University of Engineering & Technology

Peshawar, Pakistan

CE215: Structure Analysis I

Module : 07
Deflections

By:
Prof. Dr. Bashir Alam
Civil Engineering Department
UET , Peshawar
 Topics to be Covered
• Deflections
• Deflections diagrams
• Elastic beam theory
• External work and strain Energy
• Principle of work and Energy
• Principle of virtual work
• Method of virtual work for Trusses , Beams & Frames
• Castigliano’s theorem for beams, frames and truss
 Deflections
 Deflections:
• The deformation of a structure is mostly expressed in terms of the
deflection from its original unloaded position.

• The deflection is measured from the original neutral surface to the

neutral surface of the deformed structure.

• The configuration assumed by the deformed neutral axis is known s

the elastic curve of the beam.

y
 Deflections
 Deflections:
• Deflections of structures can occur from various sources, such as
loads, temperature, fabrication errors, or settlement.

• In design, deflections must be limited in order to provide integrity

and stability of roofs, and prevent cracking of attached brittle
materials such as concrete, plaster or glass.

• Furthermore, a structure must not vibrate or deflect severely in order

to “appear” safe for its occupants.
 Deflections
 Deflections:
• The deflections to be considered throughout this text apply only to
structures having linear elastic material response.

• Under this condition, a structure subjected to a load will return to its

original unreformed position after the load is removed.

• The deflection of a structure is caused by its internal loadings such as

normal force, shear force, or bending moment.

• For beams and frames, however, the greatest deflections are most
often caused by internal bending, whereas internal axial forces cause
the deflections of a truss.
 Deflections
 Deflections:
 Deflections
 Deflections Diagrams:
• The curve assumed by the longitudinal axis of an original straight
elastic strip or bar bent within its elastic limits by any system
of forces.
• If the elastic curve seems difficult to establish, it is suggested that
the moment diagram for the beam or frame be drawn first.

• By our sign convention for a positive moment tends to bend a beam

or horizontal member concave upward, Likewise, a negative
moment tends to bend the beam or member concave downward.

+M +M
-M -M
positive moment, negative moment,
concave upward concave downward
 Deflections
 Deflections Diagrams:
• Therefore, if the shape of the moment diagram is known, it will be
easy to construct the elastic curve and vice versa.

• Within the region of negative moment, the elastic curve is concave

downward; and within the region of positive moment, the elastic
curve is concave upward. In particular, there must be an inflection
point at the point where the curve changes from concave down to
concave up, since this is a point of zero moment.
 Deflections
 Deflections Diagrams:
• Using these same principles, it can be noted that how the elastic
curves for beams are drawn based on its moment diagram.
P1 P1

M P2 P2
M

x x

inflection point
inflection point
 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:
• Elastic beam theory relate the internal moment in a beam to the
displacement and slope of its elastic curve. These equations form the
basis for the deflection.

• This problem of beam strength was addressed by Galileo in 1638, in

his well known “Dialogues concerning two new sciences. Illustrated
with an alarmingly unstable looking cantilever beam.

• Galileo assumed that the beam rotated about the base at its point of
support, and that there was a uniform tensile stress across the beam
section equal to the tensile strength of the material.
 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:
 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:
 Assumptions:
To derive these relationships the following assumption are made for
the beam shown in fig below,

Fig.7.1
 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:
 Assumptions:
To derive these relationships the followings assumption are made for
the beam shown in Fig.7.1,
• Beam in initially straight.

• The beam cross-section is constant along its axis.

• Load is applied perpendicular to beam axis.

• The beam is loaded in its plane of symmetry.

• Deformations remain small. This simplifies the theory of elasticity to its linear form.

• Material is isotropic.

• Plane sections of the beam remain plane.

• The beam is long and slender.

 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:
Due to the loading, the deformation of the beam is caused by both the
internal shear force and bending moment. If the beam has a length that is
much greater than its depth, the greatest deformation will be caused by
bending, and therefore we will direct our attention to its effects.

Fig.7.1
 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:
When the internal moment M deforms the element of the beam, each
cross section remains plane and the angle between them becomes 𝑑𝜃 ,
as shown in Fig.7.2.

• The arc dx that represents a portion

of the elastic curve intersects the
neutral axis for each cross section.
• The radius of curvature for this arc is
defined as the distance ρ , which is
measured from the center oʹ of
curvature to dx.
Fig.7.2
 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:
Any arc on the element other than dx is subjected to a normal strain. For
example, the strain in arc ds, located at a position y from the neutral axis,
is 𝜀 = (𝑑𝑠ʹ − 𝑑𝑠)/𝑑𝑠 however

𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜌𝑑𝜃 and 𝑑𝑠ʹ = (𝜌 − 𝑦)𝑑𝜃

and so

Eq.7.1

Fig.7.2
 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:
If the material is homogeneous and behaves in a linear elastic manner,
then Hooke’s law applies, 𝜀 = 𝜎/𝐸 . Also, since the flexure formula
applies, 𝜎 = −𝑀𝑦/𝐼 . Combining these equations and substituting into
the above equation 7.1, we have

----------- Eq.7.2

Here
ρ = the radius of curvature at a specific point on the elastic curve
(1/ρ is referred to as the curvature)
M = the internal moment in the beam at the point where is to be determined
E= the material’s modulus of elasticity
I = the beam’s moment of inertia computed about the neutral axis
 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:
The product 𝐸𝐼 in this equation is referred to as the flexural rigidity, and
it is always a positive quantity. Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜌𝑑𝜃 then from above Eq. 7.2

----------- Eq.7.3

If we choose the ν axis positive upward, shown in Fig.7.1 above, and if

we can express the curvature in terms of x and ν, we can then determine
the elastic curve for the beam. In most calculus books it is shown that
this curvature relationship is

----------- Eq.7.4
 Deflections
 Elastic beam theory:

----------- Eq.7.4

Therefore

----------- Eq.7.5

Since the slope of the elastic curve for most structures is very small, we
will use small deflection theory and assume 𝑑𝜈/𝑑𝑥 ≈ 0 so the Eq.
become

----------- Eq.7.6
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:

Semi graphical
Deflection Methods
Methods
Energy
Methods
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using semigraphical methods:
The semigraphical methods are very effective for finding the
displacements and slopes at points in beams subjected to simple
loadings as you have already studied it in MOS course like:
• Double Integration Method

• Moment-Area Theorems

• Conjugate-Beam Method

For more complicated loadings or for structures such as trusses and

frames, it is suggested that energy methods be used for the
computations.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
Most energy methods are based on the conservation of energy
principle, which states that the work done by all the external forces
acting on a structure Ue, is transformed into internal work or strain
energy Ui, which is developed when the structure deforms.

