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Integration with trigonometric functions

1. Integrals of the form ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒎 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
1. If m (the power of sine) is odd, we use the u-substitution
𝑐 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑐 = − sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
and the identity sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1 to express the remaining even power of sine terms.
2. If m (the power of cosine) is odd, we use the substitution
𝑠 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑠 = cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
and the identity sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1 to express the remaining even power of cosine in u-terms.
3. If both powers m and n are even, we reduce the powers using the double angle formulas
1 − cos 2𝑥 1 + cos 2𝑥
sin2 𝑥 = , cos 2 𝑥 = .
2 2
The integrals of type ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 and ∫ cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 can be evaluated by reduction formulas

𝑛
sin𝑛−1 xcos 𝑥 𝑛 − 1
∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥,
𝑛 𝑛

𝑛
cos 𝑛−1 x si n 𝑥 𝑛 − 1
∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ cos 𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
𝑛 𝑛
1. Integrals of the form ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒙, ∫𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒙, ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒙
To evaluate integrals of products of sine and cosine with different arguments, use identities
1
cos axcos 𝑏𝑥 = [cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥) + cos(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥)]
2
1
sin axcos 𝑏𝑥 = [sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥) + sin(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥)]
2

1
sin 𝑎𝑥sin 𝑏𝑥 = − [cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥) − cos(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥)]
2

3. Integrals of the form ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙

The power of the integrand can be reduced using the trigonometric identity 1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
and the reduction formula
∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏−𝟐 𝒙(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
= ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒙 − ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
𝒏−𝟏
4. Integrals of the form ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
Similarly, 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒏−𝟐 𝒙(𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = − − ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
𝒏−𝟏
5. Integrals of the form ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
This type of integrals can be simplified with help of the reduction formula:

𝒏
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒏−𝟐 𝐱𝐭𝐚 𝐧 𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟐
∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = + ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
6. Integrals of the form ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
Similarly, to the previous examples, this type of integrals can be simplified by the formula

𝒏
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒏−𝟐 𝐱𝐜𝐨 𝐭 𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟐
∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = − + ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
7. Integrals of the form ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒎 𝒙𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
1. If the power of the secant n is even, then using the identity = sec 2 𝑥 the secant function is
expressed as the tangent function. The factor sec 2 𝑥 is separated and used for transformation
of the differential. As a result, the entire integral (including differential) is expressed in terms of
the function tan 𝑥.
2. If both the powers n and m are odd, then the factor sec 𝑥tan 𝑥, which is necessary to
transform the differential, is separated. Then the entire integral is expressed in terms of sec 𝑥.
3. If the power of the secant nn is odd, and the power of the tangent mm is even, then the tangent
is expressed in terms of the secant using the identity 1 + tan2 𝑥 After this substitution, you
can calculate the integrals of the secant.
8. Integrals of the form ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒎 𝒙𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
1. If the power of the cosecant n is even, then using the identity 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 the cosecant
function is expressed as the cotangent function. The factor csc 2 𝑥 is separated and used for
transformation of the differential. As a result, the integrand and differential are expressed in
terms of cot 𝑥.
2. If both the powers n and m are odd, then the factor cot 𝑥csc 𝑥, which is necessary to
transform the differential, is separated. Then the integral is expressed in terms of csc 𝑥.
3. If the power of the cosecant n is odd, and the power of the cotangent mm is even, then the
cotangent is expressed in terms of the cosecant using the identity 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥. After
this substitution, you can find the integrals of the cosecant.
Integration by trigonometric substitution
If m or n is an odd natural number, use the transformation

 sin  cos n d
m

If m or n is an odd natural number , transform int o a polynomial of c or s by :

sin  = s, cos = c,
s 2 + c 2 = 1,
ds = c, dc = − s

Example 1

 sin  cos d  sin cos d  sin  cos d

sin 2 d 2
=  sin  d sin  = −  cos d cos =
2 2
sin 2  cos2  cos 2
= + C1 =− + C2 =− + C3
2 2 4

