Xi Maths Module-1 (Matrix)

Contents
MATRIX
THEORY ..................................................................................................................... 161 – 175

TIPS & FORMULAS .................................................................................................... 176 – 180
SOLVED EXAMPLES ................................................................................................. 181 – 187
EXERCISE - I ............................................................................................................. 188 – 191
EXERCISE - II ............................................................................................................ 192 – 195
EXERCISE - III ............................................................................................................. 196 – 198
EXERCISE - IV ............................................................................................................ 199 – 200
EXERCISE - V ............................................................................................................. 201 – 208
MOCK TEST ............................................................................................................... 209 – 213
ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................................. 214
HINTS & SOLUTIONS ................................................................................................. 215 – 231
Contents
DETERMINANTS
THEORY ..................................................................................................................... 232 – 248

TIPS & FORMULAS .................................................................................................... 249 – 252
SOLVED EXAMPLES ................................................................................................. 253 – 258
EXERCISE - I ............................................................................................................. 259 – 264
EXERCISE - II ............................................................................................................ 265 – 268
EXERCISE - III ............................................................................................................. 269 – 270
EXERCISE - IV ............................................................................................................ 271 – 272
EXERCISE - V ............................................................................................................. 273 – 276
MOCK TEST ............................................................................................................... 277 – 283
ANSWER KEY............................................................................................................ 284 – 285
HINTS & SOLUTIONS ................................................................................................. 286 – 301
IIT-JEE SYLLABUS
MATRIX AND DETERMINANTS

JEE – MAIN
Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, determinant and matrices of order two and three. Properties of
determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangle using determinants. Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of
a square matrix using determinant and elementary transformations, test of consistancy and solution of simultaneous
linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrix.
JEE ADVANCED
Matrix as ractangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scaler and product
of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of order upto three, inverse of a square matrix
of order upto three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew symmetric matrixes
and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.
MATRIX
DEFINITION
A matrix is a rectangular array of mn elements in m rows and n columns enclosed within brackets.
 a11 a12 ... a1j ... a1n 

a ... a 2 j ... a 2n 
 21 a 22
     
A  [a ij ]   
 a i1 a i2 ... a ij ... a in 
     
 
 m1
a a m2 ... a mj ... a mn 
is a matrix of order (dimension or size) m × n, to be read as m cross n or m by n. aij is the element present in the ith
row and jth column of the matrix. i represents the row rank and j represents the column rank. Matrices are usually
denoted by upper case letters A, B, C, etc., where as its elements are denoted by lower case letters a, b, c, etc.,
(i) The elements a11, a22, a33,...are called as diagonal elements. Their sum is called as trace of A denoted as tr(A)
(ii) Capital letters of English alphabets are used to denote matrices.
(iii) Order of a matrix : If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then we say that its order is "m by n", written as "m × n".
Example 1 Construct a matrix A = [aij]2×2 whose elements aij are given by aij = e2ix sin jx .
Solution For i = 1, j = 1, a 11 = e2x sin x
For i = 1, j = 2, a 12 = e2x sin 2x
For i = 2, j = 1, a 21 = e4x sin x
For i = 2, j = 2, a 22 = e4x sin 2x
 e 2x sin x e  x sin 2x 
Thus A   4x 4x 
 e sin x e sin 2x 
TYPES OF MATRICES
In this section, we shall discuss different types of matrices.
(i) Column Matrix
A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
0 
 
A   
3
For example, is a column matrix of order 4 × 1.
1 
 
 1 / 2 
(ii) Row Matrix
A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row.
 1 
For example, B =   5 2 3 is a row matrix.
 2 14
In general, B = [bij]1 × n is a row matrix of order 1 × n.
161 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

SHAMIRPET | MADHAPUR | SUCHITRA | ECIL | MIYAPUR | L.B. NAGAR
MATHEMATICS FOR JEE MAINS & ADVANCED
(iii) Square Matrix
A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to the number of columns, is said to be a square matrix. Thus an
m × n matrix is said to be a square matrix if m = n and is known as a square matrix of order ‘n’.
3 1 0
3 
For example A   3 2 1  is a square matrix of order 3.
2 
4 3  1

In general, A = [aij]m × m is a square matrix of order m.
(iv) Diagonal Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij]n × n is called a diagonal matrix of all the elements, except those in the leading diagonal, are
zero i.e., aij = 0 for all i  j.
A diagonal matrix of order n × n having d1, d2,...., dn as diagonal elements is denoted by diag[d1, d2,...., dn].
1 0 0 
 
For example, the matrix A = 0 2 0 is a diagonal matrix, to be denoted by A = diag[1, 2, 3].
 0 0 3
(v) Scalar Matrix

A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal, that is, a square matrix B = [b ij]n × n
is said to be a scalar matrix if
bij = 0, when i  j.
bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.
For example
 3 0 0
 1 0   
A = [3], B , C 0 3 0 
 0 1  
 0 0 3 
are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
(vi) Identity Matrix

A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero is called an identity matrix. In other
0 if i  j
words, the square matrix A = [aij]n × n is an identity matrix, if a ij  
1 if i  j
We denote the identity matrix of order n by In. When order is clear from the context, we simply write it as I.
1 0 0 
1 0 0 1 0
For example [1], 0 1  ,  
are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively..
 
 0 0 1 
Observe that a scalar matrix is an identity matrix when k = 1. But every identity matrix is clearly a scalar matrix.
(vii) Zero Matrix

A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
0 0  0 0 0
For example, [0],  ,   , [0, 0] are all zero matrices. We denote zero matrix by O. Its order will be clear
0 0  0 0 0
from the context.

MATRIX
(viii) Upper Triangular Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i > j.
Thus, in an upper triangular matrix, all elements below the main diagonal are zero.
1 2 4 3
0 5 1 3
For example, A   is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 2 9
 
0 0 0 5
(ix) Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is called a lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i < j.
Thus, in a lower triangular matrix, all elements above the main diagonal are zero.
2 0 0
For example, A   3 2 0 is a lower triangular matrix of order 3. A triangular matrix A = [aij] n × n is called a
 
 4 5 3 
strictly triangular if aii = 0 for all i = 1, 2, ..., n.
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Definition 2 Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if
(i) They are of the same order
(ii) Each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij for all i and j.
 2 3  2 3 3 2   2 3
For example,   and   are equal matrices but   and   are not equal matrices. Symbolically,,
 0 1   0 1 0 1   0 1
if two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B.
Ex. Find the values of a, b, c, and d from the following equation.

