Quantitative Techniques in

Management

MODULE – 1 : MATRICES

Reference Text Book: LR Potti

NJ Jaissy
Module – 1
Topics covered: Matrix / Matrices

Objective:
Understand matrices & vectors
Arithmetic operations using matrices
Determinants & Inverse of a matrix
Solving equations using matrices: Using
Inverse & Cramer’s Rule

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What is a matrix?
A matrix is an array of numbers that
represent some data ( Plural = matrices)
A matrix on its own has no value – it is just
a representation of data
Could be data associated with manufactured
quantity in a factory, speed of a rocket etc
Forms the basis of computer programming
A matrix is used in solving equations that
represent business problems

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Introduction to Matrices
3 5 7 This would be a 3 x 3 matrix
( 3 rows and 3 columns)
6 0 9 Dimension or order: 3 x 3
2 8 10
A square matrix is one which
has equal rows and columns
Dimension or order = n x n

aij = element in row ‘i’ and column ‘j’, where ‘a’ is

an element in the matrix

Eg: a 23 = element in 2nd row and 3rd column = 9

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Examples of Matrices
This is an example of a 2 x 2 matrix
2 4
What is a12 ?
5 7

What is the dimension or der of this

2 3 6 Matrix?
72 3 9 What is a23 ?

7 9 11 5 What is the dimension or order

9 0 3 6 of this Matrix?

What is a14 ?
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Vectors
51 12 67 20 Column Vector
Row Vector 71 Order = 3 x 1
Order = 1 x 3 54
A vector is a one row ( 1 x n) or a one column
matrix (n x 1)

What would a 13 be for the first row vector?

What would a 31 be for the second vector?

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Addition of Matrices
2 45 72 40 7 9
6 3 0 6 1 2
7 9 10 7 2 8
A B

(2+40) (45+7) (72+9) 47 52 81

(6+6) (3+1) (0+2) 12 4 2
(7+7) (9+2) (10+8) 14 11 18

Only Matrices of the same dimensions can be added!!

Rule 1: A + B = B + A
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Question Set 1
1. Add the following matrices:

32 4 60 22 5 8
29 2 4 10 8 12
21 65 7 9 7 2

2. Subtract the following matrices:

18 26 12 7 2 15
10 11 12 13 3 5
8 10 16 5 8 9

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Multiplication of Matrices: - 1
1 3 5 2 1 3
2 4 2 4 5 2
2 5 6 6 2 3

(1x2 + 3x4+5x6) (1x1+ 3x5+5x2) (1x3+3x2+5x3)

(2x2 + 4x4+2x6) (2x1+ 4x5+2x2) (2x3+4x2+2x3)
(2x2 + 5x4+6x6) (2x1+ 5x5+6x2) (2x3+5x2+6x3)

25 26 24
32 26 20
58 39 34

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 Multiplication of Matrices - 2
2 3 1 4 2
A 4 3 2 1 0
B
2 x 3 matrix 5 2 3 x 2 matrix

(2x4+3x1+1x5) (2x2+3x0+1x2)
(4x4+3x1+2x5) (4x2+3x0+2x2)

16 13 AxB
29 15 2 x 2 matrix

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 Multiplication of Matrices - 3
4 2 2 3 1 A
B 1 0 4 3 2 2 x 3 matrix
3 x 2 matrix
5 2

(4x2+2x4) (4x3+2x3) (4x1+2x2)

(1x2+0x4 (1x3+0x3) (1x1+0x2)
(5x2+2x4) (5x3+2x3) (5x1+2x2)
16 18 8
2 3 1 B xA
18 21 9 3 x 3 matrix

Rule 2: A x B B xA
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Question Set 1
3. Multiply the following matrices:
2 3 4 1 0 5
0 10 3 5 6 9
1 0 1 1 2 0

4. 1 0 2 3 1
2 1 1 2 10

5. 3 4 2 2 3 1
2 1 0 4 2 2

Is it possible to compute No. 5?! NJNo!

Jaissy
Why? 12
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar
If K is any number and A is a given matrix,
Then KA is the matrix obtained by
multiplying each element of A by K.
K is called ‘Scalar’. Eg: if K = 2

2 4 5 4 8 10
A= 1 3 2 KA = 2 6 4
2 5 1 4 10 2

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Transpose of a Matrix
Matrix formed by interchanging rows and
columns of A is called A transpose (A’)

A= 2 3 4 A’ = 2 1
1 7 9 3 7
4 9

Rule: (A + B)’ = A’ + B’

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Question Set 1
6. Find the transpose of the following matrices and verify
that (A+B)’ = A’ +B’
A= 1 2 9 B= 2 3 4
4 3 6 1 8 6