x sin 2 xdx
Example 2:  cos
3

=  cos
2
x(cos x ) sin 2 xdx

=  cos x(1 − sin

2
x) sin 2 x dx

=  cos x(sin x − sin 4 x )dx

2

=  cos x(sin x) dx −  cos x(sin 4 x) dx

2

= s du −  s 4 d s
2

1 3 1
= sin x − sin 5 x + C
3 5

Example 3

 sin  cos  d
4 3

=  s c d
4 3

=  s (1 − s ) ds
4 2

sin  = s, cos = c,
=  ( s − s ) ds
4 6
 s 2 + c 2 = 1, ds = c, dc = − s
s5 s7
= − +K
5 7
sin  sin 7 
5
= − +K
5 7
Example 4

 sin  cos  d
5 2

=  s c d
5 2

= −  s c dc
4 2

= −  (1 − c ) c dc 2 2 2

sin  = s, cos = c,
= −  (c − 2c + 1)c dc
4 2 2
 s 2 + c 2 = 1, ds = c, dc = − s
= −  (c − 2c + c ) dc
6 4 2

c 7 2c 5 c 3
=− + − +K
7 5 3
cos  2 cos 5  cos 3 
7
=− + − +K
7 5 3

Example 5 Find  sin 5  cos3 d

Solution 1 sin  = s, cos = c,

 sin  cos  d
5 3

 s 2 + c 2 = 1, ds = c, dc = − s
=  s c d
5 3

= −  s c dc4 3

= −  (1 − c ) c dc
2 2 3

= −  (c − 2c + 1)c dc
4 2 3

= −  (c − 2c + c ) dc
7 5 3

c 8 2c 6 c 4
=− + − +K
8 6 4
cos  2 cos6  cos 4 
8
=− + − +K
8 6 4
Solution 2 (faster!)  sin  = s, cos = c,
 sin  cos  d
5 3

 s 2 + c 2 = 1, ds = c, dc = − s
=  s c d
5 3

=  s 5c 2 ds
=  s 5 (1 − s 2 ) ds
=  ( s 5 − s 7 ) ds
s 6 s8
= − + K2
6 8
sin 6  sin 8 
= − + K2
6 8

sin x
Example 6:  tan x dx =  cos x dx
Now, let u = cos x , du = − sin x
sin x 1
 cos x dx = − u du = − ln cos x + C
 sin  cosn d
m

If both m and n are even natural numbers , use double angle formulae :
1 − cos 2 1 + cos 2
sin 2  = , cos2  =
2 2

Example 7

 sin  cos 2 d
4

1 − cos 2 2 1 + cos 2
= ( ) ( ) d
2 2
(cos 2 2 − 2 cos 2 + 1)(1 + cos 2 )
= d
8
1
=  (cos 3 2 − cos 2 2 − cos 2 + 1) d
8
1

=  (cos 3 2 − cos 2 ) d +  (− cos 2 2 + 1) d
8

1 d sin 2 
=  (cos 2 2 − 1) +  sin 2 2 d 
8 2 
1 d sin 2 1 − cos 4 
=  (− sin 2 2 ) + d 
8 2 2 
1  sin 2
3
sin 4 
= − + − + K
16  3 4 

=
1
192
 
12 − 4 sin 3 2 − 3 sin 4 + K
Product-to-sum formula in trigonometry
 sin m cos n d
 cos m cos n d
 sin m sin n d

Example 8
Find
(a)  cos 3x cos xdx ,
(b)  5 cos 4 x sin 2xdx .
Solution:
1
(a)  cos 3x cos xdx =  2 [cos(3x + x) + cos(3x − x)]dx
1
=
2
 (cos 4 x + cos 2 x)dx
1 1
=
2
 cos 4 xdx + 2  cos 2 xdx
1 1 1 1
=
2
•
4
 cos 4 xd (4 x) + 2 • 2  cos 2 xd (2 x)
1 1
= sin 4 x + sin 2 x + C
8 4