If the material’s elastic limit is not exceeded, the elastic strain energy
will return the structure to its undeformed state when the loads are
removed.
The conservation of energy principle can be stated mathematically as
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o External Work- Force:

When a force 𝐹 undergoes a displacement dx in the same direction as the

force, the work done is 𝑑𝑈𝑒 = 𝐹𝑑𝑥, If the total displacement is x, the
work becomes 𝑥 F 𝑃
𝑈𝑒 = 𝐹𝑑𝑥 𝐹= 𝑥
0 Δ
P
As the magnitude of F is gradually increased L
from zero to some limiting value F = P, the final
elongation of the bar becomes Δ. Ue
Δ
D D
𝑃 𝑃 2 Δ1
𝑈𝑒 = ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 | = 𝑃Δ ------ Eq.7.7
0 Δ 2Δ 0 2
F=P
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o External Work- Force:
F
20 kN

1cm x (m)
0.01 m
Ue
20 kN

1
𝑈𝑒 = 20 ∗ 103 0.01 = 100 𝑁𝑚
2
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o External Work- Force:

Suppose now that P is already applied to the bar and that another force
F’ is now applied, so the bar deflects further by an amount ∆’.

Δ
Δʹ
P

F
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o External Work- Force:

When a force P is applied to the bar, followed by application of the

force F’ the total work done by both forces is represented by the
triangular area ACE.
F
F´+P C L

B
P D
Displacement work Δ
Δʹ
A E
x P
D D´
F
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o External Work- Force:

The triangular area ABG represents the work of P that is caused by its
displacement ∆.

The triangular area BCD represents the work of since F’ this force
causes a displacement ∆‘.

Lastly, the shaded rectangular area BDEG represents the additional work
done by P when displaced ∆‘ as caused by F’
so
----------- Eq.7.8
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o External Work- Moment:

The work of a moment is defined by the product of the magnitude of the

moment M and the angle dθ through which it rotates, that is, 𝑑𝑈𝑒 =
𝑀 𝑑𝜃. If the total angle of rotation is θ radians, the work becomes

dq
M

θ
𝑈𝑒 = 𝑀𝑑θ
0
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o External Work- Moment:

As in the case of force, if the moment is applied gradually to a structure

having linear elastic response from zero to M, the work is then

1 M
𝑈𝑒 = 𝑀θ ----------- Eq.7.9
2
Ue
θ
θ
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o External Work- Moment:

However, if the moment is already applied to the structure and other

loadings Mʹ further distort the structure by an amount θʹ then M rotates
θʹ and the total work is then
M
M´+M

M
1 1
𝑈𝑒 = 𝑀θ + θʹ𝑀ʹ + 𝑀θʹ ----- Eq.7.10 Displacement work
2 2
q
q q´
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Strain Energy – Axial Force :

When an axial force N is applied gradually to the bar in Fig. it will strain
the material such that the external work done by N will be converted
into strain energy, which is stored in the bar.

N
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Strain Energy – Axial Force :

Provided the material is linearly elastic, Hooke’s law is valid, 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 ,

and if the bar has a constant cross-sectional area A and length L, the
normal stress is 𝜎 = 𝑁/𝐴 and the final strain is 𝜀 = Δ/𝐿 so
𝑁𝐿
∆= ------ Eq.7.11
𝐴𝐸
Substituting the values of Δ and 𝑃 = 𝑁 in Eq. 7.7 yields
1
𝑈𝑖 = 𝑃Δ ------ Eq.7.7
2

𝑁2𝐿
𝑈𝑖 = ------ Eq.7.12
2𝐴𝐸
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Strain Energy – Bending:

Consider the beam shown in Fig. which is distorted by the gradually

applied loading P and w. These loads create an internal moment M in
the beam at a section located a distance x from the left support.

P
w M M

dq
x dx dx
L
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Strain Energy – Bending:

The resulting rotation of the differential element dx, shown in Fig. can be
found from elastic beam theory, that is, 𝑑𝜃 = (𝑀/𝐸𝐼)𝑑𝑥. Consequently,
the strain energy, or work stored in the element, is determined from Eq.
7.9 since the internal moment is gradually developed.
1
𝑈𝑒 = 𝑀θ ----------- Eq.7.9
2 M M
𝑀2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑈𝑖 = ----------- Eq.7.13 dq
2𝐸𝐼
So total energy stored dx
𝐿
𝑀2𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑖 = ----------- Eq.7.14
0 2𝐸𝐼
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Principle of Work and Energy:

Now that the work and strain energy for a force and a moment have
been formulated, we will illustrate how the conservation of energy or
the principle of work and energy can be applied to determine the
displacement at a point on a structure. To do this, consider finding the
displacement Δ at the point where the force P is applied to the cantilever
beam in Fig. on next slide. From Eq. 7.7, the external work is 𝑈𝑒 =
1/2𝑃Δ. To obtain the resulting strain energy, we must first determine
the internal moment as a function of position x in the beam.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Principle of Work and Energy: Consider the beam shown
x P

M diagram

-PL M P

x
V
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Principle of Virtual Work:
The principle of virtual work was developed by John Bernoulli in 1717
and is sometimes referred to as the unit-load method.