Hint: Find A+B, (A+B)’, A’ and B’ and verify

7. If D is a matrix where first row = number of table fans and

second row = number of ceiling fans factories A and B
make in one day. If a week has 5 working days compute 5A.
What does 5A represent?
D = 10 20
30 40

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Question Set 1
8. If A = 2 3 4
5 7 9
-2 1 -1

And B = 4 0 5
-1 2 0
0 -3 1
Verify that (AB)’ = B’ x A’
Rule: (AB)’ = B’ x A’
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Question Set 1
9. Two shops have the stock of large, medium and small sizes of a
toothpaste. The number of each size stocked is given by the
matrix A where

Large Medium Small

A = 150 240 120 shop no. 1
90 300 210 shop no 2

The cost matrix B of the different size of the toothpaste is given by

Cost
B= 14 Find the investment in toothpaste by each
10 shop
6

Answer: 3820 -- Investment by shop no 1

5520 -- Investment
NJ Jaissy by shop no 2 17
Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix
Determinant of Matrix A is denoted by IAI
Determinant is a single number derived from
the Matrix that is used in solving linear
equations represented by Matrices
Determinant of a 2x2 matrix
a b = ad – bc
c d
Eg: Determinant of 2 4 = 2x3 - 4x4
4 3 = -10
Determinant can be defined only for square
matrices!

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Question Set 2
1. Find the determinant of the following
matrices:
A = 3 6 Determinant: IAI =
2 7

B= 0 -3 Determinant: IBI =
2 2

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Question Set 2
2. Find the determinant:
a) -1 2 b) 5 0
4 6 2 1

c) 13 2 d) 0 9
7 1 2 8

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Minor
Minor of an element aij = the determinant
formed by removing the rows ‘i’ and
column ‘j’
Eg: If A = Minor of 1 =
1 2 4 1 2 4
2 5 7 5 7
A= 2 5 7
3 8 0 8 0
3 8 0

1 2 4
2 5 7 1 4
Minor of 5= 3 0
3 8 0
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Determinant of a 3x3 Matrix
a b c
d e f
g h i

a e f b d f c d e
h i g i g h
Minor of a Minor of b Minor of c

a(ei – fh) - b(di – gf) +c(dh – eg)

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Determinant of a 3x3 matrix
If A = 1 2 -3 find IAI
2 -1 2
3 2 4

= 1 -1 2 2 2 2 -3 2 -1
2 4 3 4 3 2
minor of 1 minor of 2 minor of 3

1(-4-4) – 2(8-6) + -3 (4+3) = -8+4-21= -33

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Question Set 2
3. Find the determinant of :
140 -100
a) 1 2 7 b) 2 3 6
3 -1 0 1 -4 0
6 8 10 -1 2 8

c) 4 6 -1 d) 2 5 1
0 10 2 -5 4 -7
3 5 9 3 1 0
386 -108
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Question Set 1
8.For the matrix
A= 4 5 6 and B = 7 9
2 1 3 10 2
-5 2 2

Multiply by the Matrix I =

1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1

What is A.I and I.B?

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Identity Matrix
If you were to multiply ‘a’ by ‘1’, you would get ‘a’ .
Eg: 2 x 1 = 2x1 =2
The ‘identity’ matrix (i) is the equivalent of ‘1’ in basic math
If A is a matrix and I is an identity Matrix,
Then A x I = A and I x A = A.
Identity Matrices:
1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1

Then A x I = A and I x A = A
a b 1 0 a+0 0+b a b
c d 0 1 c+0 0+d c d

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Inverse of a Matrix
In basic math: 2 2 = 1 and 1/2 x 2 = I.
Dividing 2 by two is the same as multiplying 2
by 1/2 . The net result is 1.

A similar concept is the ‘inverse’ of a matrix. If

A is a matrix, then A is the inverse such
that Ax A = I (identity matrix)

If A has an inverse (A ) then A is said to be

‘invertible’
A .A = A. A = I

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 Inverse of a 2x2 matrix
Matrix A = a b
c d

1 d -b
A IAI -c a

Adjoint of A

Determinant of A Switch positions of a and d,

Change the sign of b and c
= ad - bc
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Inverse of a 2x2 matrix
Find the inverse of A= 2 3
4 5

IAI = (2x5) – (3x4) = 10-12 = -2

A =1 5 -3 -5/2 3/2
-2 -4 2 2 -1

Adjoint: Switch positions of 2 and 5,

Change the sign of 3 and 4 NJ Jaissy 29
 Question Set 2

Find the inverse of the following matrices:

4/5 -1/5 0 1/2
2 1 5 1
A= 3 4 B=2 0 1 -5/2
-3/5 2/5

1/8 -1/4 -1/6 1/3

6 2 4 2
C= 7 1 D= 5 1
-7/8 3/4 5/6 -2/3

Verify that A. A and D. D = the identity matrix!