12
(b)  12 cos 4 x sin 2 xdx =  2 [sin( 4 x + 2 x) − sin( 4 x − 2 x)]dx
12
2 
= (sin 6 x − sin 2 x)dx
12 12
=  sin 6 xdx −  sin 2 xdx
2 2
12 1 12 1
= •  sin 6 xd (6 x) − •  sin 2 xd (2 x)
2 6 2 2
= − 1cos 6 x + 3 cos 2 x + C
Example 9: Integration by conjugate
Method 1: x
Method 2: use t= tan
2
1
 1 − sin x dx 1 1 2dt
1 1 + sin x 1 + sin x  1 − sin x dx =  2t 1 + t 2
= dx =  dx 1−
1 − sin x 1 + sin x 1 − sin 2 x 1+ t2
1 + sin x 2
= dx = dx
cos 2 x 1 + t − 2t
2

2
= dx
=
1
dx + 
sin x
dx (t − 1) 2
2
cos x cos 2 x −2
1 = +K
= tan x + +C t −1
cos x 2
= tan x + sec x + C = +K
x
1 − tan
2

1
Example 10:  1 − cos x dx
Method 1: Method 2: x
Method 3: use t= tan
1 2
 1 − cos x dx 1
 1 − cos x dx 1 1 2dt
=
1

1 + cos x 1 2  1 − cos x dx =  1− t 1+ t2
2

1 − cos x 1 + cos x
dx = 
2 1 − cos x
dx 1−
1+ t2
1 + cos x
= dx 1
= 
dx
=
1
dx
1 − cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x t2
1 + cos x −1
= dx 2
= +K
sin 2 x x x t
=  csc 2 d
2 2 x
=
1 cos x
dx +  2 dx = − cot + K
x 2
= − cot + K
2
sin x sin x
1 2
= − cot x − +C
sin x
= − cot x − csc x + C
Example 11:  sec d
Method 1: 
Method 2: use t= tan
Transform into rational function of c or s by 2
sin  = s, cos = c,
2t
s 2 + c 2 = 1, tan  =
1− t2
ds = c, dc = − s 2t
sin  =
1+ t2
 sec d cos  =
1− t2
,
d 1+ t2
=
cos   d d
dt = sec 2 = (1 + t 2 )
cd 2 2 2
= 2
2dt
c d =
ds 1+ t2
= 2
c
Then
ds
=
1 − s2  sec d
1 1 1
= ( + )ds d
2 1− s 1+ s =
cos 
1 1+ s
= ln +K 1 + t 2 2dt
2 1− s = 
1− t2 1+ t2
1 1+ s 1+ s
= ln  +K =
2dt
2 1− s 1+ s 1− t2
1 (1 + s ) 2 1 1
= ln +K = ( + )dt
2 c2 1− t 1+ t
1+ s 1+ t
= ln +K = ln +K
c 1− t
1+ s  
= ln +K tan + tan
c = ln 4 2 +K
 
1 s 1 − tan tan
= ln + + K 4 2
c c
 
= ln sec  + tan  + K = ln tan( + ) +K
4 2

ln sec  + tan 
1+ t2 2t
= ln +
1− t 2
1− t2
1 + t 2 + 2t
= ln
1− t2
(1 + t ) 2
= ln
(1 − t )(1 + t )
1+ t
= ln
1− t
  sec  d
3
Example 12:

Method 1 Method 2

Let I=  sec  d
3

 sec  d
3

d
= I =  (1 + tan 2  ) sec d
cos3 
cd =  sec d +  tan 2  sec d
= 4
c
ds = ln sec  + tan  +  tan  d sec 
= 4
c = ln sec  + tan  + tan  sec  −  sec  d tan 
ds
= = ln sec  + tan  + tan  sec  −  sec  sec 2 d
(1 − s 2 ) 2
1 1 1 2 = ln sec  + tan  + tan  sec  −  sec3  d
= ( + ) ds
4 1− s 1+ s = ln sec  + tan  + tan  sec  − I
1  1 2 1 
=  + +
(1 − s )(1 + s) (1 + s) 2 
ds
4  (1 − s ) 2
2 I = ln sec  + tan  + tan  sec 
1  1 1 1 1  ln sec  + tan  + tan  sec 
=  + + +
4  (1 − s ) 1 − s 1 + s (1 + s ) 2 
 2
ds I=
2
+K