It provides a general means of obtaining the displacement and slope at a

specific point on a structure, be it a beam, frame, or truss.
In general, the principle of work and energy states,
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Principle of Virtual Work:
Suppose it is necessary to determine the displacement ∆ of point A on
the body caused by the “real load” P1.

The displacement ∆ can be determined by first placing a “virtual” load

on the body such that this force Pʹ acts in the same direction as ∆.
u u

L L
u u
A A
dL
D
Pʹ = 1
P1
Apply virtual load Pʹ first
Then apply real load P1.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Principle of Virtual Work:
The term “virtual” is used to describe the load, since it is imaginary
and does not actually exist as part of the real loading.

The body is then subjected to the real load P1 due to which Point A will
be displaced an amount ∆ causing the element to deform an amount
dL.

As a result, the external virtual force Pʹ and internal virtual load u “ride
along” by ∆ and dL.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Principle of Virtual Work:
Realizing that the external virtual work is equal to the internal virtual
work done on all the elements of the body, we can write the virtual-
work equation as
Virtual loadings
1•D = Su • dL ----------- Eq.7.15
Real displacements

Pʹ = 1 = External virtual load acting it the direction of Δ

u = internal virtual load acting on the element in the direction of dL.
Δ = external displacement caused by the real loads.
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Principle of Virtual Work:
In a similar manner the rotation θ can be found from the virtual-work
equation
Virtual loadings
1•q = Suq • dL ----------- Eq.7.16
Real displacements

Mʹ = 1 = External virtual unit couple moment acting it the direction of θ

uθ = internal virtual load acting on the element in the direction of dL.
θ= external rotational displacement in radians caused by the real loads (moment).
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses:
The method of virtual work can be used to determine the displacement
of a truss joint when the truss is subjected to an,

 External loading,

 temperature change, or

 Fabrication errors.

Only External loading situation will now be discussed.

 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
Let us consider the vertical displacement of joint B of the truss in
shown below. Considering one of its members having a length
L, If the applied loadings and cause a linear elastic material response,
then this element deforms an amount Δ𝐿 = 𝑁𝐿/𝐴𝐸, where N is the
normal or axial force in the member, caused by the loads.
Applying Eq. 9–15, the virtual-work equation for the truss is therefore

𝑛𝑁𝐿
1 • Δ= ----------- Eq.7.17
𝐴𝐸
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
P1
N1 P2 n1

N3 N5 n3 n5
N7 N8 N9 n7 n8 n9
B B
D 1kN
𝑛𝑁𝐿
1 • Δ=
𝐴𝐸
Where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of D
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual
unit load
D = external joint displacement caused by the real load on the truss
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member, E = modulus of elasticity of a member
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Procedure for Analysis:

1. Real Forces N: 2. Virtual Forces n:

P1
N1 P2 n1

n3 n5
N3 N5
N9
n7 n8 n9
N7 N8
B
1kN

3. Virtual Work Equation:

𝑛𝑁𝐿
1 • Δ=
𝐴𝐸
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:01
The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure. Take
A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa. Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a
4-kN force is applied to the truss at C.

C
4 kN

3m
A B

4m 4m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:01, Solution:
1. Real Forces N: The N force in each member is calculated using the method of
joints.

C
4 kN Note: Positive sign with forces shown
Tensile force( away from joints) &
Negative sign indicate compression
4 kN 2
A B in the member ( towards the joints)

N (kN)

1.5 kN 1.5 kN
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:01, Solution:
2. Virtual Forces n: Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be determined,
only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joints.
1 kN

A 0.667
0 B
n (kN)
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:01, Solution:
3. Virtual Work Equation: 𝑛𝑁𝐿
1 • Δ=
𝐴𝐸

C 1 kN
4 kN C

C
2 A 0.667 A 8 B
A B B
N (kN) n (kN) L (m)
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:01, Solution:
3. Virtual Work Equation: C

A 10.67 B

nNL (kN2•m)

𝑛𝑁𝐿 1 10.67𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1 • Δ𝑐𝑣 = = −10.41 + 10.41 + 10.67 = 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 −6 6
(400 × 10 )(200 × 10 𝑚2 )

Δ𝑐𝑣 = 0.133 𝑚𝑚 ↓
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:02
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 Gpa.

F E

4m
A D
B C
4m 4m 4m

4 kN 4 kN
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:02, Solution:
1. Real Forces N: The N force in each member is calculated using the method of
joints.
F -4 E

4 4 4m
0 A 4 4 4 D
B C
4m 4m 4m
4 kN 4 kN 4 kN
4 kN
N(kN)
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:02, Solution:
2. Virtual Forces n: Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be determined,
only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joints.

F -0.333 E

1
0.333

4m
0 A 0.333 0.667 0.667 D
B C
4m 4m 4m
0.333 kN 0.667 kN
1kN
n (kN)
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:02, Solution:
𝑛𝑁𝐿
3. Virtual Work Equation: 1 • Δ=
𝐴𝐸
F -4 E F -0.333 E

0.333
4 4
4 4 4 D A 0.333 0.667 0.667 D
A
B C B C
N(kN) F 4 E n (kN)
4 kN 1kN
4 kN
4 4
4 4 4
B C
A L(m) D
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:02, Solution:
3. Virtual Work Equation:
F 5.33 E

16
5.33
5.33 10.67 10.67
B C
A D
nNL( kN2•m )
𝑛𝑁𝐿
1 • Δ𝑐𝑣 = 𝐴𝐸
1 98.58𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Δ𝑐𝑣 = 15.07 + 3 5.33 + 2 10.67 + 16 + 30.18 = 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝐸 −6 6
(400 × 10 )(200 × 10 𝑚2 )

Δ𝑐𝑣 = 1.23 𝑚𝑚 ↓
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:03
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. Take EA
constant.

wall
D C 10 kN

3m

B
A
20 kN
2m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:03, Solution:
1. Real Forces N: The N force in each member is calculated using the method of
joints.
20 kN

23.33 kN D 23.33 C 10 kN

20
3m 20
0
B
13.33 kN A
20 kN
2m

N (kN)
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:03, Solution:
2. Virtual Forces n: Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be determined,
only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joints.

