METHODS OF INTEGRATION

 1.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

 1.2 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 1.3 INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

 1.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 1
1.2 INTEGRATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
OUTCOME: At the end of this module, students should be able to
1) Identify the identities to be used in the integration of
trigonometric functions.
2) Recognize the suitable substitution to solve the integration of
trigonometric functions.

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 2

The Most Important Integrals
• These formula will be used to develop some more general formula to solve more difficult
integration problems.

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 3

Derivative Rules

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 4

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 5

 INTRODUCTION
 The integrals of certain combination of trigonometric function can be solved by using the
trigonometric identities.

 In this subtopic, we will consider the integrals of :

Example:

1. PRODUCT of sine and cosine

SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULA
∫ sin 5x cos3x dx, ∫ cos 7 x cos 2 x dx , ∫ sin 7 x sin 4 x dx
2. POWERS of sine and cosine
∫ ∫
2 2 5 2
sin x cos x dx , sin x cos x dx

3. POWERS of tangent and secant

∫ ∫
4 3 5
tan 2 x sec 2 x dx , tan x sec x dx

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 6

 SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULA
The integrals of the form ∫ sin(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) cos(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, ∫ sin(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) sin(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and
∫ cos(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) cos(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 can be solve by using the trigonometric identities:

1
� sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 = � cos 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 − cos 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
2
1
� sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = � sin 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 + sin 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
2
1
� cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = � cos 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 + cos 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
2

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 7

How to solve the integrals of PRODUCT of sine
and cosine?
1. Use the corresponding product identities
1
sin A sin
= B cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B ) 
2
1
cos A cos
= B cos ( A − B ) + cos ( A + B ) 
2
1
sin A cos
= B sin ( A − B ) + sin ( A + B ) 
2

2. Solve the resulting integral

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 8

 SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULA − cos ax
∫ sin=
ax dx
a
+C

sin ax
Example: Solve sin 5 x cos 3 x dx
∫ ∫ cos ax
= dx
a
+C

Solution:
1
S2
∫ sin 5 x cos
= 3 x dx ∫ [sin 2 x + sin 8 x ] dx
2
1 
=
2 ∫ sin 2 x dx + ∫ sin 8 x dx 
1  cos 2 x  cos8 x  
S1 =  − +−  + C
1 2 2  8 
sin A cos= B [sin( A − B) + sin( A + B)]
2 1 1
− cos 2 x − cos8 x + C
=
1
sin 5 x cos=
3x
2
( ) (
sin 5 x − 3x + sin 5 x + 3x 
 ) 4 16

1
= [sin 2 x + sin 8 x ]
2 DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 9
 SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULA − cos ax
∫ sin=
ax dx
a
+C

sin ax
Example: Solve cos 6 x cos 4 x dx ∫
∫ cos ax
= dx
a
+C

Solution: S2 1
∫ cos 6 x =
cos 4 x dx ∫ [cos 2 x + cos10 x ] dx
2
1 
S1 =
2 ∫ cos 2 x dx + ∫ cos10 x dx 
1
cos A cos
= B [cos( A − B) + cos( A + B)] 1  sin 2 x sin10 x 
=  + +C
2 
2 2 10 
1
cos 6 x cos=
4x
2
( ) (
cos 6 x − 4 x + cos 6 x + 4 x 
 ) 1 1
= sin 2 x + sin10 x + C
1 4 20
= [ cos 2 x + cos10 x ]
2

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 10

 SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULA − cos ax
∫ sin=
ax dx
a
+C

sin ax
Example: Solve sin 7 x sin 4 x dx
∫ ∫ cos ax
= dx
a
+C

Solution: 1
S2
∫ sin 7 x= ∫ [cos 3x − cos11x ] dx
sin 4 x dx
2
1
S1 =  ∫ cos 3 x dx − ∫ cos11x dx 
2
1  sin 3 x sin11x 
=  −  +C
1 2 3 11 
sin A sin
= B [cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)]
2 1 1
= sin 3 x − sin11x + C
1
sin 7 x sin=4x
2
( ) (
cos 7 x − 4 x − cos 7 x + 4 x 
 ) 6 22

1
= [ cos 3 x − cos11x ]
2

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 11

 How to solve the integrals of POWER of sine
and cosine?
 Integrals of power of sine and cosine generally has the form of
𝑚𝑚 and 𝑛𝑛 are
EVEN
∫ sin x cos x dx
m n
• Reduce both powers of sin 𝑥𝑥
and cos 𝑥𝑥 by using:
1
𝑚𝑚 is ODD 𝑛𝑛 is ODD
2
sin= x (1 − cos 2 x )
2
1
• Split off a factor of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 • Split off a factor of 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙
2
cos= x (1 + cos 2 x )
2
• Apply the identity: • Apply the identity:
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 • Apply the identity:
• Substitute 𝒖𝒖 = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 • Substitute 𝒖𝒖 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 or
• Integrate • Integrate 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥
• Integrate

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 12

 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINE AND COSINES

Example: Evaluate ∫ sin 3 x cos 2 x dx

Solution:
S1
∫ sin 3 x cos 2 x dx = ∫ sin 2 x sin x cos 2 x dx
m ( the power of sine) is odd
Split of the factor of sin x

= ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x sin x dx Apply the relevant identity, WRONG CONCEPT:

S2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 sin 3 x = sin x 3
∫( ) x sin x dx
2 2
sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
1 = 1 − cos x cos
⇒ sin 2 x =
1 − cos 2 x
let u = cos x Substitute u
S3 with cos x
du = − sin x dx ⇒ −du = sin x dx
𝑢𝑢5 𝑢𝑢3
= � −(1 − 𝑢𝑢2 )𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − + 𝑐𝑐
5 3
S4 1 1
4 2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
5
= � 𝑢𝑢 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5 3

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 13

 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINE AND COSINES

Example: Evaluate ∫ sin 2 x cos3 x dx

Solution:
S1
∫ ∫
2 3 2 2
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x cos x dx Split of the factor of cos x

( x ) cos x dx
n ( the power of cosine) is odd

∫
2 2
S2 = sin x 1 − sin  Apply the relevant identity
sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
1
let u = sin x ⇒ cos 2 x =
1 − sin 2 x
S3 Substitute u
du = cos x dx
with sin x
𝑢𝑢3 𝑢𝑢5
= � 𝑢𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − + 𝑐𝑐
3 5
S4 1 1
2 𝑢𝑢4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝑢𝑢 − = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
3
3 5

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 14

 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINE AND COSINES

S2
π
2  Apply the relevant identity
π
Example: Evaluate
∫
2 2
sin x cos x dx 12 sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
0 = ∫
40
(1 − cos 2 x ) dx
2
⇒ sin 2
x =1 − cos 2
x
Solution:
π π
2
S1 12 2 WRONG CONCEPT:
∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ sin 2 x dx
2 2
 m and n are even
40 sin 2 2 x = 2 sin x
0 sin 2 2 x + cos 2 2 x =
1
π
π
2
1 1 ⇒ sin 2 2 x =
1 − cos 2 2 x
1 2
1
= ∫0 2 (1 − cos 2 x ) (
⋅ 1 + cos 2 x ) =
dx
(1 − cos 4 x ) dx
2
 Use the formula to reduce
4 ∫0 2
π
the power of sin 𝑥𝑥 and cos 𝑥𝑥 π
12 Use the formula to reduce the power of sin 𝑥𝑥
= ∫ (1 − cos 2 x ) ⋅ (1 + cos 2 x ) dx 1 2
40 = ∫ (1 − cos 4 x ) dx sin 2 =
x
1
( 1 − cos 2 x )
π
80 2
12 π
= ∫ (1 + cos 2 x − cos 2 x − cos 2 x ) dx
2
1  sin 4 x  2 ⇓
40 = x − 1
 8 4 0 sin 2 2=
x
2
(
1 − cos 4 x )
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 15
 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINE AND COSINES

π
2
Example: Evaluate
∫
2 2 Remark:
sin x cos x dx
0
1. The calculation should be in
RADIAN
Solution: 2. The integration can be a single
π π function
S3
2
1  sin 4 x  2 ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 or ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∫0 sin x cos x=
2 2
dx  x−
8 4  0
 π  
 sin 4   
1 π 
 2   sin 4 ( 0 )  
=  −  −0− 
8  2 4   4 
 
 
 
1  π 0   0 
=  − −
  0 − 
8  2 4   4  
π NOTE:
= The calculation
16 should be in radian
16
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH
 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINE AND COSINES

1  substitute 𝑢𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Example: Evaluate∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1

= � 𝑢𝑢3 (1 − 𝑢𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

 Solution: 01

 m, n ( the power of sin and cosine) is odd, choose either = � 𝑢𝑢3 − 𝑢𝑢5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
one 0 Substitute u
 Split of the factor of cos x with sin x
𝑢𝑢4 𝑢𝑢6 1
=[ − ]0
1 4 6
= ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6 𝑥𝑥 1
=[ − ]0
4 6
 Apply the relevant identity, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6 1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6 0 1
1 =[ − − − ]0
4 6 4 6
= � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 ) cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 = 0.0662

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 17

INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT
 If m is even or n is odd
 Given m and n are positive integers, then the integral
• Use the formula to reduce the power of sec 𝑥𝑥 only
∫ 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒎 𝒙𝒙 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 can be solved using the procedure
listed below: • Apply integration by parts if necessary.
• Apply relevant identity, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠22 𝑥𝑥 = 1 −2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 or
 Steps 2 2
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 − 1
 If n is even • ∫ 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒄𝒄
2
o Split off a factor of 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 (n-2)
• ∫ 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒄𝒄
o Apply the relevant identity, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑥𝑥 + 1
o Substitute u = tan 𝑥𝑥
o Integrate Alternative Method:

𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐
 If m is odd 𝒏𝒏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = + � 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
o Split off a factor of sec 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥 (m-1)
o Apply the relevant identity, 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
 If m or n ∉ ℛ, ℛ +
o Substitute u = sec 𝑥𝑥
• Write in terms of since and cosines
o Integrate