1 1+ s 1  1 1 
= ln +  − +K
4 1 − s 4 1 − s 1 + s 
1 1+ s 1+ s 1  2s 
=  +  +K
4 1 − s 1 + s 4  (1 − s)(1 + s) 
ln

1 (1 + s) 2 1  2 s 
= ln +  2+K
4 c2 4 c 
1 1+ s 1
= ln + sec  tan  + K
2 c 2
1 1
= ln sec  + tan  + sec tan  + K
2 2
ln sec + tan  + tan  sec 
= +K
2
 1
Example 13:  cos x − sin x dx
Method 1: Method 2:
1
1
 cos x − sin x dx  cos x − sin x dx
1 2dt
1 = 
1− t 2
2t 1+ t2
= 2 dx −
1 1 1+ t 2
1+ t2
cos x − sin x
2
2 2 = dt
1 1 − t − 2t
2

2
= 2 dx = dt
  2 − (t + 1) 2
cos cos x − sin sin x
4 4 1 t +1
= 2 d( )
1 t +1 2 2
1− ( )

= 2 dx 2

cos( + x) = 2
1
du
4 1− u2
1  
=  sec( + x)d ( + x) =
1  1
 +
1 
du
2 1 − u 1 + u 

2 4 4
1   1+ u
= ln sec( + x) + tan( + x) + C 1
2 4 4 = ln +K
2 1− u
−1  x
= ln tan( − ) + C t +1
2 8 2 1+
1 2 +K
= ln
2 t +1
1−
2

tan = 2 −1 1 2 + t +1
8 = ln +K
2 2 − t −1
x
2 + tan +1
1 2
= ln +K
2 x
2 − tan − 1
2
 
+ x) 1 + sin(
 4
sec( + x) + tan( + x) =
4 4 
cos( + x)
4
  
1 + cos  − ( + x)
= 2 4 
  
sin  − ( + x)
2 4 

1 + cos( − x)
= 4

sin( − x)
4
1
=
1 
tan ( − x)
2 4
1
=
 x
tan( − )
8 2

1 + tan *t
= 8

tan −t
8
1 + ( 2 − 1)t
=
2 −1− t
1
+t
= ( 2 − 1) * 2 − 1
2 −1− t
2 +1+ t
= ( 2 − 1) *
2 −1− t
x
2 + 1 + tan
= ( 2 − 1) * 2
x
2 − 1 − tan
2

Example 14.Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙.

∫ tan4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
tan3 𝑥
= ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑 (tan 𝑥 ) − ∫ (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 =
2
− tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶.
3
Example 15.Find the integral ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
cot𝑛−1 𝑥
Using the reduction formula∫ cot 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − − ∫ cot 𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥, repeatedly
𝑛−1

4
cot 3 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − − ∫ cot 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
3
cot 3 𝑥 2
cot 3 𝑥 cot 3 𝑥
𝐼=− − ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − − [− cot 𝑥 − ∫ 1𝑑𝑥] = − + cot 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶.
3 3 3
Example 16.Find the integral ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟓 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
To evaluate the integral we use the reduction formula
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
∫ tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
𝑛−1
Then we can write
tan4 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ tan5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ tan3 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
4
Applying this formula repeatedly, we obtain
tan4 𝑥 tan4 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 tan4 𝑥 tan2 𝑥
𝐼= − ∫ tan3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −[ − ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥] = − + ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
4 4 2 4 2
The integral of tangent is a standard integral:
tan ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − ln|cos 𝑥 |.
Hence
tan4 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 tan4 𝑥 tan2 𝑥
𝐼= − + tan ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − − ln|cos 𝑥| + 𝐶.
4 2 4 2
Example 17. Calculate the integral ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
Using the identity 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥, we have
∫ cot 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 3 𝑥cot 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 3 𝑥(csc 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 3 𝑥csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cot 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
cot 4 𝑥
= −∫ cot 3 𝑥𝑑(cot 𝑥) − ∫ cot 𝑥cot 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − − ∫ cot 𝑥(csc 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
4
cot 4 𝑥 cot 4 𝑥 𝑑 (sin 𝑥)
=− − ∫ cot 𝑥csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − − ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑(cot 𝑥) + ∫
4 4 sin 𝑥
cot 4 𝑥 cot 2 𝑥
=− + + ln|sin 𝑥| + 𝐶.
4 2
Example 18.Calculate the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
We use the reduction formula