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Question Set 3: Revision of basic
concepts!
3 -2 5 -1
A= 0 1
B= 4 2

AB = 7 -7 B’A’ = 7 4
4 2 -7 2
a) What is AB and B’A’?
b) Find the inverse of A and inverse of B
c) Verify that A. A and B B. = identity matrix
1/3 2/3 1/7 1/14
A 0 1
B -2/7 5/14
31
NJ Jaissy
Question Set 3 : Revision of basic
concepts!

2 4 1 2 - 1 -3
A= 7 9 0 B= 7 9 0
8 2 1 8 2 1

a) Find AB and (BA)’

b) What is the determinant of A and B? i.e.

what is IAI and IBI ?
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Question Set 3
A class of MBA students comprising boys and girls went for an
industrial visit. There were 59 first year students and 41 second
year students. Of the 1st year students, 32 were girls while the 2nd
year students had 17 boys. If the dean has to select a student at
random:
a) What is the probability that the student is a 1st year student
b) What is the probability that the student is a boy?
c) If the selection is made from only 1st year students, what is the
probability the student is a boy?
d) Given that the selection is made from girls, students, what is the
probability the student is a 2nd year student
e) If 2 students are chosen at random to be representatives, what is
the probability that we will get a 1st year student or a 2nd year
student?
f) If 2 students are chosen at random to be representatives, what is
the probability that we will get a girl and a boy?

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Inverse of a 3x3 matrix
In general Inverse of Matrix A =

A = I x Adjoint A
IAI

a) We know how to find the Determinant

of a 3x3 matrix
b) Now we have to find the Adjoint of a
3x3 matrix

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Adjoint of a 3x3 matrix
1. Find the Matrix of Minors
2. Find the Matrix of Co-factors by applying the
following signs:
+ - + (i+j)
- + - derived from (-1)
+ - +
3. Transpose the matrix of Cofactors
4. This is the adjoint!

A = I x Adjoint A
IAI

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 Eg: 2- Inverse of a 3x3 matrix: Gauss
Jordan Reduction method -2
1 2 -1 1 0 0
0 1 0 4 1 0
0 -1 1 4 0 1
R3+ R2 R3
1 2 -1 1 0 0
0 1 0 4 1 0
0 0 1 8 1 1
R1 + R3 R1
1 2 0 9 1 1
0 1 0 4 1 0
0 0 1 8 NJ Jaissy
1 1 36
 Eg: 2- Inverse of a 3x3 matrix: Gauss
Jordan Reduction method -3
1 2 0 9 1 1
0 1 0 4 1 0
0 0 1 8 1 1
R1-2 R2 R1
1 0 0 1 -1 1
0 1 0 4 1 0
0 0 1 8 1 1

1 -1 1
A= 4 1 0
8 1 1 NJ Jaissy 37
 Question set 4: Find the inverse

1 0 1 -1 -1 2
A= 0 2 1 A = -1 0 1
1 1 1 2 1 -2

2 3 0 2 3 -3
B= 1 -2 -1 B = -1 -2 2
2 0 -1 4 6 -7
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 Question Set 4 – Find the inverse

0 1 2 1/2 -1/2 1/2

C= 1 2 3 C= -4 3 -1
3 1 1 5/2 -3/2 1/2

2 3 4 -2 4/5 9/5
D= D=
4 3 1 3 -4/5 -14/5
1 2 4 -1 1/5 6/5

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Question Set 4

e) Find Inverse of Matrix A :

1 2 -1 1 -1 1
A = -4 -7 4 A= 4 1 0
-4 -9 5 8 1 1

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Question set 4

f) Find Inverse of Matrix A :

1 3 3 7 -3 -3
A= 1 4 3 A = -1 1 0
1 3 4 -1 0 1

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Application of Inverse! Solving of
equations: Find x and y:
2x - 3y = 3 x=3
4x - y= 11 y=1

2 -3 x 3
4 -1 y 11

A X B

X =A B
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Application of Inverse: Solving of
equations!
x+y+z=7
x+ 2y +3z= 16 x = 1, y = 3, z = 3
x +3y +4z = 22

1 1 1 x 7
1 2 3 y 16
1 3 4 z 22

A X= B

X =A B
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 Cramer’s Rule: (Using Determinants)
a1x + b1y + c1z = m1
a2x + b2y +c2 z = m2
a3x + b3y +c3z = m3
a1 b1 c1 x m1
a2 b2 c2 y m2 where
a3 b3 c3 z m3

