MATRIX ALGEBRA

BY:ANSH GARG
XII-C
W HAT IS IT ?
 Matrix algebra is a means of making calculations
upon arrays of numbers (or data).
 Most da t a sets are matrix-type

W HY USE IT?

 Matrix algebra makes mathematical expression

and computation easier.
 It allows you to get rid of cumbersome notation,
concentrate on the concepts involved and
understand where your results come from.
1.1 Matrices
 a11 a12
In the matrix a a1n 
21 a22 a2n 
A   

a m1 am amn 
2

• numbers aij are called elements. First subscript

indicates the row; second subscript indicates
the column. The matrix consists of mn elements
• I t is called “the m  n matrix A = [aij]” or simply “the
matrix A ” if number of rows and columns are
understood.
D EFINITIONS - SCALAR
 a scalar is a number
 (denoted with regular type: 1 or
22)
D EFINITIONS - VECTOR
 Vector: a single row or column of numbers
 denoted with bold small letters
 Row vector
a= 2 3 4

 1 5
 Column vector
1 
b=
2
34
 
5

T YPES OF M ATRICES
 Row Matrix: An m x n matrix is called
row m a t r i x if m = 1. Ex: A = 1
2 3 4 5
 Column Matrix: An m x n matrix is called row
matrix if n = 1. Ex: A = 1
24
3

5

 Square Matrix: A square matrix is a matrix t h a t

has the same number of rows and columns i.e. if
m = n. Ex: A = 1
2
3
4
T YPES OF M ATRICES
 Zero Matrix: A matrix each of whose elements
is zero & is called a zero matrix. It is usually
denoted by “O”. I t is also called “Null Matrix”

0 0 0
 0 
A  0 0 
0 0 0

T YPES OF M ATRICES
 Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix with its all non
diagonal elements as zero. i.e if A = [aij] is a diagonal
matrix, then = 0 whenever i ≠ j. Diagonal
aij
elements are the aij elements of the square matrix A
for which i = j.

1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 3
T YPES OF M ATRICES
 Diagonal elements are said to constitute the main
diagonal or principal diagonal or simply a
diagonal.
 The diagonals which lie on a line perpendicular to the

diagonal are said to constitute secondary diagonal.

1 2
3 4
Here main diagonal consists of 1 & 4 a nd secondar y
diagonal consists of 2 & 3
T YPES OF M ATRICES
 Scalar Matrix: It’s a diagonal matrix whose
all elements are equal.
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2

 Unit Matrix: It’s a scalar matrix whose all

diagonal elements are equal to unity. It is also
called a Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix. It is
denoted by I n .
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
T YPES OF M ATRICES
 Triangular Matrix: If every element above or
below the diagonal is zero, the matrix is said to
be a triangular matrix.
1 4 3
0 2 1 Upper Triangular Matrix
0 0 3

1 0
0 Lower Triangular Matrix
3 2
0
5 −6 3
E QUALITY OF M ATRICES
 Two matrices A & B are said to be equal iff:
i. A and B are of the same order

ii. All the elements of A are equal as t h a t of

corresponding elements of B
 Two matrices A = [aij] & B = [bij] of the
same
order are said 𝑥 aij𝑦 = bij
1 to be equal if
If A = B=
2 𝑧 𝑤
3
If A & B4 are equal, then
x=1, y=2, z=3, w=4
O PERATIONS ON M ATRICES

Addition/Subtraction

Scalar Multiplication

Matrix Multiplication
A DDITION AND S UBTRACTION
 Two matrices may be added (or subtracted) iff
they are the same order.