1 kN 1 kN
0.667 kN D 0.667
C

1
0
0
B
0.667 kN A
n (kN)
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:03, Solution:
𝑛𝑁𝐿
3. Virtual Work Equation: 1 • Δ=
𝐴𝐸
20 kN
1 kN 1 kN
23.33 kN D 23.33 C 10 kN D 0.667 D 2 C
C
20 0.667 kN
1
3m 20
0 3 3
0 0 2
B B
13.33 kN A A B
0.667 kN A
20 kN
2m n (kN) L (m)

N (kN)
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Trusses: External Loading:
• Example:03, Solution:
3. Virtual Work Equation:
D 31.13 C
60
0
0
B
A
nNL(kN2•m)

𝑛𝑁𝐿
1 • Δ𝑐𝑣 = 𝐴𝐸
1 195.25
Δ𝑐𝑣 = 60 + 31.13 + 104.12 = 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐸 𝐸𝐴
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
The method of virtual work can also be applied to deflection problems
involving beams and frames. The principle of virtual work, or more
exactly, the method of virtual force, may be formulated for beam and
frame deflections by considering the beam shown in Fig. Here the
displacement of point C is to be determined.
w
C
A B
DCv
x1 x2
RA RB
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
To compute Δ, a virtual unit load acting in the direction of Δ is placed
on the beam at C, and the internal virtual moment m is determined by
the method of sections at an arbitrary location x from the support
x1 x2
C
A B

rA
1 rB

x1 mD2 x2
mD1
Virtual unit load B
rA vD1 vD2
rB
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
When the real loads act on the beam, point C is displaced by Δ
w
C
A B
DCv
x1 x2
RA RB

M1 M2 B
x1
V1 Real load V2 x2
RA RB

Here M is the internal moment at x caused by the real loads.

 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
From elastic bending theory
𝑀
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
Also 𝐸𝐼

𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 1. ∆

Also
𝑀
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚 = 𝑚. 𝑑θ = 𝑚 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
Summing the effects on all the elements dx along the beam requires integration and therefore

𝐿
𝑚𝑀
1. ∆= 𝑑𝑥 ----------- Eq.7.18
0 𝐸𝐼
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
where in 𝐿
𝑚𝑀
1. ∆= 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼

1 = External virtual unit load acting it the direction of Δ

m = internal virtual moment in the beam or frame expressed as a function
of x and caused by external virtual unit load.
Δ= external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the
beams & frames
M = internal moment in the beam or frame expressed as a function
of x and caused by real loads.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
In a similar manner, if the tangent rotation or slope angle θ at a point A
on the beam’s elastic curve is to be determined, a unit couple moment
is first applied at the point, and the corresponding internal moments mθ
have to be determined. Since the work of the unit couple is then 1.mθ

𝐿
𝑚 𝜽𝑀
1. θ𝐶 = 𝑑𝑥 ----------- Eq.7.19
0 𝐸𝐼
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
w
C
x1
C
1 x2
A B A B
qC
x1 x2 rA rB
RA RB

mq2 x2
w mq1
M1 M2 B
B vq2
x1 rA vq1 rB
V1 V2 x2
RA RB

𝐿
𝑚𝜽𝑀
1. θ𝐶 = 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:04
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the

figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(106) mm4.

3 kN/m

A B
5m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:04, Solution: Vertical Displacement at B:

1. Virtual Moment m: The vertical displacement of point B is obtained by placing a

virtual unit load of 1 kN at B and the m moment is formulated at section x.

1 kN 1 kN
x -1x = mD x

A B
5m v
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:04, Solution: Vertical Displacement at B:

2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M is

formulated as shown in Fig.

x 3x
3 kN/m 𝑥
−3𝑥2
𝑀= 2
2
A B
5m x
V
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:04, Solution: Vertical Displacement at B:

3. Virtual-Work Equation: The vertical displacement of B is thus

5
0
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:04, Solution: Slope or rotation at B:

1. Virtual Moment m: The slope at point B is obtained by placing a virtual unit

couple moment of 1 kN-m at B and the m moment is formulated at section x.

x 1 kN•m -1 = mq x 1 kN•m

A B
5m v
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:04, Solution: Slope or rotation at B :
2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M is

formulated as shown in Fig.

x 3x
3 kN/m 𝑥
−3𝑥2
𝑀= 2
2
A B
5m x
V
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:04, Solution: Slope or rotation at B:
3. Virtual-Work Equation: The Slope or rotation at B is thus

5
0
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:05
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the

figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

14 kN•m 5 kN
A C D
B
2m 2m 3m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:05, Solution: Vertical Displacement at B:

1. Virtual Moment m: The vertical displacement of point B is obtained by placing a

virtual unit load of 1 kN at B and the m moment is formulated at section x.

x1
1 kN
x2 x3
mΔ1=0.5x1 1 mΔ2=0.5x1
mΔ3= 0

A
B C D mD
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
2m 2m 3m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:05, Solution: Vertical Displacement at B:
2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M is

formulated as shown in Fig.

14 M1 = 14 - x1
14 kN•m x 5 kN
1 x2 x3 M2 = 6x2
C M3 = 0
A
B D MD
1 kN 6 kN

2m 2m 3m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:05, Solution: Vertical Displacement at B:

3. Virtual-Work Equation: The vertical displacement of B is thus

2 2
0 0
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:05, Solution: Slope or rotation at B:
1. Virtual Moment m: The slope at point B is obtained by placing a virtual unit couple

moment of 1 kN-m at B and the m moment is formulated at section x.

mq1 = 0.25x1 mq3 = 0

x1 x2 x3
0.5
A
B C D
1 kN•m mq2 = -0.25x2
0.25 kN 0.25 kN -0.5

2m 2m 3m mq
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:05, Solution: Slop or rotation at B :

2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M is

formulated as shown in Fig.