X= IDxI y = Dy z = Dz
IDI IDI IDI

m1 b1 c1 a1 m1 c1 a1 b1 m1
m2 b2 c2 a2 m2 c2 a2 b2 m2
m3 b3 c3 a3 m3 c3 a3 b3 m3
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 44
NJ Jaissy
Solve using Cramer’s rule & Using
Inverse:
a) x + 6y – z = 10
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
2x + 3y +3z = 17
3x – 3y- 2z = -9

b) x+ y+z =9
2x + 5y +7z = 52 x = 1, y = 3, z = 5
2x + y – z = 0

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Question Set 5:
1. Solve the following equation using Matrix
theory:
2x + y +6z – 46 = 0
7x + 4y -3z = 19
5x -6y +42 = 15
Hint:
Write in the standard equation form with
x, y, z on left & numbers on right
Solve for X,Y, Z
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Question Set 5:
2.Using the matrices
L= l m n X=x y z A=a b c
p q r u v w d e f

Verify that L+ (X+A) = (L+X) + A

Hint:
Find ( X+A) and (L+X) first
Then compute L+(X+A) and (L+X) + A
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Question Set 5:
3. An Automobile company uses three types of steel,
S1,S2 and S3 for producing 3 different cars, C1, C2
and C3. Steel requirements in tons for each type of
car and total available steel of all the three types is
given below:
Type of Car Total Steel Available
Type of Steel C1 C2 C3
S1 2 3 4 29
S2 1 1 2 13
S3 3 2 1 16
Determine the number of cars of each type using
matrix inverse method

NJ Jaissy 48
Question Set 5
4. Solve by matrix method:
2x + 4y + z = 5
x +y + z=6
2x + 3y +z = 6

Hint:
Here since no one method is specified, you can
use either the matrix inverse method or
Cramer’s rule to solve these equations for x, y, z

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Question Set 5
5. The prices of 3 commodities X, Y Z are not
known. A sells 5 units of X, 4 units of Z
and purchases 6 units of Y. B sells 7 units of
X, 4 units of Y and purchases 3 units of Z.
C sells 2 units of X, one unit of Y and 6
units of Z. In this process, A, B and C earn
respectively Rs. 15, Rs. 19 and Rs. 46. Find
the prices of the commodities X, Y and Z
(Hint: Write in equation form and solve for x,
y and z. 5x +4z -6y= 15,
7x+4y-3z = 19
2x + y +6z = 46 )
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Get the Signs right! Reference sheet
-5 + 1 = - 4
-6 – 2 = - 8
9 – ( -4) = 9+4 = 13
-4 – ( -5) = -4 + 5 = 1
-7 +9 = 2
-4 x -8 = 32
-4 x 9 = -36
- 2 x -1/2 = 1

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Properties of determinants -1
Value of a determinant does not change if
rows and columns are interchanged ( ie
when transposed)

a b c a d g
d e f b e h
g h I c f i

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 Properties of determinants - 2
If any two rows or columns are interchanged,
sign of the determinant changes
a b c b a g
d e f e d h
C1<> C2
g h I h g I

a b c d e f
R1<> R2 d e f a b c
g h I g h i
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 Properties of determinants - 3
If any two rows or columns of a determinant
are equal, value of determinant = 0 (zero)
a c c a b c R1= R3
C2= C3 d f f d e f
g i i a b c

2 4 3
3 1 2
3 1 2
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Properties of determinants - 4
If all elements of a row or column are
multiplied by a scalar ‘k’, then the determinant
becomes k times original value
a b c ka kb kc
K d e f d e f
g h I g h I

1 0 2 3 0 6
3 4 5 2 4 5 2
2 3 1 2 3 1
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Properties of determinants - 5
If every element of a row ( or column) is sum
of 2 numbers, then the given determinant can
be expressed as a sum of two determinants
such that the first elements appear in one
determinant and second in another
a +k b c a b c k b c
d +l e f d e f l e f
g +i h I g h I g h i

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Properties of determinants - 6
If a constant multiple of the elements of a
row or column are added to the
corresponding elements of another row or
column, determinant value = 0
a b c a b c
d e f d e f
g h I g+ka h+kb I+kc

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 Question Set 6: Properties of
determinants example - 1
2 4 5 4 2 5
A= 1 2 3 B= 2 1 3
0 1 4 1 0 4

Are determinants of A & B equal?

Hint: Check if any rows / columns are the
same or interchanged

Ans: C1<>C2, therefore IAI = - IBI

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 Question Set 6: Properties of
determinants example - 2
2 3 1 2 0 1
A= 0 2 1 B= 3 2 4
1 4 5 1 1 5

Are determinants of A & B equal?

Hint: Check if any rows / columns are the
same or interchanged

Ans: All rows of A = columns of B therefore

IAI = IBI
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 Question Set 6: Properties of
determinants example - 3
2 4 3
IAI = 3 1 2
6 2 4
Determine the value of IAI without computing?
Hint: Check if any rows / columns are multiples /
the same
Ans R3 = 2R1 & R3 = R1, therefore IAI = 0
2 4 3
IAI = 2 3 1 2
3 1 2
NJ Jaissy 60