Unit - 3

Matrices and Determinants

Important Points
• Matrix :
Any rectangular array of numbers is called matrix. A matrix of order m  n having m
rows and n columns. Its element in the ith row and jth column is aij. We denote matrix
by A, B, C etc.

1 2
3 0  is a matrix of order 2  2.
 

 1 0 2 
 3 2 1  is matrix of order 2  3.
 

 a11 a12  a1n 

a 
 21 a22  a2n 
A matrix of order m  n is     
 
 am1 am2  amn 

• Algebra of Matrices
(1) Equality : If A   aij  mn , B   bij  p  q are said to be equal i.e. A = B if

(i) aij = bij  i & j

(ii) order of A = order of B, i.e. m = p and n = q

• Types of Matrices : Let A   aij  mn

(1) Row matrix : A 1  n matrix [a11 a12 a13 ..... a1n] is called a row matrix
(row vector)

 a11 
a 
 21 
(2) Column matrix : A m  1 matrix  a31  is called column matrix
 
  
 an1 

(Column vector)

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 (3) Square Matrix : An n  n matrix is called a square matrix.
(4) Diagonal matrix : If in a square matrix A = [aij]n  n we have aij= 0 whenever i
 j then A is called a diagonal matrix.
(5) Zero (null) matrix : A matrix with all elements are zero is called zero (null)
matrix. It is denoted by [0]m x n or Om x n or O.
• Algebra of Matrices
(2) Sum and Difference : If A and B are of same oder

i.e. A  aij  m  n , B  bij  mn , C   cij  mn

then A + B = C   aij + bij  mn  cij  m  n

A - B = C   aij  bij  mn  cij  m  n

Properties of addition
If matrices A, B, C and O are of same order, then
(i) A + B = B + A (Commutative law)
(ii) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C (Associative law)
(iii) A + O = O + A (Existence of Identity)
(iv) (-A) + A = A + (-A) = O (Existence of Inverse)
(3) Product of Matrix with a Scalar

If A =  aij  m  n and k R then we define product of matrix with a scalar is

kA  k  aij    kaij 
mn m n

Properties of Addition of Matrices and Multiplication of a Matrix by a scalar

Let A  aij  m  n , B  bij  mn , k , l  R

(i) k(A + B) = kA + kB
(ii) (k + l) A = kA + lA
(iii) (kl)A = k(lA)
(iv) 1A = A
(v) (-1) A = -A
(4) Matrix Multiplication :

Let A   aij  m  n , B  bij  n  p . Then AB = C

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 n
where Cij   aik bkj  ai1b1 j  ai 2b2 j  ai 3b3 j  .........  ainbnj
k 1

= Scalar product of ith row of A and jth Column of B.

(i) Product AB defined if and only if number of column of A = number of
rows of B
(ii) If A is m  n matrix and B is n  p matrix then AB is m  p matrix.
• Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let the matrices A, B, C and O have order compitable for the operations involved.
(i) A(B + C) = AB + AC
(ii) (A + B)C = AC + BC
(iii) A(BC) = (AB) C
(iv) AO = O = OA
(v) AB  BA, generally
(vi) AB = O need not imply A = O or B = O
(vii) AB = AC need not imply B = C
• Types of Matrices
(6) Identity (unit) Matrix : In a diagonal matrix all elements of principal
diagonal are 1 is called Identity (unit) Matrix and is denoted by I or In or In  n.
(7) Scalar Matrix : If k R, then kI called a scalar matrix.

(8) Traspose of a Matrix : If all the rows of matrix A  aij  m  n are converted
into corresponding column, the matrix so obtained is called the transpose of
A. It is denoted by AT or A ' . AT =  a ji  n  m
Properties of Transpose
(i) (AT)T = A
(ii) (A + B)T = AT + BT
(iii) (kA)T = kAT, k  R
(iv) (AB)T = BT AT
(9) Symmetric Matrix : For a square matrix A, if A T = A, then A is called a
symmetric matrix. Here aij = aji for all i and j.
(10) Skew - Symmetric Matrix : For a square matrix A, if AT = -A, then A is called
a
Skew - symemtric matrix.
Here aij = -aji for all i and j and aii = 0  i
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 For square matrix A, A + A T is symmetric and A - AT is skew - symmetric
matrix.
(11) Triangular Matrices :
(i) Upper Triangular Matrix : A sqare matrix whose element aij = 0 for i >
j is
called an uppear triangular matrix.

a b c
a b  
e.g.   , 0 d e 
 0 c  0 0 f 

(ii) Lower Triangular Matrix : A square matrix whose element aij = 0 for i
< j is
called a lower triangular matrix.
a 0 0 
 a 0 
e.g.   ,  b c 0 
b c  
 d e f 
Let A be a square matrix of order n  n.
(12) Orthogonal matrix : A is called an orthogonal matrix if and only if ATA = In
= A AT
(13) Idempotent Matrix : A is called an idempotgent matrix if A2 = A
(14) Nilpotent Matrix : A is called a nilpotent matrix if Am = 0, m Z+
(15) Involutary Matrix : A is called an involutary matrix if A2 = I, i.e. (I + A) (I -
A) = O
(16) Conjugate of a Matrix : If A = [aij] is a given matrix, then the matrix obtained
on replacing all its elements by their corresponding complex cojugates is
called the conjugate of the matrix A and is denoted by A   aij 
Properties :
(i) (A)  A
(ii) (A + B)  A + B
(iii) (kA)  k  A, k being a complex number
(iv) AB  A  B
(17) Conjugate Transpose of a matrix : The conjugate of the transpose of a given
matrix A is called the conjugate transpoe (Tranjugate) of A and is denoted
by Aθ .

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 Properties :
T
(i) Aθ   T     
θ
 
(ii) A θ A
θ
(iii)  A + B   θ + Bθ

(iv)  kA θ  k  A θ , k being a complex number

(v)  AB θ  Bθ  Aθ
Let A be a square matrix of oder n  n
(18) Unitary Matrix : A is an unitary matrix if AA = In = AA.
(19) Hermitian Matrix : A is a hermitian matrix if A = A
(20) Skew - Hermitian Matrix : A is a skw-Hermitian matrix if A = -A
• The determinant of a square matrix :
If all entries of a square matrix are kept in their respective places and the
determinant of this array is taken, then the detrminant so obtained is called the
determinant of the given square matrix. If A is a square matrix, then determinant of
A is denoted by | A | or det A.
Evaluation of Determinants (Expansion)

a b
Second order determinant  ad  bc
c d

a1 b1 c1
b c2 a c2 a b2
Third order determinant a2 b2 c 2  a1 2  b1 2  c1 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3

= a1 (b2c3 - b3c2) - b1 (a2c3 - a3c2) + c1(a2b3 - a3b2)

= a1b2c3 - a1b3c2 - a2b1c3 + a3b1c2 + a2b3c1 - a3b2c1
Some Symbols :
(1) Ri  Ci : To convert every row (column) into corresponding column (row)
(2) Rij [cij] (i  j) : Interchange of ith row (column) and jth row (column)
(3) Ri(k) [ci(k)] : multiply ith row (Column) by kR - {0}
(4) Rij(k)[cij(k)] : Multiply ith row (column) by kR (k  0) and adding to the
corresponding elements of jth row(column)

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Properties of Determinants of Matrices
(i) | AT | = | A |
(ii) | AB | = | A | | B |
|ABC|=|A| |B| |C|
(iii) | kA | = kn | A | (where A is n  n matrix)
(iv) | I | = 1
Value of some Determinants :

x p q
2 2 2
(i) Symmetric Determinant p y r  xyz + 2pqr  xp  yq  zr
q r z

0 x y
(ii) Skew - symmetric determinant of odd order :  x 0 z  
y z 0

x y z
(iii) Circular Determinant : y 
z x   x 3  y3  z3  3 xyz 
z x y

Area of a Triangle :
If the vertices of a triangle are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) then,

x1 y1 1

Area of a triangle =    D  , where D  x2 y2 1
 x3 y3 1

Shifting of origin does not effect the area of a triangle.

If D = 0  all three points are collinear
Let the sides of the triangle be a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, a3x + b3y + c3
=0


 Area of a triangle  ,
2  C1C2C3 

a1 b1 c1
where C1, C2, C3 are respetively the cofactors of c1, c2 and c3 and   a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

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 
If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are two distinct points of AB then the cartesian equation of

AB is

x y 1
x1 y1 1  
x2 y2 1

Propeties of Determiants : (D = value or determinante)

(i) If a row (column) is a zero vector (i.e. all elements of a row or a column are
zero), then D = 0
(ii) If two rows (Columns) are identical, then D = 0
(iii) If any two rows (columns) are interchanged, then D becoms - D (additive
i n v e r s e
of D)
(iv) If any two rows (columns) are interchanged, D is unchaged  | AT | = | A |

ka1 kb1 kc1 a1 b1 c1

(v) a2 b 2 c 2  k a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

a1 + d1 b1 + e1 c1 + f1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1
(vi) a2 b2 c 2  a2 b2 c 2 + a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(vii) If any rows (columns) is multiplied by k R (k  0) and added to another rows
(columns), then D is unchanged.
a1 b1 c1 a1 + ka2 b1 + kb 2 c1 + kc 2
a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(vii) All rows of a determinant are converted into corresponding column, D is

unchanged.
(viii) Determinants are multiplied in the same way as we multiply matrices.

 |AB|  A  | B |  | BA | =  ABT |  | A T B  =  A T BT 

f1 g1 h1
(ix)   f 2 g 2 h 2 , where f r , g r , h r are functions of x for r  , 2, 3.
f 3 g3 h3

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 f1 ' g1 ' h1 ' f1 g1 h1 f1 g1 h1
d
  f2 g 2 h 2 + f 2 ' g 2 ' h 2 ' + f2 g 2 h 2
dx f g3 h 3 f 3 g3 h 3 f3 ' g3 ' h3 '
3

(x) Let D(x) be a 3  3 determinant whose elements are polynomials.

