cos x) 2 simplify results.
cos x + 1
=
(1 + cos x) 2
1
=
1 + cos x
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