You are on page 1of 51

Calculus

Chapter 4
Integration

Norhafizah Md Sarif
Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology
Description
Aims
This chapter is aimed to :
1. introduce the concept of integration
2. evaluate the definite and indefinite integral
3. explain the basic properties of integral
4. compute the integral using different techniques of integration

Expected Outcomes
1. Students should be able to describe the concept of antiderivatives
2. Evaluate a definite integral using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
3. Students should be able to know the basic properties of definite integrals
4. Use the Substitution Rule to evaluate both definite and indefinite integrals.
5. Student should be able to determine the appropriate techniques to solve difficult integral.

References
1. Abdul Wahid Md Raji, Hamisan Rahmat, Ismail Kamis, Mohd Nor Mohamad, Ong Chee
Tiong. The First Course of Calculus for Science & Engineering Students, Second
Edition, UTM 2016.
Content

1
Antiderivative
2 Indefinite Integral
3 Definite Integral
4 Integration by Substitution

5 Integration by Parts

6 Integration using Partial Fractions


1.1 Antiderivatives
 A person who knows the acceleration of a car may want to determine its
velocity or its position at a particular time.
 In this case, the derivative f ‘ (x) is given and the problem is to find the
corresponding function f(x).
 The process of getting back the function f(x) from the derivative f ‘ (x) is
known as antiderivatives.

Definition: A function F is called antiderivative


of a given function f on an interval I if

F ( x)  f ( x)
for all x in I.
y  .f ( x)

dy d
 dx   f ' ( x) dx Integrate Differentiate
dx

dy
 f ( x)
dx
Example

Suppose f ( x)  2 x3 . Find a function F(x) such that F ( x)  2 x


3

The solutions are not unique. There are various possible


solutions as given as follow
1 4
F ( x)  x
2
1
F ( x)  x 4  5
2
1
F ( x)  x 4  3
2

1 4
Therefore, we could say that F ( x)  x c where c is any
2
constant.
Theorem: If F ( x)  f ( x) for all x in I, then every
antiderivative G of f has the form
G ( x)  F ( x)  c

where c is a constant.

 From the theorem, in the process of finding antiderivatives,


there is no unique solutions. Different function will be found
with different constant value, c.

 The process of finding an antiderivative is known as


integration.
 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c
Function

1 4
  
3
2 x dx x c
2 Constant of
integration

Integral symbol : Derived


from the stretched capital Integrate with respect to
letter S for Summation x. x is an independent
variable
Example

Find antiderivatives for the given functions

a) f ( x)  x 6 , b) s( x)  cos x, c) y ( x)  7

x7
a)  c,
7
b) sin x  c,
c) 7 x  c
4.2 Indefinite Integral

Definition – Indefinite Integral: The function

 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c
where c is an arbitrary constant, means that F is an anti
derivative of f. It is called the indefinite integral of f and satisfied
the condition that F ( x)  f ( x) for all x , in the domain of f.
Table of Integration

Basic integral formula for some general functions

 k dx  kx  C  cos x dx  sin x  C
x n1  sec x dx  tan x  C
2

 x dx  n  1  C , n  1
n

1
 x dx   cot x  C
2

 x dx  ln x  C
csc

  C  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C


x x
e dx e

 sin x dx   cos x  C  csc x cot x dx   csc x  C

4
Example

Evaluate the following indefinite integral

 2 dx  dx
5
a) b) x

c)
1
 x3 dx
d) 3 x dx

 dx 7
x
e)
 x dx
8e f)

Solution:
a) 2x  c x6 1
b) c  c
6 c) 2x2

e) 8e x  c 7 ln x  c
3
d) 2x  c
2
f)
Basic Properties of Integral
Constant Multiple Rule

 k f ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx
Sum & Difference Rule

 [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx   f ( x) dx   g(x)dx
Linearity Rule

 [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] dx  a  f ( x) dx  b g(x) dx
Example

Evaluate the following definite integral

 dx  1  2
3
a) 4x
   
3
b) 1 x 2 
x dx
x 

c)  7 cos x 
3
x dx d)  4 x  sec 2 x  5e x dx
2

 2 x  sec x tan x dx 2 x 6  7 x 2  4
5
e) f)  dx
x3

sin x  cos x  4
2
g)  2
dx h)   x   dx
 x

2 1
 3  4e   5sin x 
x
dx dx
i) 5x j) e2 x
Answers to selected questions:

x n1
Apply  x dx   C , n  1
4
x n
 4 x dx  4  c  x4  c
3
a)
4 n 1
 1  2 x3 x 6
 1  x  x 2  x dx    x  x  1 dx  3  6  x  c Expand first and then
3 2 5
b)
integrate. Apply sum
3
and difference rule
x 2
8 32
d)  4 x  sec x  5e dx  4
2 x
 tan x  5e  c   x  tan x  5e x  c
x