If D(m) has two identical rows (columns), then x - m is a factor of D(x)
If D(m) has three identical rows (columns), then (x - m)2 is a factor of D(x).
• Minor and cofactor
 a11 a12
a13 
Let A   aij    a21 a23 
a22
33 a a33 
a32
 31
The minor of the element aij (i, j = 1, 2, 3) in A
= Mij = The determiant obtained from A on deleting the row and the column in
which aij occurs.
The cofactor of the element aij (i, j = 1, 2, 3) in A = Aij = (-1)i + j Mij
The value of any third order determinant can be obtained by adding the products of
the elements of any of its rows (columns) by their correspdong co-factor.
If we multiply all the elements of any rows (columns) of any third order
determinant by the cofactos of the corresponding elements of another row
(column) and add the products, then the sum is zero.
or in Mathematical notation




 aij kj 
j
A if i = k = 1, 2, 3
0 if i  k = 1, 2, 3  aij ik 
i 

A if j = k = 1, 2, 3
0 if j  k = 1, 2, 3
• Adjoint of Matrix
 a11 a21 a31 
Adjoint Matrix of A = adj A   a12 a22 a32 
a a23 a33 
 13
= Tranpose of the matrix of cofactor = [Aji]3  3
If A = [aij]n  n then adj A = [Aji]n  n
To obtain the adjoint of 2  2 matrix, interchange the elements on the principal
diagonal and change the sign of the elements on the secondary diagonal.
Properties of Adjoint Matrix : If A is square matrix of order n,
(i) A(adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | In
(ii) adj In = In
(iii) adj (kIn) = kn - 1 In, k is a scalar.
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 (iv) adj AT = (adj A)T
(v) adj (kA) = kn - 1 adjA, k is a scalar.
(vi) adj(AB) = (adj B)(adj A)
(vii) adj (ABC) = (adj C)(adj B)(adj A)
If A is a non singular matrix of order n, then
(i) | adj A | = | A |n - 1
(ii) adj (adj A) = | A |n - 2A
2
(iii) | adj (adj A) | = | A | (n - 1)
Adjoint of
(i) a diagonal matrix is diagonal
(ii) a triangular matrix is triangular
(iii) a symmetric matrix is symmetric
(iv) a hermitian matrix is thermitian
• Inverse of a Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be singular if | A | = 0 and non singular if | A | = 0
If A is a square matrix of order n, if there exists another square matrix of order n
such that
A B = I n = BA
Then B(A) is called inverse of A(B).It is denoted A-1.


A 1   adj A)
|A|
If inverse of matrix A exists, then it is unique.
A square matrix A is non-singular  | A |  
 A 1 exists.
Results :

(i)  1  A 1 (ii) (AB)1  1A1

T 1 1 T
(iii) (A )  (A ) (iv) (A k ) 1  (A 1) k , k  Z
(v) A = diag [a11 a22 a33 ..... ann] and a11  a22  a33  ...  ann  0 then
A-1 = diag [a11-1 a22-1 a33-1 .......... ann-1]
(vi) Inverse of a symmetric matrix is symmetric.
• Elementary Transformations (operations) of a matrix
(i) Interchange of rows (columns)

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 (ii) The multiplication of the elements of a row (column) by a non - zero scalar.
(iii) The addition (subtraction) to the elements of any row (column) of the scalar
multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row (column).
• Test of Consistency
If the system of equation possesses atleast one solution set (solution set is not
empty) then the equations are said to be consistent.
If the system of equation has no solution they are said to inconsistent.
Solution of simultaneous linear equations in two (three) variables :
Trival solution :
V al ue of al l the v ari abl es i s zero i .e. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
Non Triavial Solution :
Value of atleast one variable is non-zero
Homogeneous linear equation :
If constant term is zero, i.e. ax + by = 0 or ax + by + cz =0
such equations is called homogenous linear eqaution.
Solutiuon of homogenoeous linear equation
Consider the eqautions
For three variables For two variables
a11x + a12y + a13z = 0 a11x + a12y = 0
a21x + a22y + a23z = 0 a21x + a22y = 0
a31x + a32y + a33z = 0

 a11 a12 a13   x   

 a21 a22 a23   y      a11 a12   x   
a  a21 a22   y    
 31 a32 a33   z   
   
AX=O AX=O
(i) If | A |  0 the system is consistent and has only trivial (unique) solution.
(ii) If | A | = 0 the system is consistent and has non trivial (infinite number of)
Solution.
• Solution of non-homogeneous linear equation :
Let three equations a 1x + b 1y + c 1z = d 1
a 2x + b 2y + c 2z = d 2
a 3x + b 3y + c 3z = d 3

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 Matrix inversion Method
Equations can be expressed as a matrix form AX = B.

 a1 b1 c1   x  d1 
Where A   a2 b2 c 2  , X   y  and B  d 2 
a b3 c3  z d 
 3    3
If | A |  0 (A is non singular), A-1 exists.
The solution is X = A-1B
Cramer’s Rule
D1 D D
x , y 2, z 3
D D D
Where

 d1 b1 c1   a1 d1 c1   a1 b1 d1   a1 b1 c1 
D1  d 2 b2 c2 , D 2   a2
 d2 c 2 , D3   a2
 b2 d 2 , D   a2
 b2 c2 
d b3 c3  a d3 c3  a b3 d 3  a b3 c3 
 3  3  3  3
(i) If D  0 then the system has a unique solution and said to be consistent.
(ii) If D = 0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 then the system has infinite number of solution
and said to be consistent.
(iii) If D = 0 and atleast one determinants D 1, D2, D3 is non-zero, then the system
has no solution (solution set is empty) and said to be inconsistent.
Above both method can be used to solve non-homogeneous linear equation in two
variables.
• Characteristic Equation :
Let A = [aij]n  n then A - I is called characteristic matrix of A.
Equation | A - I | = 0 is called characteristic equation of A.
Homogeneous system of linear equation having non-trival solution if | A - I | = 0
Every square matrix A satisfies its characteristic equation | A - I | = 0

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 Question Bank
1. If the system of equations x + ky + 3z = 0, 3x + ky - 2z = 0, 2x + 3y - 4z = 0 has
xy
non trivial solution, then  ...
z2
5
(a) 6
(b) - 56 (c) 6
5
(d) - 6
5

n n Pn n Cn

2. n+1 n + 1 Pn + 1 n + 1Cn + 1  

n+2 n + 2 Pn + 2 n + 2 Cn + 2

(a) (n2 + n + 1) n! (b) n(n + 1)! (c) (n + 1) n! (d) (n + 2) n!

3. Let a, b, c be such that b(a + c)  0.

a a + 1 a 1 a+1 b+1 c 1
If b b + 1 b  1 + a 1 b 1 c + 1  , then n is...
n + 2
c c 1 c + 1 (  1) a (1) b (  1) n c
n +1

(a) Zero (b) any even integer (c) any odd interger (d) any integer

sin (x + p) sin (x + q) sin (x + r)

4. sin (y + p) sin (y + q) sin (y + r)  
sin (z + p) si n (z + q) sin (z + r)

(a) sin (x + y + z) (b) sin (p + q + r) (c) 1 (d) 0

3x  8 3 3
5. 3 3x  8 3  , then x  
3 3 3x  8

(a) 32 , 11
3
(b) 32 , 11 2 , 11 2, 3
3 (c) 3 3 (d) 3 11

(b + c) 2 a2 a2
b2 (c + a )2 b2  k  abc  (a + b + c)3 , then k  
6.
c2 c2 (a + b) 2

(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) -2 (d) 2

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 a2  b2
c
c c
b 2 c2
a a
a  kabc, then k  
7.
c2  a 2
b b b

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1

a a 2 1  a3
8. b b 2 1  b3  0 and the vectors (1, a, a2), (1, b, b2), (1, c, c2) are non-coplanar
c c 2 1 + c3

then abc = ...

