CHAPTER – 3 (CLASS XII) 21 MARCH, 2020

Matrices are defined as a rectangular arrangement of numbers or functions. Since it is a

rectangular arrangement, it is 2-dimensional.
A two-dimensional matrix consists of the number of rows (m) and a number of columns
(n). Horizontal ones are called Rows and Vertical ones are called Columns.

R P V ROW 1
A  V L R  ROW 2
 K B D  ROW 3

COLUMN 1 COLUMN 3
COLUMN 2

ORDER OF MATRIX

The order of matrix is a relationship with the number of elements present in a matrix.

The order of a matrix is denoted by m × n, where m and n are the number of Rows and Columns
Respectively and the number of elements in a matrix will be equal to the product of m and n.

TYPES OF MATRICES
 Row Matrix
A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
Thus A = [aij]mxn is a row matrix if m = 1. So, a row matrix can be represented as A = [a ij]1×n.
It is called so because it has only one row and the order of a row matrix will hence be 1 × n.
For example,
A = [1 2 3 4] is row matrix of order 1 x 4. Another example of the row matrix is
B = [ 0 9 4 ] which is of the order 1×3.

(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH)1
 Column Matrix
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix. Thus, A = [a ij]mxn is a column matrix if n = 1.
Hence, the order is m × 1. An example of a column matrix is:
 R
1   P
 
A 2 ,B   
  V 
 3  
L

In the above example, A and B are 3 ×1 and 4 × 1 order matrices respectively.

 Square Matrix
If the number of rows and the number of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a square
matrix.
Thus, A = [aij]mxn is a square matrix if m = n; For example is a square matrix of order 3 × 3.

 1 2 3
A   4 5 6
7 8 9 

For Additional Knowledge:

The sum of the diagonal elements in a square matrix A is called the trace of matrix A, and which is
denoted by tr(A);

tr(A) = a11 + a22 + ….+ ann

 Zero or Null Matrix

If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a zero matrix and it is generally denoted by O.
Thus, A = [aij]mxn is a zero-matrix if aij = 0 for all i and j; For example

0 
0 0
A  0  , B  
 0 0
0 

Here A and B are Null matrix of order 3 x 1 and 2 x 2 respectively.

 Diagonal Matrix

If all the non-diagonal elements of a square matrix, are zero, then it is called a diagonal matrix.
Thus, a square matrix A = [aij] is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0,when i≠j; 

(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH)2
 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 
A   0 3 0  , B   0 0 0  , C  0 0 0  , D  
   
 0 0 
 0 0 4  0 0 4  0 0 4
A, B & C are diagonal matrix of order 3 x 3, and D is a diagonal matrix of order 2 x 2.
Diagonal Matrix can also be denoted by
A = diagonal [2 3 4], B = diag [ 2 0 4], C= [0 0 4]

Important things to note:

(i) A diagonal matrix is always a square matrix
(ii) The diagonal elements are characterized by this general form: aij, where i = j. This means that a matrix
can have only one diagonal.

 Scalar Matrix
If all the elements in the diagonal of a diagonal matrix are equal, it is called a scalar matrix.
Thus, a square matrix A=[aij] is a scalar matrix if

0; i  j
A  [aij ]   Where k is constant.
k ; i  j
For example A & B are scalar matrix of order 3 x 3 and 2 x 2 respectively.

2 0 0
 7 0 
A   0 2 0  , B  
 0 7 
 0 0 2

 Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix

If all the elements of a principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix are 1, then it is called a unit matrix.
A unit matrix of order n is denoted by In. Thus, a square matrix A = [aij]m×n is an identity matrix if

0; i  j
A  [aij ]  
1; i  j
For example I3 & I2 are Identity matrix of order 3 x 3 and 2 x 2 respectively.
1 0 0 
1 0 
I 3  0 1 0  , I 2   
0 0 1  0 1 

(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH)3
  All identity matrices are scalar matrices
 All scalar matrices are diagonal matrices
 All diagonal matrices are square matrices

 TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix is said to be a triangular matrix if the elements above or below the principal diagonal
are zero. There are two types of Triangular Matrix:

 Upper Triangular Matrix

A square matrix [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix, if aij = 0, when i > j.

R P V
A   0 L R 
 00 D 
is an upper triangular matrix of order 3 x 3.
 Lower Triangular Matrix
A square matrix is called a lower triangular matrix, if a ij = 0 when i < j.