14 kN•m x 5 kN 14 M1 = 14 - x1
1 x2 x3 M2 = 6x2
C
M3 = 0
A
B D
MD
1 kN 6 kN

2m 2m 3m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:05, Solution: Slop or rotation at B:
3. Virtual-Work Equation: The Slop or rotation at B is thus

2 2
0 0
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:06
Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4
5m
B C 4 kN

EI
2 kN/m
1.5 EI 6m

A
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:06, Solution: Horizontal displacement at C:

1. Virtual Moment m: Placing a virtual unit load of 1 kN at C in horizontal direction

and the m moment is formulated at section x.

x2 C
1
m2= 1.2 x2
1.2 kN

m1= x1
x1

A 1 kN
1.2 kN
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:06, Solution: Horizontal Displacement at C:
2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M

is formulated as shown in Fig. x2

5m
B C 4 kN
M2= 12 x2
12 kN
2 kN/m
6m
M1= 16 x1- x12
x1

16 kN
A
12 kN
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:06, Solution: Horizontal displacement at C:

3. Virtual-Work Equation: The Horizontal displacement of C is thus

6 5
0 0
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:06, Solution: Slope or rotation at C:

1. Virtual Moment m: Placing a virtual unit couple moment of 1 kN-m at C and the m
moment is formulated at section x.
x2 1 kN•m
C
m2= 1 - x2/5
1/5 kN

x1 m1= 0

0
A
1/5 kN
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:06, Solution: Slop or rotation at C :

2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M

is formulated as shown in Fig. x2

5m
B C 4 kN
M2= 12 x2
12 kN
2 kN/m
6m
M1= 16 x1- x12
x1

16 kN
A
12 kN
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:06, Solution: Slop or rotation at C:

3. Virtual-Work Equation: The Slop or rotation at C is thus

5
0
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:07
Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement at point D of the frame shown in
figure. 2k/ft
5k B
C
2I

I I 15ft

A D

30ft
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:

 Deflection using energy methods:

o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:

• Example:07, Solution: Vertical displacement at D:

1. Virtual Moment m: Placing a virtual unit load of 1 kN at D in vertical direction and
the m moment is formulated at section x. Analysis of frame under unit load is shown on
next slide.
B 2I C

15ft I I

A D

30ft 1k
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
• Example:07, Solution: Vertical displacement at D:

1k 30k-ft 1k
30k-ft 0k 0
C 0
0k B B 30ft C
1k x 1k

(𝑚𝑣 )𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥
15ft (𝑚𝑣 )𝐴𝐵 = 30
(𝑚𝑣 )𝐶𝐷 = 0
x x
0k A D
0
1k
30k-ft mv Values 1k
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:07, Solution: Vertical Displacement at D:

2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M

is formulated as shown in Fig. Analysis under actual loads are shown on next slides.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:07, Solution: Vertical Displacement at D:
2. Real Moment M: 900k-ft 2k/ft
0k
60k C
B 30ft 0 0
900k-ft C
60k x
5k B
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = −𝑥2
15ft 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −975 + 5𝑥 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0
x x
5k A D
0
975k-ft
60k
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:07, Solution: Vertical displacement at D:

3. Virtual-Work Equation: The vertical displacement of D is thus

Segment AB BC CD
Origin A C D
Limits 0 to 15 ft 0 to 30 ft 0 to 15ft
Moment of inertia , I I 2I I
M values 5x - 975 -x2 0
mv values 30 x 0
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:07, Solution: Vertical displacement at D:
3. Virtual-Work Equation: The vertical displacement of D is thus
𝒏
𝑴 𝒎𝒗
Δ𝑫𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝒊 𝑰 𝒊
𝒊=𝟏

15 30
1 (−𝑥2)(𝑥)
Δ𝑫𝒗 = 5𝑥 − 975 30 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 0
𝐸𝐼 0 0 2
−523125
Δ𝑫𝒗 =
𝐸𝐼
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:

 Deflection using energy methods:

o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:

• Example:07, Solution: Horizontal displacement at D:

1. Virtual Moment m: Placing a virtual unit load of 1 kN at D in horizontal direction

and the m moment is formulated at section x. Analysis of frame under unit load is
shown on next slide.
B 2I C

15ft I I

A D

30ft 1k
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
• Example:07, Solution: Horizontal displacement at D:
15k-ft 15k-ft
0k 1k 0
1k
15k-ft B 30ft C 15k-ft
1k C 1k
B 0k x 0k

(𝑚ℎ)𝐶𝐵 = 15
15ft (𝑚ℎ)𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 (𝑚ℎ)𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥
x x
1k A D 1k
0
0
mh Values
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:07, Solution: Horizontal Displacement at C:

2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M

is formulated as shown in Fig. Analysis under actual loads are shown on next slides.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:07, Solution: Horizontal Displacement at C:
2. Real Moment M:
900k-ft 2k/ft
60k 0k
B C 0
900k-ft 30ft 0 C
B 60k x
5k
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = −𝑥2
15ft 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −975 + 5𝑥 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0
x x
5k A D
0
975k-ft
60k
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:07, Solution: Horizontal displacement at D:
3. Virtual-Work Equation: The Horizontal displacement of D is thus

Segment AB BC CD
Origin A C D
Limits 0 to 15 ft 0 to 30 ft 0 to 15ft
Moment of inertia , I I 2I I
M values 5x - 975 -x2 0
mh values x 15 x
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:07, Solution: Horizontal displacement at D:

3. Virtual-Work Equation: The horizontal displacement of D is thus

𝒏
𝑴 𝒎𝒉
Δ𝑫𝒉 = 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝒊𝑰𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
15 30
1 (−𝑥2)(15)
Δ𝑫𝒉 = 5𝑥 − 975 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 0
𝐸𝐼 0 0 2
−171562.5
Δ𝑫𝒉 =
𝐸𝐼
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:08
Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement at point C of the frame shown in
figure.
10k
5k C
B 2I