𝑛
sec 𝑛−2 xtan 𝑥 𝑛 − 2
∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ sec 𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
Hence,
sec xtan 𝑥 1
∫ sec 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + sec ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
2 2
𝑥 𝜋
The integral ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 is a table integral which is equal to = ln | tan( + ) |. (It can be
2 4
𝑥 𝜋
easily found using the universal trigonometric substitution = ln | tan( + ) |. As a result,
2 4
the initial integral becomes
sec xta n 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝜋
∫ sec 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + ln |tan ( + )| + 𝐶.
2 2 2 4
Example 19.Find the integral ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟑 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
We use the reduction formula
csc 𝑛−2 xcot 𝑥 𝑛 − 2
∫ csc 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + ∫ csc 𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
Then
csc xcot 𝑥 1
𝐼 = ∫ csc 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + csc ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
2 2
𝑥
The integral ∫ csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 is a table integral which is equal to ln | tan |. Hence
2
csc xco t 𝑥 1 csc xco t 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝐼=− + csc ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + ln |tan | + 𝐶.
2 2 2 2 2
Example 20.Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
We use the reduction formula

𝑛
csc 𝑛−2 xcot 𝑥 𝑛 − 2
∫ csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + ∫ csc 𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥,
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
Hence,

4
csc 2 xco t 𝑥 2 2
csc 2 xco t 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥
∫ csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + ∫ csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 = − (csc 2 𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶.
3 3 3 3 3
Example 21.Find the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
We apply the reduction formula
sec 𝑛−2 xtan 𝑥 𝑛 − 2
∫ sec 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ sec 𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
This yields:
sec 2 xtan 𝑥 2
𝐼 = ∫ sec 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
3 3
The integral ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 is equal to tan 𝑥. Then
sec 2 xtan 𝑥 2 2
sec 2 xtan 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥
𝐼= + ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 = (sec 2 𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶.
3 3 3 3 3
Example 22.Compute ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
tan4 𝑥
∫ tan3 𝑥sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan3 𝑥𝑑 (tan 𝑥 ) = + 𝐶.
4
Example 23.Compute ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
We use the identity 1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥.
Then
𝐼 = ∫ tan2 xsec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
sec 𝑥tan 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋
Since ∫ sec 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 2 ln | tan(2 + 4 ) |,and ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln | tan(2 + 4 ) |,
2

sec 𝑥tan 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫ sec 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + ln | tan( + ) | − ln | tan( + ) | + 𝐶
2 2 2 4 2 4
sec 𝑥tan 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝜋
= − ln | tan( + ) | + 𝐶.
2 2 2 4
 Further Examples
Example 1.Calculate the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
Let𝑢 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥. Then
∫ sin3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 xsin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − cos 2 𝑥)sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −∫ (1 − 𝑢 2 )𝑑𝑢 = ∫ (𝑢 2 − 1)𝑑𝑢
𝑢3 cos 3 𝑥
= −𝑢+𝐶 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶.
3 3
Example 2. Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟓 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
Making the substitution𝑢 = sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 and using the identity cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥,
∫ cos 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (cos 2 𝑥)2 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − sin2 𝑥)2 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑢 2 )2 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ (1 − 2𝑢 2 + 𝑢 4 )𝑑𝑢
2𝑢 3 𝑢 5 2sin3 𝑥 sin5 𝑥
=𝑢− + + 𝐶 = sin 𝑥 − + + 𝐶.
3 5 3 5
Example 3. Find the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
1−cos 2𝑥 1+cos 2𝑥
Using identities sin2 𝑥 = and cos 2 𝑥 = , we can write:
2 2