 Simply add (or subtract) the

corresponding elements. So, A + B = C
A DDITION AND S UBTRACTION (CONT .)

a11 a12  b11 b12  c11 c12 

a a   b b   c c 
21 22  21 22  21 22 

 Where a31 a32  b31 b32  c31 c 32


a11 bb11 cc
11
12 12
a12
a21  b21  c 21
 b22  c22
a22
a31  b31  c31
 b32  c32
a32
S CALAR M ULTIPLICATION
 To multiply a scalar times a matrix, simply
multiply each element of the matrix by the scalar
quantity

a11 a12  ka11 ka12 

k 
a21 a22  ka21
ka22
 Ex: If A =
3 8 11
6 −3 8 , then 

30 80
10A =
110
60 −30 80
MATRIX M ULTIPLICATION

If A = [aij] is a m  p matrix and B = [bij] is a p

 n matrix, then AB is defined as a m  n
matrix C = AB, where C= [cij] with

a
p
cij  ik bkj  ai1b1 j  ai 2b2 j  ...  for 1  i  m, 1  j  n.
k
1
aipbpj
 1 2
1 2 3 3 and C = AB.
Example: A  0 1 4 , B   2
Evaluate c 21.   5
0
 1 2
1 2 3 
2 3  c21  0(1) 1 2  4 5 
0 
4 
0 22
1 

R ULE OF MATRIX M ULTIPLICATION
 Multiplication or Product of two matrices A & B
is possible iff the number of columns of A is equal
to the number of rows of B.
 The rule of the multiplication of the matrices is
row-column wise (→↓).
 The first row of AB is obtained by multiplying
the 1 s t row of A with 1 s t , 2 n d & 3 r d column of B.
 The second row of AB is obtained by
multiplying the 2 n d row of A with 1 s t , 2 n d & 3 r d
column of B.
 The third row of AB is obtained by
multiplying the 3 r d row of A with 1 s t , 2 n d & 3 r d
column of B.
P ROPERTIES OF M ATRICES

Matrices A, B and C are conformable,

A + B = B + A (commutative law)
A + (B +C) = (A + B) +C (associative law)
(A + B) = A + B, where  is a scalar
(distributive law)
P ROPERTIES OF M ATRICES

Matrices A, B and C are conformable,

A(B + C) = AB + AC
(A + B)C = AC + BC
A(BC) = (AB) C
AB  BA in general
AB = 0 NOT necessarily imply A = 0 or B =
0
AB = AC NOT necessarily imply B = C
T RANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
The matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of a matrix A is called
the transpose of A (written as AT or A` ).
1 2 3
Example: A 
4 
5 6 1 4
The transpose of A is AT  2 5 
3
6
For a matrix A = [aij], its transpose AT = [bij],
where bij = aji.
34
S YMMETRIC & S KEW S YMMETRIC
M ATRICES
A matrix A such t h a t AT = A is called symmetric,
i.e., aji = aij for all i and j.
A + AT must be symmetric. Why?
1 2 3
Example: A  2 4 5 is symmetric.
 6
3 5 
A matrix A such t h a t AT = -A is called skew-
symmetric, i.e., aji = -aij for all i and j.
A - AT must be skew-symmetric. Why? 36
A DJOINT OF A MATRIX
 It is defined as the transpose of cofactor matrix.

2 1
Q1: Find the adjoint of A = 4 − 1
−1 1
Q2: Find the adjoint of A = 2
3
−1 −1
3
 Imp. Result: 1 = (Adj. A).A
A(Adj. 4A)
𝐴. I
=
Q3: Verify: A(Adj. A) = (Adj. A).A = 𝐴. I3
2 1 3
if A = 3 1
2
1 2 3
I NVERSE OF A MATRIX
 Let A be any square matrix of order n. The n-
square matrix B of the same order is called the
inverse of A if AB = BA = I.
 It is denoted by A-1 or B = A-1

 The necessary & sufficient condition for

finding inverse is t h a t the matrix m us t be a
non- singular matrix i.e. its determinant is not
equal to zero.
 .𝐴𝑑
𝑗 ≠0
A-1 = ; 𝐴

𝐴
1.4 Properties of matrix

(AB)-1 = B-1A-1
(AT)T = A and (A)T =  AT
(A + B)T = AT + BT
(AB)T = BT AT