Row and column spaces

 row vectors: Row vectors of A

 a11 a12  a1n   A1  [a11 , a12 ,  , a1n ]  A(1)
a  A 
a22  a2 n    2   [a21 , a22 ,  , a2n ]  A(2)
A   21 
        
   
am1 am 2 A
 amn   m  
[am1 , am2 , , amn ]  A( n )
 column vectors: Column vectors of A
 a11 a12  a1n   a11   a12   a1n 
a  a   a  a 
 a2 n 
A   21
 
a22
  

 A1  A2   An   21   22    2 n 
       
      
am1 am 2  amn  am1  am 2  amn 
|| || ||
(1) (2) (n)
A A A
 Let A be an m×n matrix.
 Row space:
The row space of A is the subspace of Rn spanned by
the row vectors of A.
RS ( A)  { 1 A(1)   2 A( 2)  ...   m A( m ) |  1 ,  2 ,...,  m  R}
 Let A be an m×n matrix.
 Column space:
The column space of A is the subspace of Rm spanned by
the column vectors of A.

CS  A  {1 A(1)   2 A(2)     n A( n ) 1 ,  2 ,   n  R}

 Let A be an m×n matrix.
 Null space:
The null space of A is the set of all solutions of Ax=0 and
it is a subspace of Rn.
NS ( A)  {x  R n | Ax  0}
 Thm 4.13: (Row-equivalent matrices have the same row space)

If an mn matrix A is row equivalent to an mn matrix B,

then the row space of A is equal to the row space of B.

 Thm 4.14: (Basis for the row space of a matrix)

If a matrix A is row equivalent to a matrix B in row-echelon

form, then the nonzero row vectors of B form a basis for the

row space of A.
 Ex 2: ( Finding a basis for a row space)
 1 3 3
1
 0 1 0
1

Find a basis of row space of A =  3 0 6  1
 
 3 4 2 1
 2 0  4 2

Sol:  1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 w 1
 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 w 2
 
 3  1 0 0 1 w 3
A= 
0 6
 G

.E .
 B = 0 
 3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
 2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
a1 a 2 a3 a4 b1 b 2 b3 b 4
 a basis for RS(A) = {the nonzero row vectors of B} (Thm 4.14)
= {w1, w2, w3} = {(1, 3, 1, 3), (0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)}
 Notes:
(1) The row space of a matrix is not changed by elementary
row operations.
RS(r(A)) = RS(A) r: elementary row operations
(2) Elementary row operations can change the column space.
 Notes:
(1) b 3  2b1  b 2  a 3  2a1  a 2
(2) {b1 , b 2 , b 4 } is L.I.  {a1 , a 2 , a 4 } is L.I.