Range of a linear transformation

Dr. Hugo Villanueva Méndez

Universidad de las Américas Puebla

Escuela de Ciencias
Departamento de Actuarı́a, Fı́sica y Matemáticas

Otoño 2021

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Range

Recall
The range of a function T : V W is range T T v :v V .

Theorem
The range of a linear transformation T : V W is a subspace of W .

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Range and column space of a matrix

Corollary
Let T : Rn Rm be the linear transformation T x Ax. Then the
range of T is the span of the column vectors of A.

a11 a12 . . . a1n v1 a11 v1 a12 v2 ... a1n vn

a21 a22 . . . a2n v2 a21 v1 a22 v2 ... a2n vn
.. .. . . .. .. ..
. . . . . .
am1 am2 . . . amn vn am1 v1 am2 v2 ... amn vn

a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a2n
.. v1 .. v2 ... .. vn
. . .
am1 am2 amn
Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021
 Row and column vectors

Definition
For a m n matrix A, the n-tuples corresponding to the rows of A are the
row vectors of A.

Definition
The m 1 matrices corresponding to the columns of A are the column
vectors of A.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column and row spaces

Definition
Given a m n matrix A,
The row space of A is the subspace of Rn spanned by the row
vectors of A.
The column space of A is the subspace of Rm spanned by the
column vectors of A.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 SLE

Theorem
The system Ax b is consistent if and only if b is in the column space of
A.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 SLE

Consider the system

x1 x2 x3 1
x1 x3 3
3x1 2x2 x3 1

The augmented matrix is

1 1 1 1
1 0 1 3 .
3 2 1 1

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 SLE

Consider the system

x1 x2 x3 1
x1 x3 3
3x1 2x2 x3 1

The augmented matrix is

1 1 1 1
1 0 1 3 .
3 2 1 1
Since b 2a1 2a2 a3 , b is in the column space of A.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column and row spaces

Theorem
If an m n matrix A is the row-equivalent to an m n matrix B, then
the row space of A is equal to the row space of B.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column and row spaces

Observation
If a matrix B is in row-echelon form, then its nonzero row vectors form a
linearly independent set.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column and row spaces

Observation
If a matrix B is in row-echelon form, then its nonzero row vectors form a
linearly independent set.

Theorem
If a matrix A is row-equivalent to a matrix B in row-echelon form, then
the nonzero vectors of B form a basis for the row space of A.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column and row spaces

Example
Find a basis for the row space of

1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1
3 4 2 1
2 0 4 2

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Row space

Solution
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1 B 0 0 0 1
3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Row space

Solution
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1 B 0 0 0 1
3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
We conclude that S 1, 3, 1, 3 , 0, 1, 1, 0 , 0, 0, 0, 1 is a basis for the
row space of A.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Row space

Example
Find a basis for the subspace of R3 spanned by

S v1 , v2 , v3 1, 2, 5 , 3, 0, 3 , 5, 1, 8 .

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Row space

Example
Find a basis for the subspace of R3 spanned by

S v1 , v2 , v3 1, 2, 5 , 3, 0, 3 , 5, 1, 8 .

Solution
1 2 5 1 2 5
A 3 0 3 0 1 3
5 1 8 0 0 0

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Row space

Example
Find a basis for the subspace of R3 spanned by

S v1 , v2 , v3 1, 2, 5 , 3, 0, 3 , 5, 1, 8 .

Solution
1 2 5 1 2 5
A 3 0 3 0 1 3
5 1 8 0 0 0
Then, w1 , w2 1, 2, 5 , 0, 1, 3 is a basis for the row space of A.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

Question
How can we find a basis for the column space of a matrix A?

Observation
The column space of a matrix A is equal to the row space of the matrix
AT . We can apply the technique to the matrix AT .

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

Observation
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1 B 0 0 0 1
3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
Notice that columns 1, 2 and 3 of the matrix B satisfy b3 2b1 b2 .

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

Observation
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1 B 0 0 0 1
3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
Notice that columns 1, 2 and 3 of the matrix B satisfy b3 2b1 b2 .
The corresponding columns of A satisfy a3 2a1 a2 .

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

Observation
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1 B 0 0 0 1
3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
Notice that columns 1, 2 and 3 of the matrix B satisfy b3 2b1 b2 .
The corresponding columns of A satisfy a3 2a1 a2 . Similarly, the
column vectors b1 , b2 and b4 are linearly independent,

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

Observation
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1 B 0 0 0 1
3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
Notice that columns 1, 2 and 3 of the matrix B satisfy b3 2b1 b2 .
The corresponding columns of A satisfy a3 2a1 a2 . Similarly, the
column vectors b1 , b2 and b4 are linearly independent, as the
corresponding column vectors of A.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

Proposition
Elementary row operations do not change the dependency relationships
among columns.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

Example
Find a basis for the column space of the matrix A from Example , by
finding a basis for the row space of AT .

(First) Solution
1 0 3 3 2 1 0 3 3 2
3 1 0 4 0 0 1 9 5 6
AT
1 1 6 2 4 0 0 1 1 1
3 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

Then, w1 1, 0, 3, 3, 2 , w2 0, 1, 9, 5, 6 and
w3 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 form a basis for the row space of AT . Therefore the
column vectors form a basis for the column space of A.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

Column space

(Second) Solution
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1 B 0 0 0 1
3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

(Second) Solution
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1 B 0 0 0 1
3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
In matrix B, the first, second and fourth column vectors are linearly
independent (since these columns have the leading 1’s),

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Column space

(Second) Solution
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A 3 0 6 1 B 0 0 0 1
3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
In matrix B, the first, second and fourth column vectors are linearly
independent (since these columns have the leading 1’s), as are the
corresponding column vectors of A. A basis for the column space of A are
the first, second and fourth columns.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Dimension

Theorem
The column space and the row space of an m n matrix A have the same
dimension.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Rank of a matrix

Definition
The dimension of the row (column) space of a matrix A is the rank of A
and is denoted by rank A .

Example
The rank of
1 2 0 1 1 2 0 1
A 2 1 5 3 0 1 1 1
0 1 3 5 0 0 1 3

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Rank of a matrix

Definition
The dimension of the row (column) space of a matrix A is the rank of A
and is denoted by rank A .

Example
The rank of
1 2 0 1 1 2 0 1
A 2 1 5 3 0 1 1 1
0 1 3 5 0 0 1 3

is 3.

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Range

Example
Let T : R5 R4 be defined by T x Ax, where

1 2 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 1
2 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 2
A
1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 4
0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Range

Example
Let T : R5 R4 be defined by T x Ax, where

1 2 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 1
2 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 2
A
1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 4
0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0

Find a basis for range T .

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Range

Example
Let T : R5 R4 be defined by T x Ax, where

1 2 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 1
2 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 2
A
1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 4
0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0

Find a basis for range T .

Solution
B 1, 2, 1, 0 , 2, 1, 0, 0 , 1, 1, 0, 2

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021

 Rank

Definition
Let T : V W be a linear transformation. The dimension of range T is
called the rank of T and is denoted by rank T .

Villanueva (UDLAP) Range of a linear transformation Otoño 2021