 2a  b a  2b   4 3
 5c  d 4c  3d   11 24 
   
Sol. By equality of two matrices, equating the corresponding elements, we get
2a + b = 4 5c – d = 11
a – 2b = – 3 4c + 3d = 24
Solving these equations, we get a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 and d = 4
 sin  1/ 2  1 / 2 sin  
   
Ex. Let A =  1 / 2 cos   & B =  cos  cos  . Find  so that A = B.
   cos 
 cos  tan  
 1 

Sol. By definition A & B are equal if they have the same order and all the corresponding elements are equal.
1 1
Thus we have sin  = , cos = – & tan  = – 1
2 2

  = (2n + 1) – .
4

ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
Addition : A + B = [aij + bij] where A & B are of the same order.
(A) Addition of matrices is commutative
i.e. A + B = B + A
(B) Matrix addition is associative
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(C) Additive inverse
If A + B = O = B + A, then B is called additive inverse of A.
(D) Existence of additive identity
Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and O be an m × n zero matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other words,
O is the additive identity for matrix addition.
(E) Cancellation laws hold good in case of addition of matrices. If A,B,C are matrices of the same order, then
A + B = A + C  B = C (left cancellation law) and B + A = C + A  B = C (right-cancellation law)
 The zero matrix plays the same role in matrix addition as the number zero does in addition of numbers.
1 3   1 2 
  0
Ex. If A = 3 2  and B =  5  and A + B – D = O (zero matrix), then D matrix will be-
2 5   3 1 
a b 
c d 
Sol. Let D =  
 e f 
1 3   1 2  a b 1  1  a 3  2  b  0 0 
 A + B – D = 3 2    0 5    c d   3  0  c 2  5  d  
 0 0 
    
2 5   3 1  e f  2  3  e 5  1  f  0 0 
 –a = 0  a = 0, 1 – b = 0  b = 1,
3–c=0  c = 3, 7 – d = 0  d = 7,
5–e=0  e = 5, 6 – f = 0  f = 6
0 1 
 
 D = 3 7 
5 6 
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX BY SCALAR

Let  be a scalar (real or complex number) & A = [a ij]m × n be a matrix. Thus the product A is
defined as A = [b ij]m × n where b ij = aij  i & j.
 2 1 3 5   6 3 9 15 
   
e.g. : A =  0 2 1 3  & – 3A  (–3) A =  0 6 3 9 
 0 0 1 2   0 0 3 6 
 If A is a scalar matrix, then A = , where  is a diagonal entry of A

MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of A is same as number of rows of B.
i.e., A = [aij]m × p & B = [b ij]p × n.
p
Then AB = [c ij ] m × n where c ij =  a ik bkj ,
k 1
which is the dot product of i th row vector of A and j th
column vector of B.
0 1 1 1
1 2 3   3 4 9 1
e.g. : A =   , B =  0 0 1 0  , AB =  
2 3 1  1 1 2 0  1 3 7 2
(i) The product AB is defined if the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. A is c a l l e d
as premultiplier & B is called as post multiplier. AB is defined 
/ BA is defined.
(ii) In general AB  BA, even when both the products are defined.
(iii) A (BC) = (AB) C, whenever it is defined.
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

Consider all square matrices of order 'n'. Let Mn (F) denote the set of all square matrices of order n. (where F
is Q, R or C). Then
(A) A, B  Mn (F)  AB  Mn (F)

(B) In general AB  BA
(C) (AB) C = A(BC)
(D) n, the identity matrix of order n, is the multiplicative identity.
An = A = n A  A  Mn (F)
(E) For every non singular matrix A (i.e., |A|  0) of Mn (F) there exist a unique (particular)
matrix B  Mn (F) so that AB = n = BA. In this case we say that A & B are multiplicative
inverse of one another. In notations, we write B = A–1 or A = B –1.
(F) If  is a scalar (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
(G) A(B + C) = AB + AC  A, B, C  Mn (F)
(H) (A + B) C = AC + BC  A, B, C  Mn (F).
(i) Let A = [aij]m × n. Then An = A & m A = A, where n & m are identity matrices of order n & m
respectively.
(ii) For a square matrix A, A2 denotes AA, A3 denotes AAA etc.

 1 3 2  1 
Ex. Find the value of x, if [1 x 1]  2 5 1   2   O
  
15 3 2   x 
 1 3 2 1 
Sol. We have [1 x 1]1×3  2 5 1 2  = O
   
15 3 2  33  x  31
1 
 [1 + 2x + 15 3 + 5x + 3 2 + x + 2]  2  = O
 x 
1 
 
 [16 + 2x 6 + 5x 4 + x]  2  = O
 x 
 [(16 + 2x) . 1 + (6 + 5x) . 2 + (4 + x) . x] = O

 (16 + 2x) + (12 + 10x) + (4x + x2) = 0
 x2 + 16x + 28 = 0
 (x + 14)(x + 2) = 0
 x + 14 = 0 or x+2=0
 x = –14 or x = –2
Hence, x = –14 or x = –2
POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX
A n = 
A.A.A..............A
For a square matrix A, upto n time s
where n  N
(i) Am.An = Am+n

(ii) (Am)n = Amn, where m,n  N
(ii) If A and B are square matrices of same order and AB = BA then
(A + B)n = nC0An + nC1An–1B + nC2An–2B2 + ........... + nCnBn
Note that for a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m  N.
SPECIAL SQUARE MATRICES

(A) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
For idempotent matrix note the following :

(i) An = A  n 2, n  N .
(ii) determinant value of idempotent matrix is either 0 or 1

MATRIX
(B) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix which satisfies the relation Ak+1 = A, for some positive integer K, is a periodic
matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(C) Nilpotent Matrix : A square matrix of the order 'n' is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m  N ,
if Am = O & Am–1  O.
(D) Involutary Matrix : If A2 = I, the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix. i.e. square roots of identity matrix is
involutary matrix.
 The determinant value of involutary matrix is 1 or –1.
 1 1 3
Ex. Show that  5 2 6  is nilpotent matrix of order 3.

 2 1 3 
 1 1 3
 6 
Sol. Let A=  5 2
 2 1 3 
 1 1 3  1 1 3  1 5 6 1 2 3 3 6 9
 6  = 5  1 0  1 2
A = A.A =  5  5  4  6 1 5  1 2  1 8 
2
 2 6 ×  5 2

 2 1 3   2 1 3   2  5  6 2  2  3 6  6  9 
 0 0 0
 9 
=  3 3
 1 1 3 
 0 0 0  1 1 3  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
A = A .A =  3
3 2
3 
9 ×  5 2 6  = 3  1 5  18 3 6 9 9  18  3 7 
 
 1 1 3   2 1 3   1  5  6 1  2  3 3  6  9 
0 0 0
= 0 0 0  = O

0 0 0 
 A3 = O i.e., Ak = O
Here k=3
Hence A is nilpotent of order 3.
Ex. Show that a square matrix A is involutory, if (I – A) (I + A) = O
Sol. Let A be involutory

Then A2 = I
(I – A) (I + A) = I2 + IA – AI – A2 = I + A – A – A2 = I – A2 = O
Conversly, let (I – A) (I + A) = O
 I2 + IA – AI – A2 = O  I + A – A – A2 = O
 I – A2 = O  A is involutory