R 0 0
A   P L 0 
V V R 

is a lower triangular matrix of order 3 x 3.

1. Find the Order of the following Matrices. Also find the total Number of elements in each matrix.

R 0 0  2
1 0
(a) A   P L 
0  (b) B    (c )C   6 
V V  2 3
R   7 

1 2 2
2 3 9 1
(d ) D    (e) E   
5 3 0  
 2 
 
6 1 3

2. Give an example of a 2 x 2 Non-zero matrices A, B & C such that

(a) AB = O but BA ≠ O
(b) AB = O and BA = O
(c) AB = AC but B ≠ C

(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH)4
3. Give an example of a 3 x 3 matrix which is
(a) Upper Triangular as well as Lower Triangular Matrix
(b) Symmetric Matrix
(c) Skew-Symmetric Matrix
(d) Neither Symmetric nor Skew-Symmetric Matrix
(e) Symmetric as well as skew-symmetric

4. (a) How many Matrices of order 2 x 2 are possible with entry 0 or 1. How many of these are diagonal
matrices. List them.

(b) How many Matrices of order 3 x 3 are possible with 0 or – 1. How many of these are Diagonal
matrices?

(c) If there are five one’s i.e. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 & four zeroes i.e. 0, 0, 0, 0, Thus how many symmetric
matrices of order 3 x 3 are possible with these 9 entries?

5. Construct a 3 x 3 matrix A = [aij] such that

i
; i j
2i  3 j ; i  j 2 ; i j
i
j
(a) a ij  i ; i j
j
(b) a ij  i  j ; i  j (c) a ij  | 2i  3 j | ; i  j
3 j  2i ; i  j 3j; i  j
i
(d) aij = i2 + j2 (e) aij = [ ] where [.] represents Greatest Integer Function
j
6. If A is a square matrix, then show that
(a) (A + AT) is symmetric matrix.
(b) (A - AT) is symmetric matrix.
(c) (AAT) is symmetric matrix.

7. (a) Show that every square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric & a skew- symmetric
matrix.
(b) If A & B are two Symmetric matrices of same order, then show that
(i) (AB – BA) is skew-symmetric Matrix.
(ii) (AB + BA) is symmetric Matrix.

 2 3
8. (a) Show that the Matrix A =   satisfies the equation A2 – 4A + I = 0. Hence find A3.
1 2 
1 1
(b) Find the values of x & y, if A =   satisfies the equation A2 + xA +yI = 0. Hence find A4.
1 1
 2 3
(c) Find f (A), If A =   such that f(x) = x2 – 4x + 7
  1 2

(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH)5
9. Find ‘x’ in each of the following cases:
1 x2  2 3
 
(a) If A = 7 5 7  is symmetric Matrix.
3 7  5

 0 x 2  6 1
 
(b) If A =  5 x x 2  9 3 is skew-symmetric Matrix.
 1 3 0

2 y  7 0 0

(c) If A =  0 x  3 0 is scalar Matrix. Also find the value of y?
 0 0 7 
 2 0 y  x

(d) If A =  x  y  2 3 0  is a diagonal matrix.
 0 0 4 
10. Express the following Matrices as a sum of a symmetric & skew-symmetric matrix.
(Note: Part (b) & (c) can be asked for one marker, SO THINK TWICE FOR THESE PARTS)

1 2 3 1 2 5  0 2  3

(a) A =  2 5 7  (b) A = 2 5 7  
(c) A =  2 0 4 
 2  4  5 5 7  5  3  4 0 

Cosx  Sinx  Cos nx  Sin nx 

11. If A =   then prove that An =   for all n ɛ N.
 Sinx Cosx   Sin nx Cos nx 

Cosx  Sinx 0
12. (a) If f(x) =  Sinx Cosx 0 , then prove that f(x).f(y) = f(x + y).
 0 0 1

Hence show that f(x).f(- x) = I, Where I is the identity matrix of order 3 x 3.

1  1  x x y
(b) If f(x) = ,Prove that f(x).f(y) = f( ). Hence show that f(x).f(- x) = I ,
2  x 
1  1  xy
1 x 
Where |x| < 1.