32 3

2 x 6  7 x 2  4 7 x4 2 Divide each term by x3.


f)  3
dx   2 x   4 x    7 ln x  2  c
3 3

x x 2 x Integrate each term


2
individually.
 4 16 x3 16
         c
2
 x  dx x 8 dx 8 x
h)  
2
x x 3 x Bring x2 up, it then
becomes x-2. Integrate by
using power rule
 [ f ( x )  g ( x )] dx   f ( x ) dx   g(x) dx

f ( x)  f ( x) dx
 dx 
g ( x)  g ( x) dx
When dealing with the integration of product or quotient rule, we need to
use some integration techniques to evaluate this kind of integral. Direct
integration of each functions are strictly wrong!
4.3 Definite Integral

 The concept of definite integral links with the concept of area.

 The area can be first approximated by sums and then obtained


exactly by taking a limit involving the approximating sums.

 The special kind of limit of a sum that appears in this context is


called the definite integral.
Definition – Definite Integral: If f is continous on the closed interval
[a,b], we say f is integrable on [a,b] if
n
lim  f ( xk )xk
P 0
k 1
exist. This limit is called the definite integral of f from a to b. The
definite integral is denoted by

Upper limit b
 f ( x) dx  [ F ( x)]
b
a
a

 F (b)  F (a)
Lower limit
Example

Evaluate the following definite integral


4 0
a)  2sin 7xdx
4
b)  1  x 2 dx
1

2  2

 5  3 x  1 dx  1  sin xdx
2
c) d)
0  2

4
a)  2sin(7 x)dx  0
4

1
0 1
 x3  2  2
b)  1  x dx    1  x dx    x       0   
2 2

1 0  3 0 3  3

 5  3( x  1) dx  4
2
c)
0

 2
d)

 1  sin x  dx  
2
Example

Evaluate the following definite integral

 x3
2 
a) 0  4  dx
 x

 x
3 2
b) 1  e  1  
7x 
dx

1.5
c) 
1
tan( x) dx


d) 0
8cos x dx

e) 
1.2
2
 
sin x  x3 dx
Answers:

2
2
 x3  x4 x2
a) 0  4  x dx  16  2   3  0  3
0

3
 x3 2 2  2   2 
b) 1 
e  1  dx  e x
 x  ln x   e3  3  ln 3    e 1  (1)  ln 1 
7 x  7 1  7   7 
 23.4038

1.5 1.5
cos1
c)  tan xdx   ln cos x
1
 ln
cos1.5
 2.0332
1



d)  8cos xdx  8sin x 0  0
0

  sin x  
2 2
2
x 3
  cos x  x 5 2  1.8466  (0.9933)  0.8533
e) 1.2
5 1.2
Example

4 9 9
If  f ( x)dx  11
3
and  f ( x)dx  5 , what is  f ( x)dx ?
3 4

By using properties of definite integral number 4,

9 4 9


3
f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx
3 4
9
 5  11   f ( x) dx
4
9

 f ( x)dx  5  11
4

 16
Example

3
Evaluate
 x dx
1

x is a piecewise function

 x, x0
x 
  x, x0

Therefore, 3 0 3


1
x dx  
1
x dx   x dx
0
0 3
   xdx   xdx
1 0

2 0 3
x x2
 
2 1
2 0

1 9
 
2 2
5
1 Integration by
Techniques Substitution

of
Integration

Integration by 3 2 Integration by
Partial Fraction Parts
4.4 Integration by Substitution

The idea of integration by substitution is to transform a difficult


integral to an simpler integral by using a substitution.