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
Definition If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is
called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A' or (AT). In other words, if A = [aij]m × n, then
A' = [aji]n × m. For example,
 
3 5 3 3 0
   
If  3 1  , then A' =
5 1 
 1
1   5  23
0 
 5  32
PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX
(i) For any matrix A = [a ij ] m × n, (A) = A

(ii) Let  be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (A) = A
(iii) (A + B) = A + B & (A – B) = A – B for two comparable matrices A and B.
(iv) (A 1 ± A 2 ± ..... ± A n) = A 1  ± A 2  ± ..... ± A n, where A i are comparable.
(v) Let A = [a ij ] m × p & B = [b ij ] p × n , then (AB) = BA
(vi) (A 1 A 2 .......A n)= A n. A n – 1  ...........A 2  . A 1 , provided the product is defined.
SYMMETRIC & SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A = A

i.e. Let A = [a ij]n. A is symmetric iff a ij = a ji  i & j.
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if A = – A
i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is skew-symmetric iff aij = – a ji  i & j.
a h g
e.g. A =  h b f  is a symmetric matrix.
 g f c 
o x y
x o z 
B=   is a skew-symmetric matrix.
  y z 0 
(i) In a skew-symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are zero.

( aii = – aii  aii = 0)
(ii) For any square matrix A, A + A is symmetric & A – A is skew-symmetric.
(iii) Every square matrix can be uniqualy expressed as a sum of two square matrices of which one is
symmetric and the other is skew-symmetric.
1 1
A = B + C, where B = (A + A) & C = (A – A).
2 2

MATRIX
Ex. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then A is -
Sol. Let A = [aij] Since A is skew symmetric aij = –aji
for i = j, aii = –aii  aii = 0
for i  j, aij = –aji [A is skew symmetric ], & aij = aji [ A is symmetric]
 aij = 0 for all i  j
so, aij = 0 for all 'i' and 'j' i.e. A is null matrix.
cos   sin  
If A =   , then find the values of  satisfying the euqation A + A = I2.
T
Ex.
 sin  cos  
Sol. We have,
cos   sin    cos  sin  
A=    AT =  
 sin  cos     sin  cos  
Now, AT + A = I2
 cos  sin    cos   sin   1 0 
   sin  cos     sin  cos    0 1 
     
 2cos  0  1 0 
  0 
 2cos   0 1 
1  
 2 cos = 1 cos =  cos = cos   = 2n ± ,nZ
2 3 3
 2 –2 –4 
 
Ex. Express the matrix B =  –1 3 4  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
 1 –2 –3
 2 –1 1
 
Sol. Here B' =  –2 3 –2 
 –4 4 –3
 3 3
 2 –
2
– 
2
 4 –3 –3   
1  
2  = – 1 
1 3
Let P = (B + B') =  –3 6 3
2 2  2 
 –3 2 –6   
– 3 1 –3 
 2 
 –3 –3 
2 2 2
 
 –3 3 1  =P
Now P' =  
2
 
 –3 1 –3 
 2 

1
Thus P= (B + B') is a symmetric matrix.
2
 –1 –5 
0 2 2
0 –1 –5  
1 1 1 0 6   1 0 3
Also, Let Q = (B – B') =   =  
2 2 5 –6 0   2 
 
5 –3 0
 2 
 1 5 
 0 2 3 
 
Q' =  – –3 = – Q
1
Now 0
2 
 
– 5
3 0 
 2 
1
Thus Q= (B – B') is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 –3 –3   –1 –5 
2 0
2 2  2 2   2 –2 –4 
   
 –3 1 +  3  =  –1 3 4  = B
1
Now P+Q=  3 0
2  2 
  5   1 –2 –3
–3
 1 –3   –3 0
 2   2 
Thus, B is reresented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix if A A T = I
Note
(i) The determinant value of orthogonal matrix is either 1 or –1.
a 1 a2 a3  a1 b1 c1 
(ii) Let A  b b2 b3   A   a 2
T
b2 c 2 
 1
 c1 c2 c 3  a 3 b3 c 3 
 a 12  a 22  a 23 a 1 b1  a 2 b2  a 3 b 3 a 1 c1  a 2 c 2  a 3 c 3 
 
AA T   b1 a 1  b2 a 2  b 3 a 3 b b b
2
1
2
2
2
3 b1 c1  b 2 c 2  b 3 c 3 
 c1 a 1  c2 a 2  c 3 a 3 c 1 b1  c 2 b 2  c 3 b 3 c12  c22  c 32 
 
If AA T = I, then
3 3 3 3 3 3
a
i 1
2
i   bi2   ci2 = 1 and
i 1 i 1
 a i bi   bi c i   c ia i  0
i 1 i 1 i 1

MATRIX
 0 2 
Ex. Determine the values of , ,  when     is orthogonal.
   
 0 2 
   
Sol. Let A=  
   
 0  
2    
 A' = 
    
But given A is orthogonal.

 AAT = I
 0 2   0   1 0 0 
   
   2     = 0 1 0 
  
         0 0 1 
 4 2   2 2 2   2 2 2   2  1 0 0 
  0 1 0 
  2  
2 2
   
2 2 2
 2  2   2  =  
 2    2
2
 2  2   2  2  2   2  0 0 1 
Equating the corresponding elements, we have

4 2 + 2 = 1 ........(i)
2 –  = 0
2 2
........(ii)
2 +  2 + 2 = 1 ........(iii)
1 1
From (i) and (ii), 6 2 = 1  2 = and 2 =
6 3
1 1 1
From (iii) 2 = 1 –  2 – 2 = 1 – – =
6 3 2
1 1 1
Hence,  =  ,= and  = 
2 6 3
ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n and let Cij be cofactor of aij in A then the adjoint of A, denoted by adj A, is
defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix.
T
 C1 1 C 12 C 13 
Then, adjA = [Cij] T  adjA = C 23 C 22 C 23 


C 31 C32 C 3 3 

Theorem A (adj. A) = (adj. A) .A = |A| In.
 a 1 1 a 12 a 13   C 11 C 21 C 31 
   
Proof A.(adj A)   a 21 a 2 2 a 23   C 12 C22 C 32 
a  C C 33 
 31 a 32 a 33   13 C23
| A| 0 0  1 0 0 
   
 0 | A| 0   | A |  0 1 0   A. (Adj. A) = | A | I
 0  0 0 1 
 0 | A|   
(whatever may be the value only |A| will come out as a common element)
A. (adj. A)
If | A |  0 then = I = unit matrix of the same order as that of A
|A|
Properties of adjoint matrix

If A be a square matrix of order n, then
(i) |adj A| = |A|n–1 (ii) adj(adj A) = |A|n–2 A, where |A| 0
2
(iii) | adj(adj A)| | A| (n 1 ) , where |A| 0 (iv) adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(v) adj(KA) = Kn–1 (adj A) , K is a scalar (vi) adj AT = (adj A)T
Method to find Adjoint of a 2 × 2 Square Matrix, Directly