13. Find the inverse of the following matrices using Elementary Transformation. (if Exists)

1 2 2 1 2 3
Cosx  Sinx 
(a) A = 2 1 2 (b) A =  

(c) A =  2 5 7 
2 2 1  Sinx Cosx   2  4  5

(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH)6
 0 2 y z 
14. Find x, y & z if A = A and A =  x y  z  . Also Find How many triplets of (x, y, z) are
T -1 
 x  y z 
possible. (NOTE: A.A- 1 = A – 1A = I)

1 2  3 1  1 5
15. For     =  , What will be the result if we apply
 2 3    1 2   2 8
(a) R2 → R2 + 3R1
(b) C1 → C1 – 3C2

16. (a) If A & B are non-zero square matrices of same order such that AB = A & BA = B then Prove that
A2 = A & B2 = B.
(b) If A & B matrices such that AB2 = BA & A4 = I then prove that B16 = B & B15 = I.
(c) If A be a square Matrix such that A16 + A8 = O, then show that
(A8 + A4 + I) – 1 = A8 - A4 + I

17. If order of Matrix A be m x n, then what will be the order of matrix B if

(a) AB & BA both are defined
(b) ABT & BTA both are defined

18. If A, B & C are three matrices with order 2 x 3, a x 3 & 2 x b then find the value of (2a + 3b) such that
(A + B – C) exists.

19. (a) If A & B are two matrices such that AB = A & BA = B, then Prove that A 2 – B2 = A – B.
(b) If A is square matrix such that A 2 = A, show that (I + A)3 = 7A + I.

20. Fill in the blank in each of the following:

(a) If A and B are two skew symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric
matrix if ________.
(b) _________ matrix is both symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
(c) Sum of two skew symmetric matrices is always _________ matrix.
(d) If A is a symmetric matrix, then A3 is a _________ matrix.
(e) If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then A2 is a _________.

21. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then (A + B) (A – B) is equal to
(A) A2 – B2 (B) A2 – BA – AB – B2 (C) A2 – B2 + BA – AB (D) A2 – BA + B2 + AB

22. Total number of possible matrices of order 2 × 4 with each entry 2 or - 2 is

(A) 16 (B) 32 (C) 256 (D) 512

0 1  2
23. If A =   then A is equal to
 1 0 
0 1  1 0  0 1 1 0 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
1 0  1 0  0 1 0 1 
(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH)7
24. If A is matrix of order m × n and B is a matrix such that AB′ and B′A are both defined, then order of
matrix B is
(A) m x m (B) m x n (C) n x m (D) n x n

25. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then (A–I)3 + (A + I)3 –7A is equal to
(A) A (B) I – A (C) I + A (D) 3A

26. Let A and B are matrices of order 3 x 2 and 2 x 4 respectively. Write the order of matrix (AB).

27. Find the values of x and y from the following matrix equation:
x 5   3 4   7 6 
2   
7 y  3   1 2   15 14 

28. In the following matrix equation use elementary operation R 2 → R2 + R1 and write the equation thus
obtained.
 2 3  1 0   8 3 
   
 1 4  2 1  9 4 

 0 6 7 0 1 1  2
29. If A   6 0 8  , B   1 0 2  , C   2  .then calculate AC, BC and (A + B)C.
   
 7 8 0  1 2 0  3
     

Also verify that (A + B) C = AC + BC.

 2 1  1 8 10 
   
30. (a)Find matrix A, if  1 0  A   1 2 5  .
 3 4   9 22 15 
   
(b) A trust caring for handicapped children gets Rs. 30,000 every month from its donors. The trust
spends half of the funds received for medical and educational care of the children and for that it
charges 2% of the spent amount from them, and deposits the balance amount in a private bank to
get the money multiplied so that in future the trust goes on functioning regularly. What percent of
interest should the trust get from the bank to get a total of Rs. 1,800 every month?

For any doubt you can whatsapp/msg me any time on 9810663813

OR You can E-mail me your Doubt on svohra.sps@gmail.com
SHASHANK VOHRA (LECTURER MATHS – RPVV, KAROL BAGH)

“Work for a cause, not for applause. Live to express, not to impress.
Don’t strive to make your presence noticed, just make your absence felt”

(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH)8
(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH)9
(BY SHASHANK VOHRA, LECTURER – MATHEMATICS GOVT. OF DELHI & NCT)(RPVV, LINK ROAD, KAROL BAGH) 10