(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) 1

11 + 3 20 5
15 + 22 25 10  
9.
3  55 15 25

(a) 5(5 3  3 2) (b) 5(3 2  5 3)

(c) 5(5 3  3 2) (d) 5(3 2  5 3)

 a2 (s  a) 2 (s  a) 2 
 
10. If 2s = a + b + c and A  (s  b) 2 b2 (s  b) 2  then det A = ...
 (s  c) 2 (s  c) 2 c 2 

(a) 2s2 (s - a) (s - b) (s - c) (b) 2s3 (s - a) (s - b) (s - c)
(c) 2s (s - a)2 (s - b)2 (s - c)2 (d) 2s2 (s - a)2 (s - b)2 (s - c)2
11. The homogeneous system of equations

 2 α+β+γ+δ  +    x
            (          y   
  
           2  z
has non - trivial solutions only if...
(a)  (b) for any 
(c)  (d) 

136
  4 4k k 
12. Let A   0 k 4k  . If det(A 2 )   then  k  is ...
 
0 0 4 

(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 42

4

a a2 a3  1
2
a a 2 a 3  1 
13. If 1, ω, ω are cube roots of unity, then ...
2 22 32
a a a 1

(a) 0 (b) a (c) a2 (d) a3

14. If a1, a2, a3 ... are in GP , then

log an log an + 1 log an + 2

log an + 3 log an + 4 log an + 5  
log an + 6 log an + 7 log an + 8

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

 3 1 
1 1
15. If P  
2 2
, A  and Q  PAPT , then P T Q2013P  ..
  12 3
2 
0 1

1 2013  4 + 2013 3 6039 

(a)  (b)  
 0 1  4  2013 3 
 2012

 2+ 3 1  1
 2012 2  3 
1  
(c) 4   (d) 4
 1 2  3  2  3 2012 

 1 2  3i 3  4i 
16. A   2  3i 5 1  i  , then det A is ...
 
3  4i 1  i 4 

(a) Purely real (b) purely imaginary (c) complex number (d) 0

log31024 log 3 3 log 2 3 log 4 3

17. The value of   
log 3 8 log 3 9 log 3 4 log 3 4
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 12

137
  i 0 0
18. If A  0 i 0  , i  1, then An = I where I is unit matrix when n = ...
 
0 0 i 
(a) 4p + 1 (b) 4p + 3 (c) 4p (d) 4p + 2

k 3
19. If A =   and | A3 | = 343, then find the value of k = ...
3 k
(a) + 1 (b) + 2 (c) + 3 (d) + 4

1 0 
20. If A    , then An + (n - 1) I = ...
1 1 
(a) 2n - 1A (b) - nA (c) nA (d) (n + 1) A

x2  x x 1 x2
2
21. If 2 x  3 x  1 3x 2 x  3   x  B then B = ...
x2  2 x  3 2x 1 2 x  1

(a) -12 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) -8

tan 2 x sec 2 x 1
sec2 x tan 2 x 1  
22.
10 12 2

(a) 12 tan2x - 10 sec2x (b) 12 sec2x - 10 tan2x + 2

(c) 0 (d) tan2x  sec2x

sec x cos x sec2 x +cos x cosec 2 x 


23. If f(x)  cos 2 x cos 2 x cosec2 x , then  f(x) dx  
1 cos 2 x cosec x2 0

(a)
1
3
  (b) 1
3
 4 (c)
2
3
 3 (d)
4
3
 4

x2 
x e sec x
 f( x ) d x  
24. If f(x )  sin x 2 cos x , then the value of

cosec x x2 5 

(a) 0 (b) 5e (c) 1   (d) 34

138
 a b c
25. If A =  b c a  , where a, b, c R+, abc = 1 and | A | > 0, A TA = I, then

c a b
a3 + b3 + c3 = ...
(a) 12 (b) 4 (c) -8 (d) 28

xn sin x cos x
dn
26. If f(x)  n! sin  n
  cos n
  ,then  f(x) at x = 0 is ... where p is constant.
2 3
dxn
p p p

(a) p (b) p + p2
(c) p3 (d) Independent of p.

cos 2    x  cos 2  3  x  cos 2  5  x 

27. The value of the determinant cos    x  cos  3  x  cos  5  x  is ...


cos    x  cos  3  x  cos  5  x 

(a) 0 (b) cos 2  3x  9 

(c) sin 2  3  x  (d) cos 2  15  x 

x2  5x  3 2x  5 3
28. If  x )  3 x  x  4 6 x  1 9  ax 3  bx3  cx  d, then d = ...
2

7 x 2  6 x  9 14 x  6 21

(a) 156 (b) 187 (c) 119 (d) 141

3 a b c 
29. If A   b 3c a  , a, b, c  R, abc   and AA T  I and | A | > 0, then
 
 c a 3b 

a 3

 b3  c3  
(a) 343 (b) 729 (c) 256 (d) 512
30. Let P be a non-singular matrix and 1 + P + P 2 + .... + P n = O, (O denotes the null
matrix) then P 1 = ...
(a) 0 (b) P (c) P n (d) I

139
 a  b  c 2a 2a 
31. The matrix  2b bca 2b  is singular if...
 
 2c 2c c  a  b
(a) a - b = 0 (b) a + b = 0
(c) a + b + c = 0 (d) a = 0

x 1 x3 x4
32. x4 x6 x  8  
x8 x  10 x  14

(a) 2 (b) -2 (c) 4 (d) -4

33. If a, b, c are positive and not all equal, then the value of determinant
a b c
b c a is ...
c a b

(a) > 0 (b) > 0 (c) < 0 (d) < 0

1 a a 2  bc
1 b b 2  ca  
34.
1 c c 2  ab

(a) 0 (b) (a2 - bc) (b2 - ca) (c2 - ab)

(c) (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (d) -1
35. If the equations y + z = - ax, z + x = - by, x + y = - cz have non trivial solutions,
then
1 1 1
+ +  .
1 a 1 b 1 c
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) -2
36. If the equations a(y + z) = x, b(z + x) = y, c(x + y) = z have non trivial solutions,
then
1 1 1
+ +  
1 a 1 b 1 c
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) -2

140
37. If the equations x - 2y + 3z = 0, -2x + 3y + 2z = 0, -8x + y = 0 have non-trivial
solution then  = ...
(a) 18 (b) 13 (c) -10 (d) 4
38. If the equations x + 3y + z = 0, 2x - y - z = 0, kx + 2y + 3z = 0 have non-trivial
solution then k = ...
13 9
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c)  152 (d)  132
39. If the equations ax + by + cz = 0, 4x + 3y + 2z = 0, x + y + z = 0 have non-trivial
solution, then a, b, c are in...
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
(c) Increasing sequence (d) decreasing sequence.
40. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0, ax + z = 0 has infinite number
of solutions then a = ...
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) -2
1 4 20
41. The solution set of the equation 1 2 5   is ...
1 2 x 5 x2
(a) {1, 2} (b) {-1, -2} (c) {1, -2} (d) {-1, 2}
42. The equations x + 2y + 3z = 1, 2x + y + 3z = 2, 5x + 5y + 9z = 4 have....
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) Infinity solutions (d) can not say anything

2 3 4
43. If A   2 3 4  then A  1  
 
0 1 1

(a) A (b) A2 (c) A3 (d) A4

• Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the following questions No. 44
to 46.

1 0 0  1 
A   2 1 0  if U , U and U are column matrices satisfying AU = 0 
  1 2 3 1   , AU2
3 2 1 0 

2 2
   
=  3  , AU3 =  3  and U is 3  3 matrix whose columns are U 1, U2, U3, then
0 1 

141
44. The value of | U | is ...
3
(a) 3 (b) -3 (c) 2
(d) 2
45. The sum of the elements of U -1 is ...
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3

 3
46. The value of determinant of [3 2 0] U  2 is ...
 
0 
5 3
(a) 5 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 2

0 1 2    12 1
2
 
47. If A = 1 2 3  , A   4 3
1
c  , then ...
 
3 a 1   52  32 1
2

(a) a =2, c =  12 (b) a = 1, c = -1

(c) a = -1, c = 1 (d) a = 1 ,c= 1

2 2

 1 2 2 
48. If A   2 1 2  , then adj A = ...
 
 2 2 1 
(a) A (b) AT (c) 3A (d) 3AT

1 2 1
49. If A =  5 2 6  , then A3 = ...
 
 2 1 3
(a) I (b) AT (c) O (d) A-1

 1i 3 1i 3 
50. If A   2i 2i
, i  1 and f(x) = x2 + 2 then f(A) = ...
 12i i 3 1i 3 
2i 

1 0 
(a)  0 1 
 
(b)  3i 3
2  10 0
1 

(c)  5 i 3
2  10 0
1   1 0 
(d) 2  i 3 0 1 
 

142
   2 4 
51. If A   1 3 4  is an idempotent matrix, then x is equal to ...
 
 1 2 x 
(a) - 1 (b) - 5 (c) - 4 (d) - 3
52. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers, the following system of equations in x, y and
z

x2 y2 z2 x 2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
   ,  2 + 2  2  ,  2  2  2   has ...
a 2 b2 c2 a b c a b c
(a) unique solutin (b) no solution
(c) finitely many solutions (d) Infinitely many solutions.

3 4 
53. If A    , then A n  
1  1

3n 4n  2 + n 5  n 
(a)  n  n  (b)  n n 
 

3n ( 4) n   2n  1 4n 

(c)  n  (d)  n 1  2n 
1 ( 1) n  
54. Suppose a matrix A satisfies A 2 - 5A + 7I = O. If A5 = aA + bI then the value of
2a - 3b must be...
(a) 4135 (b) 1435 (c) 1453 (d) 3145

1 a b
55. In a ABC, if 1 c a  0, then the value of 64(sin2A + sin2B + sin2C) must be...
1 b c

(a) 64 (b) 144 (c) 128 (d) 0

1 1
56. If A = 1 1 , then A2013 = ...
 