Let A be a 2 × 2 square matrix. In order to find the adjoint simply interchange the diagonal elements and reverse the
sign of off diagonal elements (rest of the elements).
p q s q 
e.g. If A =   adjA  
r s   r p 
2 0 0
Ex. If A = 2 2 0  , then adj (adj A) is equal to -
2 2 2 
2 0 0
Sol. |A| = 2 2 0 =8
2 2 2
Now adj (adj A) = |A|3–2 A
2 0 0 1 0 0 
1 1 0 
=8 2 2 0 = 16  
2 2 2 1 1 1 

MATRIX
Inverse of a Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix)
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that,
AB = I = BA
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A 1 .
Thus A 1 = B  A B = I = B A .
We have , A . (adj A) = A In
A 1 A (adj A) = A 1 In 
In (adj A) = A 1 A In
(adj A)
 A 1 =
|A|
 The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that A 0.
Imp. Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices of the same order , then (AB) 1 = B 1 A 1. This is reversal law for inverse.
(i) If A be an invertible matrix , then AT is also invertible & (AT) 1 = (A 1)T.
(ii) If A is invertible, (A) (A 1) 1 = A ; (B) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = A–k, k  N
(iii)If A is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA
(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT .

1
(v) | A–1 | =
|A|
Ex. Prove that if A is non-singular matrix such that A is symmetric then A–1 is also symmetric.
Sol. AT = A [ A is a symmetric matrix]
(AT)–1 = A–1 [since A is non-singular matrix]
 (A–1)T = A–1 Hence proved
0 1 
0 1 2  1 0 
If A = 
2 0 
–1
Ex.
2
, B=   and M = AB, then M is equal to-
1 1 
0 1 
0 1 2  1 0   1 2
M=   =
2 0  1 1   2 2 
Sol.
2
 
2 2 
|M| = 6 , adj M = 
2 1 
1 2 2  1 / 3 1 / 3 
 M–1 = 6  
2 1  1 / 3
 1 / 6 

2 3
Ex. Show that the matrix A =   satisfies the equation A2 – 4A + I = O, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix and O
1 2
is 2 × 2 zero matrix. Using the equation, find A–1 .
2 3 2 3  7 12 
Sol. We have A2 = A.A =   1 2 =  4 7 
 1 2     
 7 12   8 12  1 0  0 0
Hence A2 – 4A + I =  4 7  –  4 8  +  0 1  =  0 0  = 0
       
Now A2 – 4A + I = 0
Therefore
A A – 4A = – I
or AA(A–1) – 4 A A–1 = – I A–1 (Post multiplying by A–1 because |A| 0)
or A (A A–1) – 4I = – A–1
or AI – 4I = – A–1
 4 0  2 3 2 –3 
or A–1 = 4I – A =  0 4  –  1 2  =  –1 2 
    
2 –3 
Hence A–1 =  –1 2 

Matrix Polynomial
If ƒ (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + anx0, then we define a matrix polynomial
ƒ (a) = a0An + a1An – 1 + a2An–2 + ....... + anIn.
where A is the given square matrix. If ƒ (a) is the null matrix, then A is called the zero or root of the polynomial ƒ (x).
System of Equation & Criterian For Consistency Gauss - Jordan Method

x+y+z = 6 xy+z=2 2x + y  z = 1
 xyz  6
   
 xyz  =  
or 2
 2x  y  z 1
   
1 1 1  x 6
     
 1 1 1   y = 2
 2 1 1  z 1
     
A X = B  A 1 A X = A 1 B
(adj. A).B
X = A 1 B = .
|A|

MATRIX
(i) If A 0, system is consistent having unique solution
(ii) If A 0 & (adj A) . B  O (Null matrix) ,

system is consistent having unique non  trivial solution .
(iii) If A 0 & (adj A) . B = O (Null matrix) ,

system is consistent having trivial solution .
(iv) If A= 0 , matrix method fails
If (adj A) . B = null matrix = O If (adj A) . B  O
Consistent (Infinite solutions) Inconsistent (no solution)

TIPS & FORMULAS

1. Introduction
A rectangular array mn numbers in the form of m horizontal lines (called rows) and n vertical lines (called columns),
is called a matrix of order m by n, written as m × n matrix.
In comopact form, the matrix is represented by A = [aij ]mxn
2. Special type of Matrices

(A) Row Matrix (Row vector) : A = [a11 , a12 , .............. a1n] i.e. row matrix has exactly one row.
 a11 
a 
(B) Column Matrix (Column vector) : A =  21  i.e. column matrix has exactly one column.
 .. 
 
 a m1 
(C) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Omxn ), An m × n matrix whose all entries are zero.
(D) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
(E) Vertical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n.
(F) Square Matrix : (Order n) If number of rows = number of column, then matrix is a square matrix.
Note
(i) The pair of elements aij and aji are called Conjugate Elements.
(ii) The elements a11, a22, a33, ...... anm are called Diagonal Elements. The line along which the diagonal elements
lie is called “Principal or leading diagonal.” The quantity aij = trace of the matrix written as, tr (A)
3. Square Matrices
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denoted as

A = diag (a11 , a22 ,........., anm)
where aij= 0 for i j
1 3 -2 1 0 0
A= 0 2 4 B= 2 - 3 0
0 0 5 4 3 3
Scalar Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix
a 0 0 1 0 0 1 if i = j
aij= 0 if i  j
0 a 0 0 1 0
0 0 a 0 0 1 if a11 = a22 = a33 = 1
if a11 = a22 = a33 = a
Note
(i) Minimum number of zeros in triangular matrix of order n = n(n–1)/2
(ii) Minimum number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n = n( n – 1)

MATRIX
4. Equality of Matrices
Let A = [aij] & B = [bij] are equal if,
(A) both have the same order. (B) aij = bij for each pair of i & j.
5. Algebra of Matrices
Addition : A + B = [aij + bij] where A & B are of the same order.
(A) Addition of matrices is commutative : A + B = B + A
(B) Matrix addition is associative : (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
6. Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
a b c   ka kb kc 
If  
A =  b c a  , then kA = kb kc ka 
 
 c a b   kc ka kb
7. Multiplication of Matrices (Row by Column)

Let A be a matrix of order m × n and B be a matrix of order p × q then the matrix multiplication AB is possible if and
only if n = p.
Let A m × n = [aij] and B n × p = [bij], then order of AB is m × p &
n
(AB)ij =  a ir brj
r=1
8. Characteristic Equation
Let A be a square matrix. Then the polynomial |A – xI| is called as characteristic polynomial of A & the equation
|A –xI| = 0 is called characteristic equation of A.
9. Cayley - Hamilton Theorem