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 18

 How to solve the integrals of POWER of tangent and
secant?
 Integrals of power of sine and cosine generally has the form of 𝑚𝑚 is EVEN or
𝑛𝑛 is ODD

∫ tan x sec x dx
m n
• Use formula to reduce power
to 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙
• Apply the identity
𝑛𝑛 is EVEN
𝑚𝑚 is ODD • Integrate

• Split off a factor of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝑚𝑚 or 𝑛𝑛 ∉ ℛ, ℛ+

• Apply the identity
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 = 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏
• Substitute 𝒖𝒖 = 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙
• Integrate
• Substitute back
• Split off a factor of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙
• Apply the identity
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏
• Substitute 𝒖𝒖 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 • Write in terms of sine and
cosine
• Integrate
• Substitute back • Apply substitution method
• Integrate
• Substitute back
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 19
 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT

Example: Evaluate ∫ tan 2 x sec 4 2 x dx

 Apply the relevant identity

Solution: 1 + tan 2 x =
sec 2 x

∫ ∫
4 2 2
S1 tan 2 x sec 2 x dx = tan 2 x sec 2 x sec 2 x dx  Split of the factor of 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥
 n ( the power of secant) is even
1 + tan 2 2 x =
sec 2 2 x
= ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x sec 2 x dx
2 2

S2
= ∫ tan 2 x ( tan 2
2 x + 1) sec 2
2 x dx 1 3
Substitute u
with tan 2x
let u = tan 2 x
=
S4
2 ∫ u + u du
S3
1 1 u4 u2 
=du 2sec 2 2 x dx ⇒= du sec 2 2 x dx =  + +C
2 2 4 2 
1
( )  2x 
4 2
1 tan 2 x tan
∫
2
= u u + 1 du S5 = + +C
2 
2 4 2  
1 3
=
2 ∫ u + u du 1 1
= tan 4 2 x + tan 2 2 x + C
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 8 4 20
 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT

Example: Evaluate ∫
3 5
tan x sec x dx

Solution:
∫ ∫
3 5 2 4
S1 tan x sec x dx = tan x tan x sec x sec x dx
1 + tan 2 x =
sec 2 x
= ∫ tan 2 x sec 4 x sec x tan x dx ⇒ tan 2 x = sec 2 x − 1
S2

∫ ( sec x − 1) sec 4 x sec x tan x dx

2
=
S4
∫ (u − u 4 ) du
6
=
S3 let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x dx
u7 u5
= − +C
7 5
∫ (u − 1) u 4 du
2
( u − 1) u = u ⋅ u −=
2 4 2 4
u4 S5 1 7 1 5
= sec x − sec x + C
∫ (u − u 4 ) du 7 5
6
= u 2+ 4 − u=
4

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 21

 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT

π
3  If m is even or n is odd
Example: Evaluate
∫ x dx
2
tan Apply relevant identity,
0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 or
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 or
Solution:
π π 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
S1 3 3
x dx ∫ ( sec
∫ tan=
2 2
x − 1) dx 1 + tan 2 x =
sec 2 x
S2 0 0 ⇒ tan 2 x = sec 2 x − 1
π
S3 = [ tan x − x ]03
 π  π 
=  tan   −  −  tan ( 0 ) − 0 
  3  3
= 1.7321 − 1.0472
The calculation should be
= 0.6849 in RADIAN

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 22

 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT

sec x
Example: Evaluate ∫ 2
dx
tan x let u = sin x
S2 du = cos x dx
Solution:
sec x cos x
= ∫ 2 dx
∫ tan 2 x dx = ∫ sec x ( tan x ) dx
−2
sin x
−2 1
1  sin x  = ∫ 2 dx
S1 =∫   dx u
cos x  cos x  S4
2 = ∫ u −2 dx
1  cos x  sec x 1
=∫   dx u −2 +1 ∴∫ dx =
− +C
cos x  sin x  =S3 +C
2
tan x sin x
cos x −2 + 1 =− cos ecx + C
= ∫ 2 dx u −1
sin x = +C
WRONG CONCEPT: −1
1
( )
2
sin x = sin x 2 =− + C
u
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 23
 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT

Example: Integrate ∫ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡3 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑  substitute u = tan x

𝑢𝑢 = tan 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
Solution:
= � 𝑢𝑢3 (𝑢𝑢2 + 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 m ( the power of tangent) is odd Can choose
 n ( the power of tangent) is even either one

 Split of the factor of sec 𝑥𝑥 = � 𝑢𝑢5 + 𝑢𝑢3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Substitute u
∫ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡3 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 with tan x
𝑢𝑢6 𝑢𝑢4
 Apply the relevant identity, 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 = + + 𝑐𝑐
6 4
= � 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡3 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑥𝑥 + 1) 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
= 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡4 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
6
6 4
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 24
 INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT

Example: Integrate ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Alternative Method:

𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐
Solution: 𝒏𝒏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
+
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

 By Alternative Method

3
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 3−2
� 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3−1 3−1

sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 1
= + � sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 2

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥

= + + 𝑐𝑐
2 2

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 25

 TUTORIAL 1.2
Answer

Answer

Answer

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 26

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