(a) 22012A (b) 21006A (c) -22013A (d) I

  
57. If A     , then A
2013
 
  
(a) 32013A (b) -32012I (c) 32011A (d) 31006A
143
  1 1 1 
   adj B 
58. If A =  0 2 3 and B   adj A), C   then |c
 
2 1 0 

(a) 5 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 1

5

1 0 0 
59. If A  0 cos sin  , then
   adj  adj  adj  adj A     
0 sin cos 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 24 (d) 212

r r 1
60. If A r  , where r is a natureal number then the value of
r 1 r

 2013 
  A r  is ...
 r=1 
(a) 1 (b) 40 (c) 2012 (d) 2013
61. If z is a complex number and a1, a2, a 3, b1, b2, b3 are all real, then
a1z  b1 z a2 z  b 2 z a3z  b3 z
b1z  a1z b 2 z  a2 z b3z  a3 z  
b1z  a1 b 2 z  a2 b3z  a3

(a)  z 2 (b) (a1a2a3 + b1b2b3)2 | z |2

(c) 3 (d) 0

1 3 cos  1
62. If D = sin  1 3 cos  , then maximum value of D is...
1 sin  

(a) 9 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) 16

 cos 2 cos sin   cos 2 cos sin  0  

63.  2   2   0  
 cos  sin  sin    cos  sin  sin    

provided  -  = ..., n Z

(a) n (b)  n  1  (c) n  (d) 2n

144
64. If P, Q, R represent the angles of an acute angled triangle, no two of them being
1 1  cos P cos P (1 + cos P)
equal then the value of 1 1 + cos Q cos Q (1 + cos Q) is ...
1 1 + cos R cos R (1 + cos R)

(a) positive (b) 0 (c) negative (d) can not be determined

65. If 0 < [x] < 2, -1 < [y] < 1, 1 < [z] < 3 ([  ] denotes the greatest integer function)
[x ]  1 [ y] [z]
then the maximum value of determinant D  [ x ] [y] + 1 [z] is ...
[x ] [y] [z] + 1

(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8

 1 tan  
66. If A    tan   then A T A 1  
  

cos 2x sin 2x  cos 2x sin 2x 

(a)  (b) 
 sin 2x cos 2x   sin 2x cos 2x 

 cos 2x sin 2x   tan x 1 

(c)  (d) 
 sin 2x cos 2x   1 tan x 

 cos x 0 sin x  cos y sin y 0 

67. f(x)   0 1 0 , g(y)   sin y cos y 0 

   
 sin x 0 cos x   0 0 1

(i) f(x) . g(y) = ...

(a) f(xy) (b) f 

x
y (c) f(x + y) (d) f(x - y)

(ii) Which of the following is correct ?

1 1
(a)  f(x)   f(x ) (b)  f(x )  f(x )

1 1
(c)  f(x )   f(  x) (d)  f(x )  f(  x )
1
(iii)  f(x ) g(y)   

(a) f(x 1 ) g(y 1 ) (b) f(y 1 ) g(x 1 )

(c) f(-x) g(-y) (d) g(-y) f(-x)
145
 x a a
x a
68. If D1  a x a and D 2  , then ...
a x
a a x

3
(a) D1  3  D2  2 (b) D1  3D 2 2

(c) d
dx  D1   3D22 (d) d
dx  D1   3D 2
69. If   are the roots of the equation x2 + bx + c = 0, then

3 1        
1          1        
1+      1   3  3 1 +   4

(a) (1 + b + c)2 (b2 - 4c) (b) (1 - b - c)2 (b2 - 4c)

(c) (1 - b + c)2 (b2 - 4c) (d) (1 + b - c)2 (b2 - 4c)

m b a m a b
70. If x a y b  em , x c yd  e n , D1  , D2  and D  , then
n d c n c d
x = ... and y = ...
D1 D2
D D2 D2 D
(a) log  
D1
D
, log  
D2
D
(b) D1 , D
(c) e D
,e D (d) D
1
, D1

6 2i 3+ 6
71. The value of determinant 12 3  8i 3 2 + 6i is a
18 2 + 12 i 27 + 2i

(a) real number (b) rational number

(c) irrational number (d) complex number
72. Match the following columns :
Column I Column II
1. A is a square matrix such that A 2 = A A. A is a Nilpotent matrix
2. A is a square matreix such that A m = O B. A is an Involutary matrix
2
3. A is a square matrix such that A = I C. A is a symmetric matrix
T
4. A is a square matrix such that A = A D. A is an dempotent matrix
(a) 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B (b) 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C
(c) 1-A, 2-C, 3-D, 4-B (d) 1-B, 2-D, 3-C, 4-A
146
 2 cos 2 x sin 2x sin x 

f(x )  sin 2x 2 sin 2 x cos x , then   f(x)  f '(x)  dx  
73. If
sin x cos x 0 

(a) 1 (b)  (c) 0 (d) 1

3
 

x sin x cos x
2 f '( x )
74. If f( x )  x  tan x  x 3 , then lim  
x 0 x
2x sin 2 x 5x

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

75. The set of natural numbers N is partitioned into arrays of rows and columns in the
6 7 8
 2 3
form of matrices as M1   , M 2    , M 3  9 10 11 , ... , M n  . and

 4 5   
12 13 14 
so on. Fi nd the sun of the el em ents of the di agonal i n M 6.
(a) 144 (b) 441 (c) 321 (d) 461

1 x x x2
2 5 4 3 2
76. Let x 1  x x  ax  bx  cx  dx  ex  f, then match the following
x2 x 1 x
columns:
Column I Column II
1. The Value of f = ... A.0
2. The value of e = ... B. 1
3. The value of a + c = ... C. -1
4. The value of b + d = ... D. 3
(a) 1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B (b) 1-A, 2-B, 3-B, 4-C
(c) 1-B, 2-D, 3-C, D-B (d) 1-D, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A

(1  3 x )m (1 + 5x ) m 1
77. If f(x )  1 (1  3 x ) m (1  5 x ) n , a, b being positive integers, then sum
(1  5 x) n 1 (1  3 x) m
of constant term and coefficient of x is equal to ...
(a) 5 (b) - 8 (c) 1 (d) 0
147
78. If maximum and minimum value of the determinant

1  sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2x

2 2
sin x 1 + cos x sin 2x are M and m respectively, then match the
2 2
sin x cos x 1 + sin 2x
following columns.
Column I Column II
2 2013
1. M +m = A. always an odd for kN
2. M3 - m3 = B. Being three sides of triangle
3. M2k - m2k = C. 10
4. 2M - 3m, M + m, M + 2m D. 4
E. Always an even for kN
F. does not being three sides of triangle.
G. 26
(a) 1-D, 2-G, 3-A, 4-B (b) 1-G, 2-D, 3-A, 4-E
(c) 1-C, 2-G, 3-E, 4-B (d) 1-D, 2-C, 3-E, 4-F
79. If [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then the determinant’s value of
the matrix.

 [e] [] [  6]

 
 [ ] [  6] [e]  is ...
[  6] [e] [ 

(a) 8 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) -8

cos 2x sin 2 x cos 4x

80. When the determinant f(x)  sin 2 x cos 2x cos 2 x is expanded in powers of
cos 4x cos 2 x cos 2x
sinx, then the constant term in that expansion is...
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) 1

sin  cos  sin 2

sin      cos   +   sin  2 + 4 
2 2
81. The value of the determinant is ...
sin    2  cos    2  sin  2  4 

(a) 0 (b) 2sin (c) -sin2 (d) -2cos

148
    1 0 
82. If A    and B    , then A2 = B for
     5 1 
(a)  = 4 (b)  = 1 (c)  = -1 (d) no 
   1 0 
83. If A    and I    , then A2 = 9I for
 2 3   0 1 
(a)  = 4 (b)  = 3 (c)  = -3 (d) no 
3 1
84. If A   9 3 , then I + 2A + 3A 2 +...   
 

 9 1 4 1  7 2 7 2 
(a)  9 0  (b)  9 1 (c)  18 5 (d)  5 18
       
85. If M is a 3  3 matrix, where MTM = I and det M = 1, then det(M - I) = ...
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 4 (d) -3
86. Let and  be real. The system of equations
x + (sin)y + (cos)z = 0
x + (cos)y + (sin)z = 0
-x + (sin)y - (cos)z = 0 has no trivial solution.
(i) The the set of all values of  is

(a)   3, 3  (b)   2, 2  (c) [-1, 1] (d) 0,  

(ii) For  = 1,  = ...

(a) n, n   (b) 2n, n   (c) n, n   (d) ,  3

 1 0
87. If A    and A 2  A  kI 2 , then k  
  1 7 
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 7 (d) -7

 x x x 
 
88. The identity element in the group M    x x 
x / x  R, x  0  with respect to
  x x

x 
 
matrix multiplicaiton is ...

