Matrices for linear transformations
Dr. Hugo Villanueva Méndez
Universidad de las Américas Puebla
Escuela de Ciencias
Departamento de Actuarı́a, Fı́sica y Matemáticas
Otoño 2021
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Matrices for linear transformations
Theorem
Let T : Rn Rm be a linear transformation such that, for the standard
basis vectors ei of Rn ,
a11 a12 a1n
a21 a22 a2n
T e1 .. , T e2 .. , . . . , T en .. ,
. . .
am1 am2 amn
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Standard matrix
then the m n matrix whose n columns correspond to T ei
a11 a12 . . . a1n
a21 a22 . . . a2n
A .. .. . . ..
. . . .
am1 am2 . . . amn
is such that T v Av for every v Rn . A is called the standard matrix
for T .
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Standard matrix
Example
T x 1 , x2 , x 3 x1 2x2 5x3 , 2x1 3x3 , 4x1 x2 2x3 .
T x Ax, where A
1 2 5 1 2 5
7
2 0 3 0 1 4 .
4 1 2 0 0 1
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Composition
Theorem
Let T1 : Rn Rm and T2 : Rm Rp be linear transformations with
standard matrices A1 and A2 , respectively. The composition
T : Rn Rp , defined by T v T2 T1 v , is a linear transformation.
Moreover, the standard matrix A for T is the matrix product
A A2 A1 .
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Composition
Observation
If the standard matrices of T1 , T2 , . . . , Tn are A1 , A2 , . . . , An , respectively,
then the standard matrix for the composition
T v Tn Tn 1 . . . T2 T1 v . . . is represented by
A An An 1 A2 A1 .
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Composition
Example
Let T1 and T2 be linear transformations from R3 into R3 such that
T1 x, y, z 2x y, 0, x z and T2 x, y, z x y, z, y .
Find the standard matrices for the compositions T T2 T1 and
T T1 T2 .
The standard matrices for T1 and T2 are
2 1 0 1 1 0
A1 0 0 0 and A2 0 0 1 .
1 0 1 0 1 0
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Composition
The standard matrix for T is
2 1 0
A A2 A1 1 0 1 .
0 0 0
The standard matrix for T is
2 2 1
A A1 A2 0 0 0 .
1 0 0
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Inverse linear transformation
Definition
If T1 : Rn Rn and T2 : Rn Rn are linear transformations such that
for every v Rn ,
T2 T1 v v and T1 T2 v v
then T2 is the inverse of T1 , and T1 is said to be invertible.
Observation
Not every linear transformation has an inverse. If the transformation T1 is
invertible, however, the inverse is unique and is denoted by T 1 .
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Invertible transformations
Theorem
Let T : Rn Rn be a linear transformation with standard matrix A. Then
TFAE:
1 T is invertible.
2 T is an isomorphism.
3 A is invertible.
If T is invertible with standard matrix A, then the standard matrix for T 1
is A 1 .
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Invertible transformations
Example
Let T : R3 R3 be defined by
T x 1 , x2 , x 3 2x1 3x2 x3 , 3x1 3x2 x3 , 2x1 4x2 x3 . Show
that T is invertible, and find its inverse.
The standard matrix for T is
2 3 1
A 3 3 1 .
2 4 1
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Invertible transformations
Its inverse is
1 1 0
1
A 1 0 1 .
6 2 3
Then, T is invertible and the standard matrix for T 1 is A 1.
1
T x 1 , x 2 , x3 x1 x2 , x1 x3 , 6x1 2x2 3x3 .
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Transformation matrix
Theorem
Let V and W be finite-dimensional vector spaces with basis B and B ,
respectively, where B v1 , v2 , . . . , vn . If T : V W is a linear
transformation such that
a11 a12 a1n
a21 a22 a2n
T v1 B .. , T v2 B .. , . . . , T vn B .. ,
. . .
am1 am2 amn
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Transformation matrix
then the m n matrix whose n columns correspond to T vi B
a11 a12 . . . a1n
a21 a22 . . . a2n
A .. .. . . ..
. . . .
am1 am2 . . . amn
is such that T v B A v B for every v V . A is called the matrix of
T relative to the bases B and B . For the special case where V W
and B B , the matrix A is called matrix of T relative to the basis B.