I 8ft

A
16ft
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:

 Deflection using energy methods:

o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:

• Example:08, Solution: Vertical displacement at C:

1. Virtual Moment m: Placing a virtual unit load of 1 kN at C in vertical direction and

the m moment is formulated at section x. Analysis of frame under unit load is shown on
next slide.
B C
2I
1
I

A
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
• Example:08, Solution: Vertical displacement at C:

1k
16k-ft 16k-ft
0 0
0 B B C
16ft
1k x 1k
8ft 𝑚𝑣 = −16
𝐴𝐵 𝑚𝑣 𝐶𝐵 = −𝑥
x
0 A
16k-ft
1k mv Values
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:08, Solution: Vertical Displacement at C:
2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M

is formulated as shown in Fig. Analysis under actual loads are shown on next slides.
10k
0
5k B
0 B 16ft C 0
x
8ft 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −40 + 5𝑥 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 0
x
A
5k
40k-ft
10k
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:08, Solution: Vertical displacement at D:

3. Virtual-Work Equation: The vertical displacement of D is thus

Segment AB BC
Origin A B
Limits 0 to 8 ft 0 to 16 ft
Moment of inertia , I I 2I
M values -40 + 5x 0
mv values -16 -x
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:08, Solution: Vertical displacement at D:

3. Virtual-Work Equation: The vertical displacement of D is thus

𝒏
𝑴 𝒎𝒗
Δ𝑪𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝒊𝑰𝒊
𝒊=𝟏

8
1
Δ𝑪𝒗 = 5𝑥 − 40 −16 𝑑𝑥 + 0
𝐸𝐼 0
2560
Δ𝑪𝒗 =
𝐸𝐼
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:

 Deflection using energy methods:

o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:

• Example:08, Solution: Horizontal displacement at C:

1. Virtual Moment m: Placing a virtual unit load of 1 kN at C in horizontal direction

and the m moment is formulated at section x. Analysis of frame under unit load is
shown on next slide.

B 2I C 1k
15ft I

30ft
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
• Example:08, Solution: Horizontal displacement at C:

0 0 0
1k B 1k 1k
B 16ft C
0 0
x
8ft 𝑚ℎ =8−𝑥
𝐴𝐵 (𝑚ℎ)𝐶𝐵 = 0
x
A
1k
8k-ft
0
mh Values
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:08, Solution: Horizontal Displacement at C:
2. Real Moment M: Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment M

is formulated as shown in Fig. Analysis under actual loads are shown on next slides.
10k
0
5k B
0 B 16ft C 0
x
8ft 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −40 + 5𝑥 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 0
x
A
5k
40k-ft
10k
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:08, Solution: Horizontal displacement at C:

3. Virtual-Work Equation: The Horizontal displacement of C is thus

Segment AB BC
Origin A B
Limits 0 to 8 ft 0 to 16 ft
Moment of inertia , I I 2I
M values -40 + 5x 0
mh values 8-x 0
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Method of Virtual Work for Beams and Frames:
Example:08, Solution: Horizontal displacement at C:
3. Virtual-Work Equation: The horizontal displacement of C is thus
𝒏
𝑴 𝒎𝒉
Δ𝑪𝒉 = 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝒊𝑰𝒊
𝒊=𝟏

8
1
Δ𝑪𝒉 = 5𝑥 − 40 8 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 0
𝐸𝐼 0

−853.33
Δ𝑪𝒉 =
𝐸𝐼
 Deflections
Assignment 04:

Problem 01: Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement of point C

take EI = Constant

A B
10ft

8ft 200 lb/ft

C
 Deflections
Problem 02: Determine the slope and the vertical displacement of point C on
the frame. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 15(106) mm4.

5 kN

C
3m

B 60o

2m
A
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem:
In 1879 Alberto Castigliano's, an Italian railroad engineer, published a
book in which he outlined a method for determining the deflection or
slope at a point in a structure, be it a truss, beam, or frame. This
method, which is referred to as Castigliano’s second theorem, or the
method of least work, applies only to structures that have constant
temperature, unyielding supports, and linear elastic material response.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem:
This theorem states that displacement at a point is equal to the first
partial derivative of the strain energy in the structure with respect to a
force acting at the point and in the direction of displacement. In a
similar manner, the slope at a point in a structure is equal to the first
partial derivative of the strain energy in the structure with respect to a
couple moment acting at the point and in the direction of rotation.

𝜕𝑈𝑖 𝜕𝑈𝑖
∆𝑖 = ----------- Eq.7.20 θ𝑖 = ----------- Eq.7.21
𝜕𝑃𝑖 𝜕𝑀𝑖
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
The strain energy for a member of a truss is given by

𝑁2𝐿
𝑈𝑖 = ------ Eq.7.12
2𝐴𝐸
Substituting this equation into Eq. 7–20 and omitting the subscript i,
we have 2
𝜕 𝑁𝐿
∆=
𝜕𝑃 2𝐴𝐸

It is generally easier to perform the differentiation prior to summation

In the general case L, A, and E are constant for a given member, and
therefore we may write 𝜕𝑁 𝐿
∆= 𝑁( ) ------ Eq.7.22
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
It is generally easier to perform the differentiation prior to summation
In the general case L, A, and E are constant for a given member, and
therefore we may write
𝜕𝑁 𝐿
∆= 𝑁( ) ------ Eq.7.22
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸

Where:
D = external joint displacement of the truss
P = external force applied to the truss joint in the direction of D
N = internal force in a member cause by both the force P and the loads on the truss
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Procedure for Analysis:
1. External Forces P:

Place a force P on the truss at the joint where the desired displacement is

to be determined. This force is assumed to have a variable magnitude in

order to obtain the change 𝜕𝑁/𝜕𝑃.Be sure P is directed along the line of

action of the displacement n1

n3 n5
n7 n8 n9
B
P
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Procedure for Analysis:

2. Internal Forces N:

Determine the force N in each member caused by both the real

loads and variable force P. Assume tensile forces are positive and

compressive forces are negative.