 13 1 1
  12 1
2
1
2  1 1 1 1 0 0 
3 3
 (b)  12 1 1   
(a)  13 1
3
1
3 1 2 2
 (c) 1 1 1 (d)  0 1 0 
1  1 1
 3 1
3
1
3  2 2 2  1 1 1 0 0 1 
149
 y y y
89. The inverse element of  y y y  in group
 
y y y

 x x x 1 1 1 
  
M   x x x / x  R, x  , I  1 1 1  w.r.t.

  x x

x
 
1 1 1 

matrix multiplication is...

 1y 1 1   3y1 1
3y
1
3y
  6y1 1
6y
1
6y
  9y1 1
9y
1
9y

y y
  1 1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1 
(a)  1y 1
y
1
y  (b)  3y 3y 3y  (c)  6y 6y 6y  (d)  9y 9y 9y 
 1y 1 1   3y1 1 1   6y1 1 1   9y1 1 1 
 y y   3y 3y   6y 6y   9y 9y 

1 2 1
90. If A   2 1 and (x)    x ) (1  x) , then (A)  
 

1 0  1 0  1 1 0 1
(a)  0 1  (b)  1 1 (c)  1 0  (d) 1 0 
       

 0 2 
91. Costruct an orthogonal matrix using the skew-symmetric matrix A  
 2 0 

  53  54   35 4
5   45 3
5    45  53 
(a)  4  53  (b)   45 3  (c)  3 4  (d)   3  54 
 5 5  5 5   5
92. Construct an orthogonal matrix using the skew-symmetric matrix
 0 2 1 
A   2 0 5 
 
 1 5 0 

 21 6 22   21 6 22 
1  1 
(a) 14 21 6  (b) 14 27 6 
31   31  
18 14 21 18 14 21

 21 6 22   21 6 22 
1  1 
(c) 6 14 18  (d) 6 14 18
31   31  
 22 18 7   22 18 7 

150
 2 2 1 
93. If A  1 3 1  , then A3 - 7A2 + 10A = ...
 
1 2 2 
(a) 5I - A (b) 5I + A (c) A - 5I (d) 7I

1 2 
94. If A = 3 4  , 8A-4 = ...
 
(a) 145 A-1 - 27I (b) 27I - 145 A-1
(c) 29A-1 + 9I (d) 145A-1 + 27I
95. The system of equations
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = x1,
3x1 + x2 + 2x3 = x2,
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = x3 can possess a non-trivial solution then  = ...
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
96. Solution of the system of linear equations ( constant)
x sec2 - y tan2 + z = 2.
x cos2 + y sin2 = 1
x+z=2 is (x, y, z) = ...
(a) (1, 1, 1) (b) (1, 2, 2) (c) (2, 1, 2) (d) (1, 0, 1)
97. For what value of k the following system of linear equations
x + 2y - z = 0,
3x + (k + 7)y - 3z = 0,
2x + 4y + (k - 3)z = 0 possesses a non-triuvial solution.
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) -2
98. The correct match of the following columns is given by
Column I C olumn II
1. Leibnitz A. ei
2. Euler B. Mathematical logic
3. Cayley - Hamilton C. Calculus
4. George Boole D. (ei)n = ei(n)
5. De-moivre E. Theory of Matices
(a) 1-D, 2-A, 3-E, 4-b, 5-A (b) 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C, 5-E
(c) 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B, 5-E (d) 1-C, 2-A, 3-E, 4-B, 5-D

151
 4 6 6
99. Let A   1 3 2  . If q is the angle between two non-zero column vectors
 
 1 5 2 
X such that AX = X for some scalar , then tan = ...
7 3 3 7
(a) 202 (b) 19
(c) 202
(d) 19

100. Let the 3-digit numbers A28, 3B9 and 62C, where A, B, C are integers between
A 3 6
0 and 9, be divisible by a fixed interger k, then the determinant 8 9 C is
2 B 2
divisible by ...
k
(a) 3k (b) k3 (c) k (d)
3

 2 3
101. If A   1 1  then I + A + A2 + ...  = ...
 

 0 3 1  0  3 1  0 3
(a)  (b) (c) (d) undefined.
1 3 3  1 3  3  1 3

 2 3
102. If A    , then A3 = ...
 1 1 
(a) I (b) O (c) -A (d) A + I

x  x  1  x  2  x  x   x 
r  r 1 r2 r  r  1  r  2
           
 y  y  1  y  2  y  y   y 
103. If  r   r 1  r2  r  r  1  r  2  , then  is ...
           
z  z  1 z  2 z  z   z 
r  r 1 r  2 r  r  1  r  2
           

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 2

104. Investigate the values  and  for the system
x + 2y + 3z = 6
x + 3y + 5z = 9
2x + 5y + z = 
152
 and correct match the following columns.
Column I Column II
1.  = 8,   15 A. Infinity of solutions
2.  8,  R B. No solutions
  = 8,  15 A. Unique solution
(a) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C (B) 1-B, 2-C, 3-A
(c) 1-C, 2-A, 3-B (d) 1-C, 2-B, 3-A
 0 2  
105. The value of  when A      is orthogonal are ...
 
   
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a)  ,  ,  (b)  ,  , 
2 6 2 3 2 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c)  ,  ,  (d)  ,  , 
2 6 3 2 2 2

153
 Hint

1 k 3
33
3 k 2  0  k 
1. 2
2 3 4

Put value of k in given equations and solved them

x y z xy  30  5
    2  
15  2 6 z 36 6

n n! 1
D  n  1 (n  1)! 1
2.
n  2 (n  2)! 1

n 1 1
 n! n 1 n 1 1 1
C 2  
n  2 ( n  2 ) ( n  1) 1  n! 

n 1 1
 n ! 1 n 0
R 23 (1), R12 (1)
2
1 (n  1) 0


 n 2  n  1 n!  Expanding along C3

a 1 b 1 c 1
a 1 b 1 c 1
3. The 2nd det D2 =
n n n
 1 a   1 b  1 c

a  1 b  1 c 1
n
 (1) a 1 b 1 c  1
a b c

n
  1  D 1 R 13 , R 23 and taking transpose

 n

 1   1 D1  0 For any odd integer

D1  o since b  a  c   o
154
4. Given determinant is a product of two eleminant

sinx cos x 0 cos p cos q cos r

sin y cos y 0 sin p sin q sin r  0  0  0
sin z cos z 0 0 0 0

3x  2 3 3
3x  2 3x  8 3 0 C21 1 , C31 1
5.
3x  2 3 3x  8

 1 
 3x  2  3x  11  0
2
C1   and expanding along R 1
 3x  2 

2 11
x  ,
3 3
6. Let a = 1, b = - 1, c = 2

1 1 1
3
1 9 1  k  2  2 
4 4 0

 32   16k
k  2
7. Let a = 1, b = -1, c = 2

1 2 2
1 5 1  k 1 1 2 
1 1 5

 8   2k
k  4

a a2 1 a a2 a3
b b2 1  b b2 b3  0
8.
c c2 1 c c2 c3

1 a a2 1 a a2
 1 b b 2  abc 1 b b 2  0
1 c c2 1 c c2

155
 1 a a2
1  abc  1 b b 2  0
`
1 c c2

1 a a2
 abc  1 since 1 b b2  0
1 c c2

11  3 2 1

9.
D  5  5  15  22 5 2  1 
 C2 
 1 
 , C3  
3  55 3 5  5  5

 3 2 1
5 0 5 2
C 21   
3 , C31  11 
0 3 5


5 3 2  5 3   exp anding along R 1

1 1 1
2 2 2
10. If s  0, det A  a b c 1 1 1  0
1 1 1

S2 is a factor of det A since 3 rows are identical

Let s=a

a2 0 0 a2 0 0
2 2 2
det A   a  b  b a  b  c2 b2 c2  0
b  c  a
a  c
2
a  c
2
c2 b2 b2 c2

 s - a is a factor of det A
Similarly (s - b) and (s - c) are also factors.
but det A is a sixth degree polynomial
 The sixthe factor is of the form k (a+b+c).
det A  k  a  b  c  s 2  s  a  s  b  s  c 

Let a  b  0, c  2  s  1
156
 0 1 1
 det A  1 0 1   2k  k  1
1 1 4

det A  2s3  s  a  s  b  s  c 
11. The determinant of coefficient matrix is the product of two determinant.