1 1
𝐼 = ∫ sin6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sin2 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − cos 2𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 3 cos 2𝑥 + 3cos 2 2𝑥 − cos 3 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
8 8
𝑥 3 sin 2𝑥 3 3
= − ⋅ + ∫ cos 2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 3 2𝑥𝑑𝑥.
8 8 2 8 8
Calculate the integrals in the latter expression.
1 + cos 4𝑥 1 1 sin 4𝑥 𝑥 sin 4𝑥
∫ cos 2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + cos 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + )= + .
2 2 2 4 2 8
To find the integral ∫ cos 3 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, we make the substitution 𝑢 = sin 2𝑥, Then
1 1 1 𝑢 𝑢3
∫ cos 3 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2cos 2 2𝑥cos 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2(1 − sin2 2𝑥)cos 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑢 2 )𝑑𝑢 = −
2 2 2 2 6
sin 2𝑥 sin3 2𝑥
= − .
2 6
Hence, the initial integral is
𝑥 3 sin 2𝑥 3 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥 sin3 2𝑥
𝐼= − + ( + )− ( − )+𝐶
8 16 8 2 8 8 2 6
5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 3 sin 4𝑥 sin3 2𝑥
= − + + + 𝐶.
16 4 64 48
Example 4. Find the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
The power of cosine is odd, so we make the substitution
𝑠 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑠 = cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
We rewrite the integral in terms of sin x to obtain:
∫ sin2 𝑥cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥cos 2 xcos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥(1 − sin2 𝑥)cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠 2 (1 − 𝑠 2 )𝑑𝑠

2 4
𝑠3 𝑠5 sin3 𝑥 sin5 𝑥
= ∫ (𝑠 − 𝑠 )𝑑𝑢 = − + 𝐶 = − + 𝐶.
3 5 3 5
Example 5. Calculate the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
We can write:
𝐼 = ∫ sin2 𝑥cos 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sin xcos 𝑥 )2 cos 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
We convert the integrand using the identities
sin 2𝑥 1 + cos 2𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥
sin xcos 𝑥 = , cos 2 𝑥 = , sin2 𝑥 = .
2 2 2
This yields
sin 2𝑥 2 1 + cos 2𝑥 1 1 1
𝐼=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 2𝑥(1 + cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin2 2𝑥cos 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2 8 8 8
1 1 − cos 4𝑥 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2sin2 2𝑥cos 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
8 2 16
1 1 2
1 sin 4𝑥 1 sin3 2𝑥
= ∫ (1 − cos 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 2𝑥𝑑(sin 2𝑥) = (𝑥 − )+ ⋅ +𝐶
16 16 16 4 16 3
𝑥 sin 4𝑥 sin3 2𝑥
= − + + 𝐶.
16 64 48
Example 6. Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
As the power of sine is odd, we use the substitution
𝑐 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
The integral is written as
𝐼 = ∫ sin3 𝑥cos 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin2 𝑥cos 4 xsin ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
By the Pythagorean identity,
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥.
Hence
𝐼 = ∫ sin2 𝑥cos 4 xsin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − cos 2 𝑥)cos 4 xsin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −∫ (1 − 𝑐 2 )𝑐 4 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ (𝑐 6 − 𝑐 4 )𝑑𝑢
𝑐7 𝑐5 cos 7 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥
= − +𝐾 = − +𝐾
7 5 7 5
Example 7.Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟓 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
We see that both powers are odd, so we can substitute either 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 or 𝑢 = cos 𝑥. Choosing
the least exponent, we have
𝑢 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
The integral takes the form
𝐼 = ∫ sin3 𝑥cos 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin2 𝑥cos 5 xsin ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
Using the Pythagorean identity,
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥,
we can write
𝐼 = ∫ sin2 𝑥cos 5 xsin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − cos 2 𝑥)cos 5 xsin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −∫ (1 − 𝑢 2 )𝑢 5 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ (𝑢 7 − 𝑢 5 )𝑑𝑢
𝑢8 𝑢6 cos 8 𝑥 cos 6 𝑥
= − +𝐶 = − + 𝐶.
8 6 8 6
Example 8.Evaluate the integral∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
The powers of both sine and cosine are odd. Hence we can use the substitution 𝑢 = sin 𝑥or
𝑢 = cos 𝑥. Let’s apply the substitution 𝑢 = sin 𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥, and the integral
becomes
𝐼 = ∫ sin3 𝑥cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin3 𝑥cos 2 xcos ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
By the Pythagorean identity,
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥,
so we obtain
𝐼 = ∫ sin3 𝑥cos 2 𝑥cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin3 𝑥(1 − sin2 𝑥)cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 3 (1 − 𝑢 2 )𝑑𝑢 = ∫ (𝑢 3 − 𝑢 5 )𝑑𝑢
𝑢4 𝑢6 sin4 𝑥 sin6 𝑥
= − +𝐶 = − + 𝐶.
4 6 4 6