Theorem – Integration by substitution. Let f,


g and u be differentiable functions of x such that
du
f ( x)  g (u )
dx
Then
du
 f ( x ) dx   dx dx   g (u )du  G (u )  c
g (u )
Procedure Integration by Substitution

Sixth First
Return to the initial 06 01 Choose a new
variable u. Let
variable.
. say u = f(x)

Fifth Second
Evaluate the
resulting integral
05 02 Differentiate u
with respect to x.
du
dx = f’ (x)

Fourth Third
Make the substitution.
u = f(x) and dx =
du
04 03 Determine
the value dx.
f’ (x) du
dx = .
f’ (x)
Example

  5 x  3
7
Evaluate dx

Let u = 5x +3. Then differentiate u with respect to x


du du
=5 → dx =
dx 5
Substitute u and dx into integral
du
  5 x  3 dx   u 7
7

5
Evaluate the resulting integral
1 7 1 8
5 u du 
40
u c

Therefore, the solution is


1
  5 x  3 dx     c
7 8
5 x 3
40
Example

2

 cos x sin
2
Evaluate xdx
0

Step 1 : Choose a substitution function u u  sin x

Step 2: Differentiate u with respect to x du


 cos x
dx
du
Step 3: From step 2, dx dx 
cos x 
2 1
du
 cos x sin dx   u cos x
2 2
Step 4: Substitute u and dx into integral
0 0
cos x
1 1
u3
Step 5 : Evaluate the resulting integral 0 u du  3
2

0
3 1
u 1
Step 6 : Compute values of u 
3 0
3
 2
Therefore, the solution is 1
0
cos x sin 2 xdx 
3
Example

 
30
Evaluate 3x 2  1  2 x dx

du du
Let u  3x 2  1 , then  6x which implies dx  . The given
dx 6x
integral can be written as

  3x  du
 2 x dx   u 30  2 x
30
2
1
dx
1 30

3  u du

1 u 31
 c
3 31
1
 
31
 3x 2  1 c
93
Example

  5 x  1
3
Evaluate dx
0

du du
Let u  5 x  1 , then  5 which implies dx  . The given integral
dx 5
can be written as

Method I : Method II :

When x=0, u=-1 and when x=2, u=9. 2


du
  5x  1 dx   u 3
3
2 9
du 5
  5 x  1 dx   u 3
3 0

5 1 u4
0 1
 c
1 u4
9 5 4
 1
2

  5 x  1
4
5 4 1
20 0
1 4
 9  (1) 4  1
20   6561  1
1 20
  6561  1  328  328
20
4.5 Integration by Parts

Integration by parts is a technique to solve an integration in the form of


product of two functions such as:

[x
2
sin(5 x)] dx
f ( x)  x 2
g ( x)  sin(5x)
The main interest in integration by parts is to transform an integral into
a new integral that is easier to solve than the original.
For Indefinite integrals:

 dv   du 
Don’t try to
understand this yet.
 u dx  dx  uv   v dx  dx
Wait for the
examples that follow
Definite integrals:

 dv  b  du 
a u dx  dx  uva  a v dx  dx
b b

For convenience, this can be memorized as:

 u dv  uv   v du
Integration by Parts – Guideline of Selecting U

Choose u by the following sequence:


1 Logarithmic (log x, lnx)
2 Algebraic (x, x2 x3,…)
3 Trigonometry (sin x, cos x, tan x,…)
4 Exponential (ex , e4x,…)

and the next function automatically becomes dv.

If the new integral is more difficult than the original, change the
choice of u and dv.
Example

Evaluate  x cos xdx

 x cos x dx
u dv
Why choose x as u instead of cos x?
x is algebraic function. Meanwhile, cos x is a trigonometric function.
Hence, algebraic function comes first before trigonometric functions.
So 𝑥 is chosen as 𝑢.
u  x, dv  cos xdx
Differentiate u du Integrate dv
 1, v  sin x (omit c)
dx

Plug everything into the formula

 udv  uv   vdu
 x sin x   sin xdx

Integrating  sin xdx   cos x  c . Therefore,

 x cos xdx  x sin x   sin xdx


 x sin x  ( cos x)  c
 x sin x  cos x  c
Example

 ln xdx
2
Evaluate 3 x


2
ln x 3 x dx
u dv
Why ln x is a u?
In guideline of choosing ‘u’, we refer LATE in which Logarithmic (L)
function comes first in the list. Hence, ln 𝑥 is chosen as 𝑢
u  ln x, dv  3x 2 dx
Differentiate u du 1 Integrate dv
 , vx 3
(omit c)
dx x

Plug everything into the formula

 udv  uv   vdu
1
 x3 ln x   x 3   dx
x
1 3
 x dx  x c
2
Integrating . Therefore,
3

    dx
2 3 2
3 x ln xdx x ln x x
x3
 x ln x   c
3
Example

Evaluate  2 xe dx
x

u  2 x, dv  e x dx
du
 2, v  e x (omit c)
dx

By using integration by parts

 udv  uv   vdu
 2 xe   e  2dx 
x x

 2 xe x  2e x  c
 Note: Sometimes, integration by parts must be applied several
times to evaluate a given integral. See example below.