1 1 0 1  
      0 1      0  0  0
  0 0 0 0

for any , , , 
2
4 4k k
2
12. det  A 2    det A   0 k 4k  16
0 0 4

 16k  2 16

1
 k2 
16
1
k 
4

a a2 a3 a a2 1
13. D  a a 2 a  a
3
a 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
a a 2 a 3 a a 2 1

1 a a2 1 a2 a
 2
aa a 1 a 2
a 1 a 2 a
2 2 2 2
1 a a 2 1 a 2 a

=0 1    2  0

14. Use a n  a1r n 1 log a n  log a1   n  1 log r

log a n log a n 1 log a n  2

3log r 3log r 3log r  0
6log r 6log r 6 log r

157
 R12  1 , R13  1 and then R 2  R 3

15. Clearly P is an orthogonal matrix  PPT  P T P  I

 
Q2013  PAPT PAPT  PAPT     2013times
 PA 2013 PT

PT Q 2013 P  A 2013

1 2 3 1 3 1 2013
A2  A  A    , A   , ... , A2013  
0 1 0 1 0 1 

16. det A = det A   T

= det A

 det A  det A  det A

 det A is Purely real

log3 210 log 23 3 log2 3 log22 3

17. D  3 2 2
log3 2 log22 32 log3 2 log3 2

1
10log3 2log2 3 1
3 log2 3 log2 3
 2
2
3log3 2 log2 3 2log3 2 2log3 2
2

 10  1 2  1  9
18. A  iI

An  in In  in I  I if n  4p

19. A3  73
3
 A  73  A  7

 k 2  9  7  k  4

1 0 3 1 0 1 0
20. A2    ,A   ,..., An   
2 1 3 1 n 1

n 0 
A n   n  1 I     nA
n n 

158
21. Putting x=0, we get

0 1 2
1 0 3  B  B  12
3 1 1

1 1 2
D   sec 2 x tan 2 x 1
22. R 21 (1)
10 12 2

1 2 2
2
  sec x 1 1  C 1 2 1 
10 2 2

=0 C2  C3

sec x cos x sec 2 x  cos x  cos ec 2 x

f  x   cos 2 x cos 2 x cos ec 2 x
23. C23  1
sin 2 x 0 0

 cos x  sin 2 x  cos3 x

 sin 2 x  cos x  sin 2 x

  
2 2 2

 f  x  dx   sin
2
x cosx dx   sin2 x dx  taking sin x  t substitution 
0 0 0

1 
 t3  1  1  2
1 
     x  sin 2x   
 3 0 2  2  0 3 4
24. since f (- x) = - f (x), odd function.

2


 f  x  dx  0
2

since A T A  I  A 2  I  A  A clearly 
T
25.

 a b c   a b c  1 0 0 
 b c a   b c a    0 1 0 
 c a b   a b c   0 0 1 

159
 a 2  b 2  c 2  1, ab  bc  ca  o
2
 a  b  c   1 a  b  c  1


a 3  b3  c3  3abc   a  b  c  a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
a 3  b3  c3  3 1  1  4 abc  1

 n   n 
n! sin  x   cos  x  
 2   2 
dn  n   n 
26. f  x   n! sin   cos  
dx n
 2   2 
2
p p p3

dn
 n
f 0   f n 0 
dx
= 0 R 1  R 2

27. By R 32 (1) we get all entries of R 2 is zero

D  0

2x  5 2x  5 3 x 2  5x  3 2 3
1
28.   x   6x  1 6x  1 9  3x 2  x  4 6 9
14x  6 14x  6 21 7x 2  6x  9 14 21

 0  C1  C2   0  C2  C3   0

  x  is a constant

 a  0, b  0, c  0
Put x = 0 both sides, we get

3 5 3
d  4 1 9  141
9 6 21

29. Clearly A T  A  AA T  64I

 A 2  64I

 A 8
160
 3a b c
 b 3c a  8
c a 3b


 29abc  3 a 3  b 3  c3  8 
 a 3  b3  c3  7  abc  1
3

 a 3  b3  c 3   343

30.  
P 1 1  P  P 2  ...  P n  P 1 .O

 P1  I  IP  ...  IPn 1  O


 P 1  I 1  P  ...  P n 1  O 

 P1  I Pn  O 
P 1  P n

a bc a bc a bc

2b bca 2b R 21 1 , R 31 1
31. determinant
2c 2c ca b

1 0 0
2b   a  b  c  0  1 
a  b  c R 1   , C12  1 , C13  1
2c 0  a  b  c abc

 1   1 
 a  b  c
3
C2   , C3   and expanding along R1
abc abc
 0 if a  b  c  0

x 1 x  3 x  4
32. D 3 3 4 R 23  1 , R12  1
4 4 6

x 1 2 1
 3 0 1 C23  1 , C12  1
4 0 2

= - 4  expanding along C2

161
 a b c
b c a  3abc  a 3  b3  c3
33.
c a b


   a  b  c  a 2  b 2  c2  ab  bc  ca 
1 2 2 2
  a  b  c   a  b    b  c    c  a    0  negative
2

1 a a2 1 a bc
2
34. D  1 b b  1 b ca
1 c c2 1 c ab

  a  b  b  c  c  a    a  b  b  c  c  a 
=0

ax  y  z  0
35. equations x  by  z  0
x  y  cz  0

a 1 1
since 1 b 1  0
1 1 c

a 1 1
1  a b  1 0  0 R23  1 ,R12  1
0 1 b c 1

a  b  1 c  1  11  a  c  1  11  b 1  b   0

a 1 1
    0  dividing both sides by 1  a 1  b 1  c   0
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 1 1
   1
1 a 1 b 1 c

1 a a
b 1 b  0
36. determinant of coefficient matrix
c c 1

162
 1 1 a 1 a
b 1  b 0  0 C 1 , C 1
12   13  
c 0 1  c

1
1 1
1 a
b
 1 0 0  1   1   1 
1 b  R1  , R2  , R3  
c  1 a   1 b   1 c 
0 1
1 c

1 b c
   0
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 1 1
 1 1  0
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 1 1
   2
1 a 1 b 1 c

1 2 3
2 3 20
37.
8  0

  2  32  6  72  0
  8  104  0
   13

1 3 1
2 1 1  0
38.
k 2 3

  1  18  3k  4  k  0

15
 k 
2

a b c
39. 4 3 2  0  a  2b  c  0  a, b,c are in AP
1 1 1

163
 1 a 0
40.  
0 1 a  0  1  a a 2  0  a 3  1  0  a  1
a 0 1

41. clearly if x  1  R 2  R 3 and D  0

if x  2  R1  R 3 and D  0
 solution set{1, 2}

1 2 3
42. 2 1 3  0  unique solution
5 5 9

 3 4 4 
A  1  0,A   0 1 0  and A4  I
2
43.
2 2 3

A4  A1  IA1  A3  A1

x  1   x  1 
44. Let U1  y , then AU1  0  2x  y    0 
    
       
 z   0  3x  2y  z   0 

 x  1, y  2, z  1

1  2  2 
 
U1   2  , U  1 , U   1
 
similarly 2   3  
1   4   3

1 2 2
U   2 1 1  U  3
 1 4 3

 1 2 0 
1 1
45.
1
U  adj U   7 5 3
U 3
 9 6 3 

Sum of elements of U 1  1  1  2  0  7  5  3  9  6  3  0
3

164
  1 2 2  3  3 
46. 3 2 0  2 1 1 2   1 4 4 2  5
   
 1 4 3 0   0 

det [5] = 5
47. A  8  2  a  6   2a  4

cofactor of a12  1 is 8 in A

8 8 2
In A 1 now A 21  A   4  2a  4   4  2a  4  1

 2  2a  4  2a  2  a  1  A  2

1 cofator a in A 2
In A , A 23  C  A

2
 1

48. Matrix of confactors of elements of A = A c

 3 6 6  3 6 6 
A c   6 3 6   adj A  A c   6 3 6   3A T
T
 
 6 6 3   6 6 3 

0 0 0
49. A   3 3 9  and A3  O
2

1 1 3

1  i 3 2 1  i 3
50. Let   and  
2 2

3  1 and 1    2  0

  2 
 
A   i 2 i   1 
 
    i   1
 i i 

2
22  1  1  2 1   0 
A  2   1   1    
i     0 1  2 

165
  2  4  1  2
0 0 
 
 0 2
     04
1  2

1  2 0  2 0
f (A)  A 2  2I   
 0 1  2  0 2 

1 0 
  3  2  
0 1 

  1  i 3   1 0 
 3  2    0 1 
  2  

1 0 

 2i 3  
0 1 
51. A2  A

 2 2 16  4x   2 2 4 

 1 3 16  4x    1 3 4 
2
 4  x 8  2x 12  x   1 2 x 

By comparing Compoent, we have 4  x  1 x  3

1 1 1
a2 b2 c2 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 4
 2 2 2 1 1 1  2 2 2  0
52. a2 b2 c 2
a bc a bc
1 1 1
1 1 1
a2 b2 c2

 Unique solution
3 4  3 4   5 8
53. A2     
1 1 1 1  2 3
For n = 2 , A2 = (d) Ans.
54. A3  A  A 2  A  5A  7I   5A 2  7A

 5  5A  7I  7A  25A  35I  7A  18A  35I

Similarly A4  A  A3

 A 18A  35I 

166
 18  5A  7I   35A

 55A  126I

A5  149A  385I  aA  bI
a  149, b  385

2a  3b  2 149   3  385   1453

55. On expanding

 
1 c 2  ab  a  c  a   b  b  c   0

a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca  0

1 2 2 2
  a  b    b  c    c  a    0
2 
Provided a = b = c

A  B  C 
3

    3 3 3
64  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2   64      144
 3 3 3 4 4 4