Every square matrix A satisfy its characteristic equation i.e. a0xn + a1xn + ....... + a1An–1 + ....... + an–1 A + anI = 0
10. Properties of Matrix Multiplication

(A) AB = 0  A = 0 or B = 0 (in general)
Note
If A and B are two non-zero matrices such that AB = O, then A and B are called the divisors of zero. If A and B are two
matrices such that
(i) AB = BA then A and B are said to commute
(ii) AB = –BA then A and B are said to anticommute
(B) Matrix Multiplication is Associative :
If A, B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then (AB)C = A(BC)
(C) Distributivity
A(B+C) = AB + AC Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products.
(A+B)C = AC + BC

11. Positive Integral Powers of a Square Matrix
(A) AmAn = Am+n (B) (Am)n = Amn = (An)m
(C) Im = I m,n  N
12. Orthogonal Matrix

A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix if A AT = I
Note
(i) The determinant value of orthogonal matrix is either 1 or –1.
Hence orthogonal matrix is always invertible
(ii) AAT = I = AT A Hence A–1 = AT.
13. Some Square Matrices

(A) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
For idempotent matrix note the following :
(i) A n  A  n  2, n  N
(ii) Determinant value of idempotent matrix is either 0 or 1.
(iii) If idempotent matrix is invertible then its inverse will be identity matrix i.e. I.
(B) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix which satisfies the relation Ak+1 = A, for some positive integer K, is a
periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(C) Nilpotent Matrix : A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m  N, if Am = O, Am-1  O.
Note that a nilpotent matrix will not be invertible.
(D) Involuntary Matrix : If A2 = I, the matrix is said to be an involuntary matrix.
Note that A = A–1 for an involuntary matrix.
(E) If A and B are square matrices of same order and AB = BA then
(A + B)n = nC0An + nC1An–1B + nC2An–2B2 + ........ + nCn Bn
14. Transpose of a Matrix : (Changing rows & columns)

Let A be any matrix of order m × n. Then AT or A’ = [aij] for 1  i  n & 1  j  m of order n × m
Properties of Transpose :
If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B
(A) (A + B)T = AT + BT ; note that A & B have the same order.
(B) (AB)T = BT AT (Reversal law) A & B are conformable for matrix product AB
(C) (AT)T = A
(D) (kA)T = kAT, where k is a scalar.
General : (A1.A2, ............. An)T = AnT. ............. . A2T . A1T (reversal law for transpose)

MATRIX
15. Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix
(A) Symmetric matrix :
For symmetric matrix A = AT
n(n +1)
Note : Maximum number of distinct entries in any symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
(B) Skew symmetric matrix :
Square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric if
a ij = –a ji ; i  j . Hence if A is skew symmetric, then
a i i = a–a
i i i= 
i . –a i i
ia 0i i =i 0  i .
i =a
Thus the diagonal elements of a skew square matrix are all zero.
but not the converse.
For a skew symmetric matrix A = –AT.
(C) Properties of Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix :
(i) Let A be any square matrix then, A + AT is a symmetric matrix & A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
(ii) The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and the sum of two skew symmetric matrix
is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iii) If A & B are symmetric matricews then,
(1) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix
(2) AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iv) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum or difference of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.
1 1
A = (A + AT ) + (A – AT ) (symmetric matrix)
2 2
1 T 1 T
and A = (A + A) – (A – A) (skew symmetric matrix)
2 2
16. Adjoint of a Square Matrix
 a11 a12 a13 

Let A = [a ij ] =  a 21 a 22 a 23  be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the cofactors of [aij] in determinant |A|
a 
 31 a 32 a 33 
 C11 C12 C13   C11 C21 C31 

   
is  C21 C22 C23  . Then (adj A) =
 C12 C22 C32 
C C33  C
 31 C32  13 C23 C33 
Note
If A be a square matrix of order n, then
(i) A(adj A) = |A| In = (adj A). A (ii) A|adj A| = |A| n–1
|adj(adj A)| = |A|(n 1)
2
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A (iv)
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) (vi) adj (KA) = Kn–1 (adj A), where K is a scalar

17. Inverse of a Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix)
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that, AB = 1 = BA
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A–1. Thus
A–1 = B  AB = 1 = BA
We have, A–1 A.(adj A) = A–1 In |A|
In (adj A ) = A–1 |A| In
(adj A)
 A 1 

|A|
Note : The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that |A|  0
Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices of the same order,
then (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
Note :
(i) If A be an invertible matrix, then AT is also invertible & (AT)–1 = (A–1)T.
(ii) If A is invertible, (A) (A–1)–1 = A (B) (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k = A–k ; k  N
18. System of Equation & Criteria for Consistency

Gauss – Jordan Method :
Example :
a 1x + b 1y + c 1z = d 1
a 2x + b 2y + c 2z = d 2
a 3x + b 3y + c 3z = d 3
a1 x + b1 y + c1z   d1  a1 + b1 + c1   x   d1 

 a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z   
  d 2 
    
a 2 + b 2 + c 2   y   d 2 
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z   d 3  a3 + b 3 + c3   z   d3 
 AX =B  A–1 AX = A–1 B
Adj A
 X=A 1B = .B
|A|
Note
(i) If |A|  = 0, system is consistent having unique solution.
(ii) If |A|  0 & (adj A) . B  0 (Null matrix), system is consistent having unique non-trival solution.
(iii) If |A|  0 & (adj A) . B = 0 (Null matrix), system is consistent having trival solution.
(iv) If |A| = 0, then matrix methods fails.
If (adj A) . B = 0 (null matrix) If (adj A) . B  0
Consistent Inconsistent
(infinite solutions) (no solution)

MATRIX
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1
Ex. 1 Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = | i –3j |.
2
 a11 a12 
 
Sol. In general a 3 × 2 matrix is given by A =  a 21 a 22  .
 a 31 a 32 
1
aij = | i – 3j |, i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2
2
1 1 5
Therefore a11 = | 1 – 3 × 1 | = 1 a 12 = | 1 – 3 × 2 | =
2 2 2
1 1 1
a21 = |2–3×1|= a = |2–3×2|=2
2 2 22 2
1 1 3
a31 = |3–3×1|=0 a32 = |3–3×2|=
2 2 2
 5
1 2
 
1 2
Hence the required matrix is given hy A =  
2
 
0 3
 2 
2 3 1  x
  1
Ex. 2 If [1 x 2] 0 4 2    = O, then the value of x is :-
0 3 2   1 
Sol. The LHS of the equation
 x
 
= [2 4x + 9 2x + 5]  1  = [2x + 4x + 9 – 2x – 5] = 4x + 4
 1 
Thus 4x + 4 = 0  x = –1
Ex. 3 Find the value of x, y, z and w which satisfy the matrix equation
x  3 2 y  x   x  1 0 
 z 1 4 w  8   3
=
2 w 