N1 F

N3 N5
N7 N8 N9

P
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Procedure for Analysis:

2. Internal Forces N:

Compute the respective partial derivative 𝜕𝑁/𝜕𝑃 for each member.

After N and 𝜕𝑁/𝜕𝑃 have been determined, assign P its numerical value

if it has replaced a real force on the truss. Otherwise, set P equal to

zero.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Procedure for Analysis:
3. Castigliano’s Theorem:
Apply Castigliano’s theorem to determine the desired displacement Δ. It

is important to retain the algebraic signs for corresponding values of N

and 𝜕𝑁/𝜕𝑃 when substituting these terms into the equation.

𝜕𝑁 𝐿
∆= 𝑁( ) ------ Eq.7.22
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸
If the resultant is positive, Δ is in the same direction as P. If a negative

value results,Δ is opposite to ¢ P.

 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example 09: Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the truss shown
in the figure below. The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in
the figure is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

C
4 kN

3m
A B

4m 4m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:09, Solution:
1. External Forces P : Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be
determined, only a vertical force P is placed at joint C. The n
force in each member is calculated using the method of
joints.
P kN

A 0.667P
0 B
P Load
0.5P 0.5P kN
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:09, Solution:
2. Internal Forces N : When only real load ( P = 0 ) is acting then values of N
force are

C
4 kN

4 kN 2
A B
N Force (P=0)
(kN)
1.5 kN 1.5 kN
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:09, Solution:
2. Internal Forces N : When real load and P both are acting then values of N
force are P
C
4 kN

4 kN 2 + 0.667P
A B
N Force (kN)

0.5P - 1.5 kN 0.5P + 1.5 kN

 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:09, Solution:

2. Internal Forces N : For convenience, these results along with the partial
derivatives 𝜕𝑁/𝜕𝑃 are listed in tabular form as follows:

Member N(P≠0) 𝜕𝑁 N(P=0) L 𝜕𝑁

N( 𝜕𝑃 )L
𝜕𝑃

AB 0.667P + 2 0.667 2 8 10.67

AC -(0.833P-2.5) -0.833 2.5 5 -10.42

BC -(0.833P+2.5) -0.833 -2.5 5 10.42

∑ 10.67
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:09, Solution:
3. Castigliano’s Theorem: as we know that

𝜕𝑁 𝐿
∆𝑐𝑣 = 𝑁( )
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸

1 10.67𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Δ𝑐𝑣 = −10.41 + 10.41 + 10.67 = 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝐸 −6 6
(400 × 10 )(200 × 10 𝑚2 )

Δ𝑐𝑣 = 0.133 𝑚𝑚 ↓
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example 10: Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the truss shown
in the figure below. The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in
the figure is A = 0.5 in2 and E = 29000ksi.

F E

10ft
A D
B C
10ft 10ft 10ft

4k 4k
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:10, Solution:
1. External Forces P : Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be
determined, only a vertical force P is placed at joint C. The
force in each member is calculated using the method of
joints.
F -0.333P E
0.333P

P 10ft
0 A 0.333P 0.667P 0.667P D
B C

P
0.333 P 0.667 P

P Load
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:10, Solution:
2. Internal Forces N : When real load and P ( replacing one force at point C)
both are acting then values of N force are
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:10, Solution:
2. Internal Forces N : When only real loads (i.e P = 4k ) is acting then values of
N force are

F -4 E

4 4 10ft
0 A 4 4 4 D
B C
10ft 10ft 10ft
4k 4k 4k 4k
N(kips)
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:10, Solution:
2. Internal Forces N : For convenience, these results along with the partial
derivatives 𝜕𝑁/𝜕𝑃 are listed in tabular form as follows:
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses:
• Example:10, Solution:
3. Castigliano’s Theorem: as we know that

𝜕𝑁 𝐿
∆𝑐𝑣 = 𝑁( )
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸

246.47𝑘. 𝑓𝑡
Δ𝑐𝑣 =
(0.5 𝑖𝑛2)(29000𝑘𝑠𝑖)

Δ𝑐𝑣 = 0.204 𝑚𝑚 ↓
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
The internal bending strain energy for a beam or frame is given by
𝐿
𝑀2𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑖 = ----------- Eq.7.14
0 2𝐸𝐼

And as we know from costigliano theorem

𝜕𝑈𝑖
∆𝑖 = ----------- Eq.7.20
𝜕𝑃𝑖

Substituting this value in above equation we get

𝐿
𝜕 𝑀2𝑑𝑥
∆= ----------- Eq.7.23
𝜕𝑃 0 2𝐸𝐼
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
It is generally easier to differentiate prior to integration. Provided E and
I are constant
𝐿
𝜕𝑀 𝑑𝑥
∆= 𝑀( ) ----------- Eq.7.24
0 𝜕𝑃 𝐸𝐼

Where:
D = external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam
or frame
P = external force applied to the beam or frame in the direction of D
M = internal moment in beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and cause by
both the force P and the loads on the beam or frame
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
If the slope θ at a point is to be determined, we must find the partial
derivative of the internal moment M with respect to an external couple
moment Mʹ acting at the point, i.e.,
𝐿
𝜕𝑀 𝑑𝑥
θ = 𝑀( ) ----------- Eq.7.25
0 𝜕𝑀ʹ 𝐸𝐼
Where:
D = external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam
or frame
M´ = external moment applied to the beam or frame in the direction of q
M = internal moment in beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and cause by
both the force P and the loads on the beam or frame
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
• Procedure for Analysis:
1. External Forces P or Couple moment Mʹ:

• Place a force P on the beam or frame at the point and in the direction of the
desired displacement.

• If the slope is to be determined, place a couple moment Mʹ at the point.

• It is assumed that both P and Mʹ have a variable magnitude in order to

obtain the changes 𝜕𝑀/𝜕𝑃 and 𝜕𝑀/𝜕𝑀ʹ .
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
• Procedure for Analysis:

2. Internal Moments M:

• Apply both actual and external P load or moment couple Mʹ and establish
appropriate x coordinates that are valid within regions of the beam or frame
where there is no discontinuity of force, distributed load, or couple moment.