1 1 1 1  2 2  1 1
56. A2         2   2A
1 1 1 1  2 2  1 1

A3  A  A2  A  2A  2A2  2  2A  22  A  231 A

A 2013  22012 A
57. A 2  3A
A3  A2  A  3A  A  3  3A  32 A  331 A

A 2013  32012 A

58. A  1 0  3  1 0  6   1 0  4   5

A  
3 1 2
adjB adj  adjA  A
4
   4 1
c 5A 53 A 5

59. A  cos 2   sin 2   1

n2 3 2
adj  adjA   A A  1 AA

 
 adj adj  adj  adj A      adj  adjA
167
  n 1 2
A
4
 A 1
2
60. A r  r 2   r  1  2r  1

r
 A r    2r  1  2  r  1  r  r 2
2

2013
2  2013 
 A   2013 
r 1
r    A r   2013
 r 1 
61. Given determinant is a product of two determinant

z z 0 a1 a 2 a3
z z 0 b1 b2 b3  0  0  0
1 z 0 0 0 0

62. D 11  3sin  cos   3cos   sin   3cos    1 sin 2   1  

1  6sin  cos   8cos 2 
2 2
  3cos   sin     a cos   b sin  

  a 2  b2  D  a 2  b 2

 9  1   3cos   sin    9  1
2
0   3cos   sin    10
 Range = [0,10]
63. Product =

cos 2  cos2   cos  sin  cos  sin  cos2  cos  sin   sin 2  cos  sin 
 2 2 
cos  sin  cos   sin  cos  sin  cos  sin  cos  sin  sin 2  sin 2  

cos  cos  cos      cos  sin  cos      

 
sin  cos  cos      sin  sin  cos      

0 0  
  if     2n  1  cos (    ) = 0
0 0  2

168
 1 cos P cos 2 P
64. D  1 cos Q cos 2 Q    cos P  cos Q cos Q  cos R  cos R  cos P 
1 cos R cos 2 R

if P  Q  R  D0
if P  Q  R  D  0 can not be determined.

1  y z  1 
65. D1  y   1  z   x    y    z   1C21 1 , C31 1 and C1  [ x]  [ y]  [ z ]  1 
1  y z  1

1  y z 
0 1 0  x    y    z  1 R  1 , R  1
12 13
0 0 1

  x    y    z   1
 Maximum value of D= 1+0+2+1=4

 1  tan x   1   1  tan x 
66. A T A 1  
 tan x 1   1 tan2 x   tan x 1 

1 1  tan 2 x 2 tan x   cos 2x  sin 2x 

  2 
  
1  tan 2 x  2 tan x 1  tan x   sin 2x cos 2x 

 cos x 0 sin x   cos y 0 sin y 

67. (i) f  x  f  y    0 1 0   0 1 0 
 
  sin x 0 cos x    sin y 0 cos y 

 cos  x  y  0 sin  x  y  
 
 0 1 0   f x  y
  sin  x  y  0 cos  x  y  
 

 cos x 0  sin x 
 0 1 0   f   x 
(ii) f  x   1  0, adj  f  x    
 sin x 0 cos x 

1 1 1
 f  x    adj  f  x    f   x   f   x 
f x 1

169
 1 1
(iii)  f  x  g  y     g  y   f  x  1 g   y  f   x   (ii)

68. D1  x 3  3a 2 x  2a 3 , D 2  x 2  a 2

d
dx
 D1   3x 2  3a 2  3 x 2  a 2  3D 2  
1 1 1 1 1 1
69. D1   1  2  D is a product of two deferminant
1 2  2 1  2

 1         11          1

2 2 2
 1    1        

since x 2  bx  c   x    x   

1  b  c  1   1   

&      b,   c
2 2 2
            4   b   4c  b 2  4c
2
D  1  b  c  b 2  4c  
70. Linear equations
a log x  b log y  m
c log x + d log y =n
D1 D
 By cramer's rule : log x  , log y 2
D D
D1 D2
D D
x  e , y  e

1 2i 3 6
2 3  2 2i 3 2  6i  1 
71. D 6 C1  
3 2  2 3i 3 3  2i  6

1 0 6
 6 2 3 6i C12  2i  ,C13  3
3 2 2i

170
 1 0 6
 6 2 3 0  
C23  2i  0  0  6. 6  2  3  6 a real number..
3 2 0

72. Match the following colums.

Column I Column II
1. A is a square matrix such that A 2  A D. A is a an Idempotent matrix
2. A is a square matrix such that Am  O A. A is a nilpotent matrix
3. A is a square matrix such that A 2  I B. A is an Involutanry matrix
4. A is a square matrix such that A T  A C. A is a symmetric materix

2 0 sinx
f  x  0 2 cosx C31  2sinx  , C32  2cosx
73.
sin x  cosx 0

 
 2 0  cos 2 x  0  sin x  0  2 sin x  = 2


2

f x  2 , f  x  2 1

I   f  x   f 1  x  dx 
0


2
 2x  
0

1 cos x  sin x x sin x cos x

1
x sin x cos x
f x  tan x 2 2  tan x
74.  x x2  2x  sec x 3x  x x2
x x x
sin 2x
2x sin 2x 5x 2 5 2 2 cos 2x 5
x

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1
 lim
f x   0 1 0  0 1 0  0 1 0
x 0 x 0 0 0 2 2 5 2 2 5

0  2  2  4
75. Consider Sn  1  2  6  15    t n 1  t n ,

Where t n  element a11 of M n

1st We find a11 of M n

171
 S n  1  2  6  1 5    t n 1  t n
Sn  1 2  6    t n  2  t n 1  t n
       

0 1 1 4  9   t n  t n 1   t n


t n 1  1  22  32  42     n  1
2

n 1
1 
6
  n  1  1  2  n  1  1
n  n  1 2n  1
t n 1 
6
It is clear in nxn matrix that distance of consecutive diagonal element is (n  1)

n  n  1 2n  1
 First term 1  , difference = n + 1
6

n   n  n  1 2n  1  
 Sum of diagonal element of Mn   2 1     n  1 n  1 
6   6  

n
  2n 3  n  3
6
For n=6, Sum of diagonal element =441

1 0 0
0 1 0
76. Let x=0 both sides =0+0+0+0+0+f  f=1
0 0 1

Differentiate both sides and Put x = 0.

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
 + + =e e = 3
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

Put x = 1 both sides Put x = - 1 both sides

2 1 1 0 1 1
1 2 1 1 0 1
 =a+b+c+d+e+f  =-a+b-c+d-e+f
1 1 2 0 1 0

172
 4 = a + b + c + d + 3 + 1  200 = -a + b - c + d - 3 + 1
 a + b + c + d = 0 ...... (1)  - a + b - c + d = 2 ......... (ii)
by (i) & (ii)
a + c = - 1, b + d = 1

1 1 1
1 1 1
77. Put x = 0, constant term =f (0) = =0
1 1 1

Differentiate and Put x = 0,

3m 5n 0
1 1 1
 coefficient of x = f ' (0) =
1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
0 3m 5n 1 1 1
+ +
1 1 1 5n 0 3m

 f' (0) = 0.
 Required sum = f (0) + f ' (0) = 0 + 0 = 0

1 0 1
0 1 1
78. D=
2 2
 R 31 (1), R 32 (1)
sin x cos x 1  sin 2x

1 0 0
0 1 0
=
2 2
 C13(1), C23(1)
sin x cos x 2  sin 2x

=2+sin2x
Now 1  sin 2x  1
1  2  sin 2x  3  M=3, m=1
1. M 2  m 2013  10 ,
2. M 3  m 3  26
3. M 2k  m2k  odd  1  even always
4. 2 M - 3 m = 3, M + m = 4 , M + 2 m = 5 are become three sides of triangle.
79. Since
2  e  3  [e]  2
3    4  [ ]  3
173
 3  2  6  4  [2  6]  3

2 3 3
3 3 2
 det = -8
3 2 3

1 0 1
0 1 1
80. Constant term =f(0) = =- 1
1 1 1

sin  cos  sin 2

 sin   cos   sin 2
81. D=  R32(1).
 2   2   4 
sin     cos     sin  2  
 3   3   3 

=0  R 1 R 2

 2   2  2  1 
since sin      sin      2 sin  cos  2 sin      sin 
 3   3  3  2 

 2   2 
similarly cos      cos       cos  and
 3   3 

 4   4 
sin  2    sin  2     sin 2
 3   3 
82. A2  B
  0   0  1 0 
   
 1 1   1 1  5 1 

  2 0  1 0
  
   1 1  5 1 
 2  1,   1  5
There is no  given in option satisfies the obtain equation.
 no  
  0   0  1 0 
83. A 2  9I       9 
 2 3  2 3  0 1

174
  2 0  9 0 
  
 2  6 9   0 9 
  2  9, 2  6  0
   3 satisfies above both aquations.
 3 1   3 1  0 0
84. A2     0
 9 3  9 3  0 0 
 I+2A+3A2+...  =I+2A+0+... 
1 0  6 2  7 2
     
 0 1   18 6   18 5
85. det(M-I)  det(M  I)T
 det(M T  I)
 det(M T  M T M)
 det (M T (I  M)
 det MT  det(I  M)
 det M  det((M  I))
 (1)3 det (M  I)
det (M-I) = - det (M-I)
 det (M-I) = 0
 sin  cos 
86. 1 cos  sin  = 0 on expanding along C1
1 sin   cos 

  cos 2  sin 2
Compare with f (  )  a cos   b sin 
whose range is [  a 2  b 2 , a 2  b ]