Sol. As the given matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal.
x+3=–x–1  2x = – 4
 x=–2 ......(i)
2y + x = 0  2y – 2 = 0 [from (i)]
 y=1 ......(ii)
z–1=3  z=4 ......(iii)
4w – 8 = 2w  2w = 8
 w=4 ......(iv)

Ex. 4 Prove that if A is non-singular matrix such that A is symmetric then A–1 is also symmetric.
Sol. AT = A [ A is a symmetric matrix]
(AT)–1 = A–1 [since A is non-singular matrix]
 (A–1)T = A–1 Hence proved
 x  3 z  4 2y – 7   0 6 3y – 2 
 –6 a –1   –6 –3 2c  2  , then find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.
Ex. 5 If  0  = 
 b – 3 –21 0   2b  4 –21 0 
Sol. As the given matrices are equal, therefore, their corresponding elements must be equal. Comparing the
corresponding elements, we get
x+3=0 z+4=6 2y – 7 = 3y – 2
a–1=–3 0 = 2c + 2 b – 3 = 2b + 4
 a = – 2, b = – 7, c = – 1, x = – 3, y = – 5, z = 2
1 3 2  1 4 1 0 1 1 1 2 
Ex. 6 Let A  2 1
 
3  , B  2
 
1 1 1  & C  3 2

1 1  be the matrices then, prove that in matrix
4 3 1  1 2 1 2  2 5 1 0 
multiplication cancellation law does not hold.
Sol. We have to show that AB = AC; though B is not equal to C.
1 3 2  1 1 0   3 3
4 0 1 
    
We have AB  2 1 3  2 1 1 1    1 15 0 5 
4 3 1  1 2 1 2   3 1 5 0 5  3 4
1 3 2  2 1 1 2   3 3 0 1 
    
Now, AC  2 1 3  3 2 1 1    1 1 5 0 5 
4 3 1  2 5 1 0   3 1 5 0 5  3 4
Here, AB = AC though B is not equal to C. Thus cancellation law does not hold in general.
0 1 
0 1 2  1 0 
If A = 
2 0 
–1
Ex. 7
2
, B=   and M = AB, then M is equal to-
1 1 
0 1 
0 1 2  1 0   1 2 
M=   = 
2 0  
Sol.
2 1 1   2 2 
2 2 
|M| = 6 , adj M = 
2 1 
1 2 2  1 / 3 1 / 3 
 M–1 = 6  
2 1  1 / 3 1 / 6 

MATRIX
1 2  3 2
Ex. 8 If A, B are two matrices such that A + B = 2 4  , A – B =  2 0  then find AB.

 3 2
Sol. Given A + B = 1 2  ........(i) & A – B =  2 0  .......(ii)
2 4   
Adding (i) & (ii)
4 4 2 2 
2A = 0 4   A = 0 2 
  
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
 2 0  1 0 
2B =  4 4   B =  2 2
  
2 2    1 0  2 4
Now AB = 0 2   2 2  = 4 4 
    
Ex. 9 If A and B are matrices of order m × n and n × m respectively, then order of matrix BT(AT)T is -
Sol. Order of B is n × m so order of BT will be m × n
Now (AT)T = A & its order is m × n. For the multiplication BT(AT)T
Number of columns in prefactor Number of rows in post factor.
Hence this multiplication is not defined.
Hence the given matrix A is involutory.
 2 1
Ex. 10 If ƒ (x) = x2 – 3x + 3 and A   4
 be a square matrix then prove that ƒ (a) = O. Hence find A .
 1 1 
 2 1  2 1  3 3
Sol. A 2  A.A    
 1 1   1 1   3 0 
 3 3  2 1 1 0   0 0
A2 – 3A + 3I =   3  3  O
0 
Hence
 3 0   1 1  0 1  0
1 2 0
Ex. 11 If A = 2 1 0  , show that 5A–1 = A2 + A – 5I

0 0 1 
Sol. We have the characteristic equation of A.

|A – xI| = 0
1x 2 0
2 1  x 0
i.e. =0
0 0 1  x
i.e. x3 + x2 – 5x – 5 = 0
Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem
A3 + A2 – 5A – 5I = O  5I = A3 + A2 – 5A
Multiplying by A–1, we get 5A–1 = A2 + A – 5I

2 2 4 
 4  is idempotent.
Ex. 12 Show that the matrix A =  1 3
 1 2 3 
2 2 4  2 2 4 
   4 
Sol. A = A.A =  1
2
3 4  ×  1 3
 1 2 3   1 2 3 
2.2  (2 ).(1)  (4 ).1 2 (2 )  (2 ).3  (4 ).(2 ) 2.(4 )  (2 ).4  (4 ).(3 )
 (1).(4 )  3.4  4.(3 ) 
=  (1).2  3 .(1)  4.1 (1).(2 )  3.3  4.(2 )
1.2  (2 ).(1)  (3).1 1.(2 )  (2 ).3  (3 ).(2 ) 1.(4 )  (2 ).4  (3 ).(3 )
 2 2 4 
=  1 3 4  = A

 1 2 3 
Hence the matrix A is idempotent.
 5 8 0
Ex. 13 Show that the matrix A =  3 5 0  is involutory..
 1 2 1 
 5 8 0  5 8 0  25  24  0 4 0  40  0 0 0 0
  0  =  15  15  0 0  0  0 
Sol. 2
A = A.A =  3 5 0  ×  3 5 24  25  0
 1 2 1   1 2 1   5  6  1 8  1 0  2 0  0  1 
1 0 0 
= 0 1 0  = I
 
0 0 1 
1 3 5 
 
Ex. 14 If A = 3 5 1  , then adj A is equal to -
5 1 3 
T
 14 4 2 2   14 4 2 2 
   14 
Sol. adj. A =  4 2 2 1 4  =  4 22
 22 14 4   22 14 4 

MATRIX
1
 1  tan  / 2   1 tan  / 2 
Ex. 15  tan  / 2    tan  / 2  is equal to -
 1   1 
1
 1 tan  / 2  1  1  tan  / 2 
Sol.  tan  / 2  =  
 1  sec  / 2  tan  / 2
2 1 
1  1  tan  / 2   1  tan  / 2 
 Product =    tan  / 2 
sec  / 2  tan  / 2
2
1   1 
1 1  tan 2  / 2 2 tan  / 2 
=  
sec 2  / 2  2 tan  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 
cos2  / 2 sin 2  / 2 2 sin  / 2 cos  / 2  cos   sin  

=   =  
 2 sin  / 2 cos  / 2 cos  / 2  sin  / 2   sin  cos  
2 2
x  y  z 16
Ex. 16 Solve the system x  y  z  2 using matrix method.
2 x  y  z 1
1 1 1 x 6 
 1 1  , X =  y   
Sol. Let A = 1   & B = 2 
2 1 1   z  1 
Then the system is AX = B.
A = 6, hence A is non singular,,
0 3 3
 3 1 
Cofactor A = 2
2 0 2 
0 2 2
adj A = 3 3 0 
3 1 2 
0 2 2  0 1/ 3 1/ 3 
1  
0  = 1 / 2 0 
1
–1
A = adj A = 3 3 1 / 2
A 6 
3 1 2  1 / 2 1/ 6 1 / 3 
 0 1/ 3 1/ 3  6  x 1 
 0  2   
–1
X = A B = 1 / 2 1 / 2
  i.e.  y  = 2 
 