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Transformation matrix
Exmaple
Let T : R2 R2 be a linear transformation defined by
T x 1 , x2 x1 x2 , 2x1 x2 .
1 Find the matrix for T relative to the bases
B v1 v2 1, 2 , 1, 1 and B w1 , w2 1, 0 , 0, 1 .
2 Find T v , where v 2, 1 .
T v1 3w1 0w2 and T v2 0w1 3w2 .
Then,
3 0
A .
0 3
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Transformation matrix
Since v 1v1 1v2 ,
1
v B ,
1
we have that
3
T v B Av B .
3
This means that
T v 3w1 3w2 3, 3 .
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Transformation matrix
Question
If T : V V is the identity transformation, what is the matrix of T
relative to a basis B?
Observation
If B v1 , v2 , . . . , vn , then
1 0 0
0 1 0
T v1 B .. , T v2 B .. , . . . , T vn B ..
. . .
0 0 1
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Transformation matrix
Example
Let Dx : P2 P1 be the di↵erential operator Dx p p . Find the matrix
for Dx using the standard bases.
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Transformation matrix
Example
Let Dx : P2 P1 be the di↵erential operator Dx p p . Find the matrix
for Dx using the standard bases.
Dx 1 0 1 0 x
Dx x 1 1 0 x
2
Dx x 0 1 2 x
Then, the matrix for Dx is
0 1 0
A .
0 0 2
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Transformation matrix
If p x a bx cx2 , then
b
Ap ,
2c
which means that
Dx p b 2cx.
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Transition matrix
Observation
Let T : V V be a linear transformation and let B and B to bases of V .
The matrix for T relative to B can be di↵erent from the matrix for T
relative to B . We may consider four square matrices A, A , P and P 1 :
A: Matrix for T relative to B; Note that
A : Matrix for T relative to B ;
P : Transition matrix from B T v B A v B
to B; 1
P AP v B
P 1: Transition matrix from B
This implies that A P 1 AP .
to B .
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Transition matrix
Example
Find the matrix A for T : R2 R2 , where
T x 1 , x2 2x1 2x2 , x1 3x2 , relative to the basis
B 1, 0 , 1, 1 .
The standard matrix for T is
2 2
A .
1 3
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Transition matrix
The transition matrix from B to the standard basis B is
1 1
.
0 1
The inverse P 1 is the transition matrix from B to B ,
1 1 1
P .
0 1
The matrix for T relative to B is
1 3 2
A P AP .
1 2
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Transition matrix
Example
Let B 3, 2 , 4, 2 and B 1, 2 , 2, 2 be bases for R2 ,
and let
2 7
A
3 7
be the matrix for T : R2 R2 relative to B.
1 Find A , the matrix of T relative to B .
2 Find v B, T v B and T v B for the vector v whose coordinate
3
matrix is v B .
1
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Transition matrix
3 2 1 2
P and P 1 .
2 1 2 3
The matrix of T relative to B is
1 2 1
A P AP .
1 3
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Transition matrix
7
v B P v B
5
21
T v B Av B
14
1 7
T v B P T v B
0
Or,
7
T v B A v B .
0
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Similar matrices
Definition
For square matrices A and A of order n, A is similar to A when there
exists an invertible matrix P such that A P 1 AP .
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Similar matrices
Theorem
Let A, B and C be square matrices of order n. Then the properties below
are true:
1 A is similar to A.
2 If A is similar to B, then B is similar to A.
3 If A is similar to B and B is similar to C, then A is similar to C.
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Similar matrices
pause
Example
Let
1 3 0
A 3 1 0
0 0 2
be the matrix for T : R3 R3 relative to the standard basis. Find the
matrix for T relative to the basis B 1, 1, 0 , 1, 1, 0 , 0, 0, 1 .
The transition matrix from B to the standard basis is
1 1 0
P 1 1 0
0 0 1
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Similar matrices
Then
1 1
2 2 0
1 1 1
P 2 2 0 .
0 0 1
The matrix for T relative to B is
4 0 0
1
A P AP 0 2 0 .
0 0 2
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
Similar matrices
Observation
A is diagonal.
It is important to find ways (if possible) to chose a basis for V such that
the transformation matrix is diagonal.
Villanueva (UDLAP) Matrices for linear transformations Otoño 2021