• Calculate the internal moment M as a function of P or Mʹ. Also, compute the

partial derivative 𝜕𝑀/𝜕𝑃 and 𝜕𝑀/𝜕𝑀ʹ or for each coordinate x.

• Assign P or Mʹ its numerical value if it has replaced a real force or couple

moment. Otherwise, set P or Mʹ equal to zero.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
• Procedure for Analysis:
3. Castigliano’s Theorem:
Apply Castigliano’s theorem to determine the desired displacement Δ or

θ. It is important to retain the algebraic signs for corresponding values

of M and 𝜕𝑀/𝜕𝑃 and 𝜕𝑀/𝜕𝑀ʹ when substituting these terms into the
equation.
𝐿 𝐿
𝜕𝑀 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑀 𝑑𝑥
∆= 𝑀( ) θ = 𝑀( )
0 𝜕𝑃 𝐸𝐼 0 𝜕𝑀ʹ 𝐸𝐼

If the resultant sum of all the definite integrals is positive, Δ or θ is in the

same direction as P or Mʹ.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:11
Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the figure below.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 500(106) mm4.

12 kN/m

A B
10 m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:11, Solution:
1. External Forces P : The vertical displacement of point B has to be determined so

placing an external load of P at B as shown in fig.

P
x

A B
10 m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:11, Solution:

2. Internal Moment M: Apply both actual and external load P to calculate the internal

moment M as a function of P. Also, compute the partial derivative 𝜕𝑀/𝜕𝑃 and

or for each coordinate x.

x P 12x
12 kN/m 𝑥 P
−12𝑥2
𝑀= − 𝑃𝑥 2
2

A B
10m x
V
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:11, Solution:

2. Internal Moment M: Apply both actual and external load P to calculate the internal

moment M as a function of P. Also, compute the partial derivative 𝜕𝑀/𝜕𝑃 and

or for each coordinate x.

 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:11, Solution:
3. Castigliano’s Theorem: Apply Castigliano’s theorem to determine the desired

displacement Δ
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:12
Determine the slope at point B of the steel beam shown in the figure below. Take

E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

3kN
5m
B
A C
10 m
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:12, Solution:
1. External Couple Moment Mʹ: Since the slope at point B is to be determined, an

external couple Mʹ is placed on the beam at this point.

 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:12, Solution:

2. Internal Moment M: Two coordinates, 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 and must be used to determine

the internal moments within the beam since there is a discontinuity, Mʹ, at B. As

shown in Figure, 𝑥1 ranges from A to B and 𝑥2 ranges from B to C. Using the method

of sections, Fig. 9–28c, the internal moments and the partial derivatives are

computed as follows:
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:12, Solution:
2. Internal Moment M:
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:12, Solution:
3. Castigliano’s Theorem: Setting Mʹ = 0, its actual value, and apply Castigliano’s

theorem we have

-ve sign shows opposite direction

 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:13
Determine the displacement of point C of the steel beam shown in the figure below.
Take EI = Constant.
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:13, Solution:
1. External Force P: A vertical force P is applied at point C as shown in figure. Later

this force will be set equal to a fixed value of 20 kN.

 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:13, Solution:

2. Internal Moment M: Two coordinates, 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 and must be used to determine

the internal moments within the beam since there is a discontinuity in load at C.

The internal moments and the partial derivatives are computed as follows:
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:13, Solution:
2. Internal Moment M:
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:13, Solution:
3. Castigliano’s Theorem: Setting P = 20 kN, its actual value, and apply Castigliano’s

theorem we have
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:14
Determine the horizontal displacement of point C of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take EI = Constant.
5m
B C 4 kN

EI
2 kN/m
1.5 EI 6m

A
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:14, Solution:
1. External Force P: A vertical force P is applied at point C as shown in figure. Later

this force will be set equal to a fixed value of 4 kN.

5m
B C P

EI
2 kN/m
1.5 EI 6m

A
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:13, Solution:
2. Internal Moment M: Two coordinates, 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 and must be used to determine
the internal moments within the beam since there is a discontinuity in load at B.
x2
B 5m C P
2 kN/m
EI 36 6𝑃
+
12 kN 5 5
1.5 EI 6m
x1

A 12 + P

36 6𝑃
+
5 5
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:13, Solution:
2. Internal Moment M:

For x1 : For x2 :
M1= 𝑃 + 12 𝑥1 − 𝑥12
36 6𝑃
M2= + 𝑥2
V1 5 5
x1 C P
2x1
x2
V2
A 12 + P 36 6𝑃
36 6𝑃 +
+ 5 5
5 5
 Deflections
 Methods of finding deflections:
 Deflection using energy methods:
o Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams and Frames:
Example:13, Solution:
3. Castigliano’s Theorem: Setting P = 4 kN, its actual value, and apply Castigliano’s

theorem we have

6 5
0 0
 Appendix

A1. Castigliano’s first Theorem

A2. Proof of Castigliano’s second Theorem

 Appendix
A1. Castigliano’s first Theorem
Castigliano’s first theorem is similar to his second theorem; however, it
relates the load Pi to the partial derivative of the strain energy with
respect to the corresponding displacement, that is,

𝜕𝑈𝑖
𝑃𝑖 =
𝜕Δ𝑖
Castigliano’s first theorem applies to both elastic and inelastic material behavior.
This theorem is another way of expressing the equilibrium requirements for a
structure, and since it has very limited use in structural analysis, it will not be
discussed in this book.
 Appendix
A2. Proof of Castigliano’s second Theorem
 Appendix
A2. Proof of Castigliano’s second Theorem
 Appendix
A2. Proof of Castigliano’s second Theorem
 References

• Structural Analysis by R. C. Hibbeler

• Structure Analysis by Alexander chajes

• Online Civil Engineering blogs