1 / 2 1/ 6 1 / 3  1   z  3 
 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

 8 0  2 –2
   4 2
Ex. 17 IF A =  4 –2  and B =   , then find the matrix X, such that 2A + 3X = 5B
 3 6   –5 1
Sol. We have 2A + 3X = 5B.
 3X = 5B – 2A
1
 X= (5B – 2A)
3
  2 –2  8 0     10 –10   –16 0  
1      1   
 X =  5  4 2  – 2  4 –2   =   20 10    –8 4  
3 3
  –5 1  3 6   
  –25 5   –6 –12  
 –10 
 –2 3 
 10 – 16 –10  0   –6 –10   
1 1   4 14 

 X =  20 – 8 10  4  = 3  12 14  =  3 
3  –13 –7   
 –25 – 6 5 – 12   –31 –7 
 3 3 
 1 2 3 
 3 –2 1  3
Ex. 18 If A =   , then show that A – 23A – 40 I = O
 4 2 1 
 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
   3 –2 1  
Sol. We have A = A.A =  3 –2 1 
2
  =  1 12 8 
 4 2 1   4 2 1 14 6 15
 1 2 3 19 4 8   63 46 69 
 1 12 8 
So A3 = AA2 =  3 –2 1   = 69 –6 23
   
 4 2 1 14 6 15 92 46 63
 63 46 69   1 2 3 1 0 0 
69 –6 23  3 –2 1   
Now A3 – 23A – 40I =   – 23   – 40 0 1 0 
92 46 63   4 2 1  0 0 1 
 63 46 69   –23 –46 –69   –40 0 0 

69 –6 23  –69 46 –23  0 –40 0 
=   +   +  
92 46 63  
 –92 –46 –23  0 0 –40 
63 – 23 – 40 46 – 46  0 69 – 69  0 
 
=  69 – 69  0 –6  46 – 40 23 – 23  0 
 90 – 92  0 46 – 46  0 63 – 23 – 40 
0 0 0 
 
= 0 0 0  = O
0 0 0 

MATRIX
 –2 
 
Ex. 19 If A =  4  , B = [1 3 – 6], verify that (AB)' = B'A'.
 5
Sol. We have
 –2 
 4
A =   , B = [1 3 –6]
 5
 –2   –2 –6 12 
   4 12 –24 
Then AB =  4  [1 3 –6] =  
 5  5 15 –30 
 1
 
Now A' = [–2 4 5], B' =  3
 –6 
 1  –2 4 5
   –6 12 15
B'A' =  3 [–2 4 5] =   = (AB)'
 –6   12 –24 –30 
Clearly (AB)' = B'A'

Exercise # 1 [Single Correct Choice Type Questions]
1. If number of elements in a matrix is 60 then how many different order of matrix are possible -
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 24 (D) none of these
2. If AB = O for the matrices

 cos2  cos  sin   cos 2  cos  sin 
A=   and B =   then  –  is
cos  sin  sin 2   cos  sin  sin 2  

(A) an odd multiple of (B) an odd multiple of 
2

(C) an even multiple of (D) 0
2
 cos  sin  
3. If A =   , then AA is equal to -
  sin  cos  
(A) A+ (B) A (C) A (D) none of these
4. A is a (3×3) diagonal matrix having integral entries such that det (A) = 120, number of such matrices is
(A) 360 (B) 390 (C) 240 (D) 270
1 1  1 2  1 3  1 n  1 3 78 
5. If the product of n matrices  ......  is equal to the matrix  then the value
    
0 1  0 1  0 1 

0 1  0 1 
of n is equal to -
(A) 26 (B) 27 (C) 377 (D) 378
6. Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11 – y columns. Both AB and BA exist, then -
(A) x = 3, y = 4 (B) x = 4, y = 3 (C) x = 3, y = 8 (D) x = 8, y = 3
7. If A = diag (2, 1, 3), B = diag (1, 3, 2), then A2B =

(A) diag (5, 4, 11) (B) diag ( 4, 3, 18) (C) diag (3, 1, 8) (D) B
1 5   2 5
and 2A – 3B = 
7 
8. If A – 2B =   , then matrix B is equal to -
3 7  0
 4 5  0 6 2 1  6 1 
(A) 
7 
(B) 
7 
(C) 
2 
(D) 
 6  3 3 0 1 
9. Matrix A is such that A2 = 2A – , where  is the identity matrix. The for n  2, An =

(A) nA – (n – 1) (B) nA –  (C) 2n – 1 A – (n – 1) (D) 2n – 1 A – 
 0 1 2
10. If A =   and (aI2 +bA) = A , then -
  1 0 
(A) a = b = 2 (B) a = b = 1/ 2 (C) a = b = 3 (D) a = b = 1/ 3

MATRIX
11. If A is a skew symmetric matrix such that ATA = I, then A4n–1 (n  N) is equal to -
(A) – AT (B) I (C) – I (D) AT
12. Suppose A is a matrix such that A2 = A and ( + A)10 =  + kA, then k is

(A) 127 (B) 511 (C) 1023 (D) 1024
13. Which of the following is an orthogonal matrix -
6 / 7 2/ 7 3 / 7  6 / 7 2/ 7 3/ 7 
  6 / 7 
(A) 2 / 7 3/ 7 6 / 7  (B) 2 / 7 3 / 7
3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7  3 / 7 6/ 7 2 / 7 
 6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7  6/ 7 2 / 7 3/ 7 
 3 / 7 
(C)  2 / 7 3/ 7 6 / 7  (D)  2 / 7 2/ 7

 3 / 7 6/ 7 2 / 7   6 / 7 2/ 7 3 / 7 
1 3 1 0
14. Given A =   ,  =  0 1  . If A –   is a singular matrix then
2 2  
(A)  (B) 2 – 3 – 4 = 0 (C) 2 + 3 + 4 = 0 (D) 2 – 3 – 6 = 0
15. If A is an orthogonal matrix & | A | = –1, then AT is equal to -

(A) –A (B) A (C) –(adj A) (D) (adj A)
1 2   1 4 4 8
If A = 
0 
16. ,B=  and ABC = , then C equals -
3 2 3  3
 7 
1 72 32  1  5 4 11 0  1  5 4 11 0  1  7 2 3 2 