Example 9.Find the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙√𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝒅𝒙.

∫ sin3 𝑥 √cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥 √cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − cos 2 𝑥)√cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −∫ (1 − 𝑢 2 )√𝑢𝑑𝑢
5 1
1 5 𝑢 2+1 𝑢 2+1 2 7 2 3
= −∫ (𝑢 2 − 𝑢 2 )𝑑𝑢 = − + 𝐶 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢2 + 𝐶
5 1 7 3
+1 2+1
2
2 2
= √cos 7 𝑥 − √cos 3 𝑥 + 𝐶.
7 3

Example 10. Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒙𝒅𝒙.

We use the trig identity
1
sin axcos 𝑏𝑥 = [sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥) + sin(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥)].
2
Then the integrand is written in the form
1 1
sin 2𝑥 cos 5𝑥 = [sin 7𝑥 + sin(−3𝑥)] = [sin 7𝑥 − sin 3𝑥].
2 2
Plug this expression in the integral and evaluate:
1 1 cos 7𝑥 cos 3𝑥
∫ sin 2𝑥cos 5𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sin 7𝑥 − sin 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [(− ) − (− )] + 𝐶
2 2 7 3
cos 3𝑥 cos 7𝑥
= − + 𝐶.
6 14
 𝒙 𝒙
Example 11.Evaluate the integral∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒅𝒙.
𝟒 𝟑

1
Convert the integrand by the formula sin axcos 𝑏𝑥 = [sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥) + sin(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥)].
2

𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 7𝑥 𝑥
Hence, sin cos = [sin ( + ) + sin ( − )] = (sin − sin ).
4 3 2 4 3 4 3 2 12 12

Then the integral becomes

7𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 1 7𝑥 𝑥 1 cos 12 cos 12 6 7𝑥 𝑥
sin ∫ cos 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sin − sin ) 𝑑𝑥 = ( − ) + 𝐶 = cos − 6 cos + 𝐶.
4 3 2 12 12 2 7 1 7 12 12
12 12

Example 12.Evaluate the integral 𝒙

∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒅𝒙.
𝟐
𝒙
𝟑

We convert the integrand into the sum using the trig identity
1
cos axcos 𝑏𝑥 = [cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥) + cos(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥)].
2
Then the integrand is written as
𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 5𝑥 𝑥
cos cos = [cos ( + ) + cos ( − )] = [cos + cos ].
2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 6 6
Integrating yields:
5𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 1 5𝑥 𝑥 1 sin 6 sin
6 ] + 𝐶 = 3 sin 5𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶.
cos ∫ cos 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (cos + cos ) 𝑑𝑥 = [ +
2 3 2 6 6 2 5 1 5 6 6
6 6

Example 13.Evaluate the integral 𝒙 𝒙

∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒅𝒙.
𝟑 𝟒

Using the product-to-sum identity

1
sin axsin 𝑏𝑥 = − [cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥) − cos(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥)],
2
we rewrite the integrand in the form
𝑥 𝑥 1 7𝑥 𝑥
sin sin = − [cos − cos ].
3 4 2 12 12
Integrating yields:
𝑥 𝑥 1 7𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 7𝑥
sin ∫ sin 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ (cos − cos ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (cos − cos ) 𝑑𝑥
3 4 2 12 12 2 12 12
𝑥 7𝑥
1 sin 12 sin 12 𝑥 6 7𝑥
= [ − ] + 𝐶 = 6 sin − sin + 𝐶.
2 1 7 12 7 12
12 12