(i)  Range of  is [ 2, 2] ( Here a = 1, b = 1)

(ii) For   1
cos2  sin 2  1
Dividing both sides by 2
1 1 1
 cos 2  sin 2 
2 2 2
  
 cos  2    cos
 4 4

175
  
 2   2n 
4 4

   n, n 
4
87. A  I  0

1  O
 =0   2  8  7  O
1 7  
 A2  8A  7I  O
 A2  8A  7I
 k  7
k k k 
k k k 
88. Let   be the identity element, then
 k k k 

 x x x  k k k   x x x 
  x x x   k k k    x x x 
 x x x   k k k   x x x 

3kx 3kx 3kx   x x x 

3kx 3kx 3kx    x x x 
3kx 3kx 3kx   x x x 

3kx  x
(3k  1)x  0
1
k ( x  0)
3
 1 1 1 
 3 3 3 
 
 1 1 1 
 3 3 3 
 Required identity elenent  
 1 1 1 
 3 3 3 

 1 1 1 
 
x x x   y y y 
3 3 3

    1 1 1 
89. AB = I   x x x   y y y    3 3 3 
 
 x x x   y y y   1 1 1 
 3 3 3 

176
  1 1 1 
 3 3 3 
3xy 3xy 3xy   
1 1 1
 3xy 3xy 3xy  
 
 3 3 3 
 
3xy 3xy 3xy   1 1 1 
 3 3 3 

1
 3xy 
3
1 1
y or x
9x 9y

1 1 1 
 9y 9y 9y 
y y y 
y y 1 1 1 
 y  is  
The required inverse of  y y 9y 9y 9y 
 y  
1 1 1 
 
 9y 9y 9y 

1 0   1 2   2 2 
90. IA     
0 1   2 1  2 0 
 1 0   1 2   2 2 
IA     , IA  4  0
 0 1   2 1  2 2 
1 1  2 2
 (I  A) 1  adj (I  A)  
IA 4  2 0 

  (A)  (I  A) (I  A) 1
 2 2 1  2 2 1  0 4   0 1 
      
 2 0  4  2 0  4  4 4   1 1
 0 2 
91. Construct an orthogonal matrix using the skew-symmetric matrix A   
2 0 
1 0   0 2   1 2 
IA     
0 1   2 0   2 1 
 1 0   0 2   1 2 
IA      , IA 5  0
0 1   2 0   2 1 
1 1 1 1 2 
I  A  adj  I  A   
IA 5  2 1 

177
  Orthogonal matrix (A)  (I  A)(I  A)1
 1 2  1  1 2  1  3 4 
     
 2 1  5  2 1  5  4 3

 1 2 1   1 2 1
92. I  A   2 1 5 , I  A   2 1 5  , I  A  31  0
 
 1 5 1   1 5 1 

 26 3 11 
1 1 
(I  A)   adj(I  A)    7 2 3
1

IA 31
 9 7 5 

Required Orthogonal matrix= (A)  (I  A)(I  A)1

 1 2 1   26 3 11   21 6 22 
1  1 
  2 1 5  7 2 3  14 27 6 
  
31 31
 1 5 1   9 7 5  18 14 21

93. The Charateristic eqution is A  I  0

2 2 1
 1 3 1 0
  3  7 2  11  5  0
1 2 2

 A 3  7A 2  11A  5I  0
 A 3  7A 2  10A  5I  A
94. The Characteristic equation of A is A  I  0

1  2
 0   2  5  2  0
3 4
 A2  5A  2I  O
 I  5A 1  2A 2  O
1
 A 2   I  5A 1 
2
1 2
 A 4 
4
I  5A 1 
1
A 4

4

I  10A 1  25A 2 

178
 1 25 
 A 4  
4
I  10A 1 
2
 
I  5A 1 

 8A 4  27I  145A 1
95. (1   )x 1 2x 2 3x 3  0
3x 1  (1   )x 2 2x 3  0
2x 1 3x 2  (1   )x 3  0

1  2 3
 3 1  2 0
2 3 1 

 
 1    (1   ) 2  6  2  3  3  4   3(9  2  2 )  0

 (1   )( 2  2  5)  2(3  1)  3(7  2 )  0

  2  2  5   3  2 2  5  6  2  21  6  0
   3  3 2  1 5  1 8  0
   6 Satisfies the equation.
96. determinant of Coefficient matrix is

sec 2   tan 2  1
D  cos 2  sin 2  0
1 0 1

 sec2  sin 2   tan 2   cos 2   sin 2 

 tan 2   0 unique solution exists
D x  D y  D z  tan 2 

Dx D D
x   1, y  y  1, Z  z  1
D D D
 (x, y, z)  (1,1,1)
97. The determinant of the coefficient matrix is
1 2 1
2 k  7 3  0  k 2  1  0
( By expanding along C1)
3 4 k 3

 k  1
98. clearly (d).

179
 4 6 6
1 3 2 0
99.
1 5 2  

 (  1)(  2) 2  0    1, 2
For   1 3x  6y  6z  0
x  2y  2z  0
x  5 y  3z  0

4
x y z
   x   1  ......(1)
By cross multiplication 4 1 3
 3

For   2  2x  6y  6z  0
x  y  2z  0
 x  5y  4z  0

3
x y z
    x   1  ........(2)
6 2 4
 2 

(4,1, 3) (3,1, 2) 19

By (i) and (ii), cos   . 
16  1  9 9  1  4 364

3
 tan   sec2  1 
19

A 3 6 A 3 6
100A  8  20 300  9  10B 600  C  20 A28 3B9 62C  km
100. =
2 B 2 2 B 2
is divisible by k since the 2nd row is divisible by k.
1
2  3  3
1 1  0 3
101. I  A  A  ...   (I  A)     
1 0  3  1 3

2   3
102.  0  2    1  0
1 1  

 A2  A  I  O
 A2 = - A - I
 A3  A 2  A
180
  (  A  I)  A
 A3  I
 n   n   n  1
103. By the pascal rule      
 r   r  1  r  1 
 n  1  n   n 
    
 r  1   r   r  1

x  x   x  1
     
r  r  1  r  2
 y  y   y  1
       
 LHS= r  r 1  r 2 C23 (1) and C12 (1)
 z   z   z 1
     
 r   r  1  r  2 

x  x   x 
r  r  1 r  2
     
y  y   y 
       C 23 (  1)
r  r  1 r  2
z  z   z 
     
r  r  1 r  2

  1
104. Say x + 2y + 3z = 6 ....... (1)
x + 3y + 5z = 9 ....... (2)
2x  5y  z  ........(3)
By (3) - 2(1) ,(3) - 2(2) we get
y     6  z    12.......(4)
 y  (   10)z    18......(5)
By (4) +(5) we get (  8)z    15
  8,   R unique solution
  8,   15 no solution
  8,   15 Infinity of solutions.

181
105 AAT=I since A is orthogonal

 0 2    0    1 0 0
      2    0 1 0
         0 0 1 

 42   2 22   2 22   2  1 0 0

 2 2 
  2    2  2   2  2  2   2   0 1 0
 2 2   2  2  2   2  2  2   2  0 0 1
 

 42   2  1......(i)
22   2  0......(ii)
2  2   2  1......(iii)
2   2   2  0......(iv)
By solving (i) ,(ii) ,(iii) ,(iv) we get
1 1 1
 ,   ,  
2 6 3

182
 ANSWERS

1 (b) 22 (c) 43 (c) 64 (d) 83 (c)

2 (a) 23 (b) 44 (a) 65 (c) 84 (c)
3 (c) 24 (a) 45 (b) 66 (b) 85 (a)
4 (d) 25 (b) 46 (a) 67 (i) (d) 86 (i) (b)
5 (c) 26 (d) 47 (b) 67 (ii) (c) 86 (ii) (c)
6 (d) 27 (a) 48 (d) 67 (iii) (c) 87 (d)
7 (a) 28 (d) 49 (c) 68 (d) 88 (a)
8 (c) 29 (a) 50 (d) 69 (a) 89 (d)
9 (d) 30 (c) 51 (d) 70 (c) 90 (b)
10 (b) 31 (c) 52 (a) 71 (a) 91 (a)
11 (b) 32 (d) 53 (d) 72 (b) 92 (b)
12 (b) 33 (c) 54 (c) 73 (b) 93 (a)
13 (a) 34 (a) 55 (b) 74 (d) 94 (b)
14 (a) 35 (a) 56 (a) 75 (b) 95 (d)
15 (a) 36 (b) 57 (c) 76 (c) 96 (a)
16 (a) 37 (b) 58 (b) 77 (d) 97 (a)
17 (b) 38 (c) 59 (a) 78 (c) 98 (d)
18 (c) 39 (a) 60 (d) 79 (d) 99 (b)
19 (d) 40 (c) 61 (d) 80 (b) 100 (c)
20 (c) 41 (d) 62 (c) 81 (a) 101 (c)
21 (a) 42 (b) 63 (b) 82 (d) 102 (a)
103 (b)
104 (b)
105 (c)



183