Example

 cos x dx
x
Evaluate e

u  cos x, dv  e x dx
du
  sin x, v  ex
dx
By using integration by parts

 udv  uv   vdu
 e x cos x   e x   sin xdx  1
 e x cos x   e x  sin xdx   c
Another integration by parts applied to the last integral, i.e.

 sin x dx will complete the solution. Hence, by doing by


x
e
parts once again, we obtain
u  sin x, dv  e x dx
du
 cos x, v  ex
dx
Substitute into the formula

e sin xdv  uv   vdu


x

2
 e sin x   e cos xdx
x x

Substitute result in (2) into Equation (1)


e
x
cos xdx  e x cos x   e x  sin xdx 

 e x cos x  e x sin x   e x cos xdx 


 

Notice that the last term is similar to the original problem. Hence, by
moving the last term into the left hand side equation, we get

     sin x  c
x x x x
e cos xdx e cos xdx e cos x e
2  e x cos xdx  e x cos x  e x sin x  c

We want to find  e cos x dx , therefore


x

e x cos x  e x sin x
 e cos xdx  c
x

2
Integration by Partial Fractions

If the integrand is in the form of an algebraic fraction and the integral


cannot be evaluated by simple methods, the fraction needs to be
expressed in partial fraction.

Definition – Proper Fraction Any rational function of x,

P( x)
Q( x)
where the P( x) is less than the degree of Q( x) could
be expressed as sum of relatively simpler rational
functions, called partial fractions.
1. Linear Factor
Q( x)  (a1 x  b1 )(a2 x  b2 ) (an x  bn )

A1 A2 An

(a1 x  b1 ) (a2 x  b2 ) (an x  bn )

2. Repeated Linear Factor


Q( x)  (ax  b) n

A1 A2 An
Partial fraction : 
(ax  b) (ax  b) 2 (ax  b) n

3. Quadratic Factor

Q( x)  ax 2  bx  c 
Ax  B
Partial fraction :
(ax 2  bx  c)
Example

6
Evaluate   x  3 ( x  1) dx

Step 1 Factor the denominator


Step 1
Its already done!

Step 2 Break up the fraction into sum of “partial fractions”


Step 2 6 A B
 
( x  3)( x  1) x  3 x  1

Multiply both sides of the equation by the left side


Step 3 denominator
6  A( x  1)  B( x  3)
Step 4 Take the roots of the linear factors and plug them,
one at a time, into x on the equation from step 3,
and solve
If x  1, B  3
x  3, A  3

Split up the original integral and integrate

6 3 3
Step 5
  x  3 ( x  1)  x  3 x  1 dx
dx   

 3ln x  3  3ln x  1  c
Example

7x  6
Evaluate  x3  3x 2 dx

The function can be written as


7x  6 7x  6

x3  3x 2 x 2 ( x  3)

The denominator is a combination of linear and repeated linear case,


therefore we have
7x  6 A B C
  
x3  3x 2 x x 2 x  3

We have three unknown A, B and C. Multiply both sides by the left


side of denominator,
7 x  6  Ax  x  3  B  x  3  Cx 2
 Ax 2  3 Ax  Bx  3B  Cx 2
  A  C  x 2  (3 A  B ) x  3B

Equating the coefficient of the polynomial, where


x2 : A  C  0
x :  3A  B  7
x0 :  3B  6

Solving the simultaneous equation, we obtain A  3, B  2, C  3.


Alternatively, A, B and C can be found using the another approach.
If
x  3, 9C  27  C  3
x  0, 6  3B  B  2
x  1, 13  2( A  2)  3  A  3
Hence,
7x  6 3 2 3
  
x3  3x 2 x x2 x  3

The integration becomes

7x  6 3 2 3
 x3  3x 2  x x 2 x  3 dx
dx   

Integrate
7x  6 3 3
 x3  3x 2  x   x  3dx
2
dx  dx  2 x dx 

2
 3ln x   3ln x  3  c
x
Conclusions

 Integration is anti-derivative

 Any indefinite integral will have +c at the end of the solution.

 Product or quotient function cannot be integrate directly. Appropriate


techniques should be used to solve this type of integral

 In integration by substitution, making appropriate choices for u will


come with experience.

 Selecting u for by part techniques should follow the LATE guideline.

 If the power of denominator is less than the power of numerator,


then the fraction is called proper fraction
Thank You

You might also like