57 2 9  6 6  3 11 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
66  6 6  3 11  6 6  57 2 9 
 0 1 1
  A
17. A is an involutary matrix given by A =  4 3 4  then the inverse of will be
2
 3 3 4 
A 1 A
(A) 2A (B) (C) (D) A2
2 2
18. A and B are two given matrices such that the order of A is 3×4 , if A B and BA are both defined then
(A) order of B is 3 × 4 (B) order of BA is 4 × 4
(C) order of BA is 3 × 3 (D) BA is undefined
0 5 
 and (x) = 1 + x + x + ...... + x , then (A) =
2 16
19. If A = 
0 0 
1 5  1 5  0 5 
(A) 0 (B)   (C) 0 0  (D)  
0 1    1 1 

2 1   3 2  1 0
If  A 
4   5 3  0 1 
20. , then matrix A equals -
7
 7 5  2 1  7 1 5 3
(A) 
8 
(B)   (C) 
5 
(D) 
 11 5 3  3 4 13 8 
cos   sin  0   cos  0 sin  

 sin  cos  0  
21. If F () =   and G () =  0 1 0  , then [F () G ()]1=
 0 0 1    sin  0 cos  
(A) F ()  G() (B)  F ()  G () (C) [F()]1 [G()]1 (D) [G()]1 [F()]1
 cos 2  sin  cos    cos2  sin  cos  

22. If A =   ; B =   are such that, AB is a null matrix, then which
 sin  cos  sin 2    sin  cos  sin 2  

of the following should necessarily be an odd integral multiple of .
2
(A)  (B)  (C)  –  (D)  + 
 1 2 0 2 1 5
 3 3  and 2A – B = 2 1 6 
23. Let A + 2B =  6 
  5 3 1   0 1 2 
then Tr (A) – Tr (B) has the value equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none
 cos   sin  
For a given matrix A = 
cos  
24. which of the following statement holds good?
 sin 

(A) A = A–1   R (B) A is symmetric, for  = (2n + 1) , n I
2
(C) A is an orthogonal matrix for   R (D) A is a skew symmetric, for  = n ; n  I
x 3 2
 4  , if x y z = 60 and 8x + 4y + 3z = 20 , then A (adj A) is equal to
25. Matrix A =  1 y
 2 2 z 
 64 0 0   88 0 0   68 0 0   34 0 0 
     
(A)  0 64 0  (B)  0 88 0  (C)  0 68 0  (D)  0 34 0 
 
 0 0 64   0 0 88   0 0 68   0 0 34 
 1 tan x 
26. A =   tan x 1  then let us define a function f (x) = det. (A A ) then which of the following can not be the
T –1


  

value of f f  f  f ...........f (x)   is (n  2)
n times
(A) f n(x) (B) 1 (C) f n – 1(x) (D) n f (x)

MATRIX
 sin  cos  
27. Consider a matrix A () =   then
  cos  sin  
(A) A() is symmetric (B) A() is skew symmetric
 
(C) A–1() = A( – ) (D) A2() = A   2 
 2 
1 2 2   x  0 
28. The equation 1 3 4   y   0  has a solution for (x, y, z) besides (0, 0, 0). The value of k equals
     
3 4 k   z  0 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
1  1 1  1 
29. A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that A   =   and A2   =   . The sum of the elements of A, is

 1  
2 
 1 0
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 5
30. If A is an idempotent matrix satisfying,

(I – 0.4A)–1 = I – A
where I is the unit matrix of the same order as that of A then the value of  is equal to
(A) 2/5 (B) 2/3 (C) – 2/3 (D) 1/2

Exercise # 2 Part # I [Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions]
1. If A is a invertible idempotent matrix of order n, then adj A is equal to -

(A) (adj A)2 (B)  (C) A–1 (D) none of these
2. A square matrix can always be expressed as a

(A) sum of a symmetric matrix and skew symmetric matrix of the same order
(B) difference of a symmetric matrix and skew symmetric matrix of the same order
(C) skew symmetric matrix
(D) symmetric matrix
3. Choose the correct answer :

(A) every scalar matrix is an identity matrix.
(B) every identity matrix is a scalar matrix
(C) transpose of transpose of a matrix gives the matrix itself.
(D) for every square matrix A there exists another matrix B such that AB = I = BA.
4. Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily square) real matrices such that AT = BCD ; BT = CDA; CT = DAB and
DT = ABC for the matrix S = ABCD, then which of the following is/are true
(A) S3 = S (B) S2 = S4 (C) S = S2 (D) none of these
5. Let A be an invertible matrix then which of the following is/are true :

(A) |A–1| = |A|–1 (B) (A2)–1 = (A–1)2 (C) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (D) none of these
6. Let aij denote the element of the ith row and jthcolumn in a 3 × 3 matrix and let aij = –aji for every i and j then this matrix
is an -
(A) orthogonal matrix (B) singular matrix
(C) matrix whose principal diagonal elements are all zero (D) skew symmetric matrix
7. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) is equal to -
(A) adj (B) adj (A) (B) |B||A| B–1 A–1 (C) |B||A| A–1 B–1 (D) |A||B|(AB)–1
0 0 1 
8. If A  0 1 0  , then-
1 0 0 
0 0 1 
(A) AdjA is zero matrix (B) AdjA   0 1 0 

 1 0 0 
(C) A–1 = A (D) A2 = I

MATRIX
1 9 7 
 
9. If A  i 
n
8  , where i  1 and  is complex cube root of unity, then tr(a) will be-
1 6 2 n 
(A) 1, if n = 3k, k  N (B) 3, if n = 3k, k  N (C) 0, if n  3k, k  N (D) –1, if n  3k, n  N
1 1 0 
0 2 1 
10. If A–1 =  , then
 0 0  1 
(A) | A | = 2 (B) A is non-singular
 1 / 2 1 / 2 0 
 0 1 1/ 2 
(C) Adj. A =   (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
 0 0 1 / 2 
 1 1
11. Which of the following is true for matrix A =  
2 3 
(A) A + 4I is a symmetric matrix
(B) A2  4A + 5I 2 = 0
 1
(C) A  B is a diagonal matrix for any value of  if B = 
2 5 
(D) A  4I is a skew symmetric matrix
a b
If A =  satisfies the equation x2 + k = 0, then -
d 
12.
c
(A) a + d = 0 (B) k = –|A| (C) k = a2+ b2+ c2+ d2 (D) k = |A|
a b  a   b  
 
13. Matrix  b c  b  c   is non invertible if -
2 1 0 
(A)  = 1/2 (B) a, b, c are in A.P.

(C) a, b, c are in G.P. (D) a, b, c are in H.P.
14. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices and | A |  0, then which of the following are true?
(A) | AB | = 0  | B | = 0 (B) | AB | = 0  B = 0
(C) | A–1 |= | A |–1 (D) | A + A | = 2 | A |
15. If AB = A and BA = B, then

(A) A2B = A2 (B) B2A = B2 (C) ABA = A (D) BAB = B

1 1 1 1
16. Given the matrices A and B as A =   and B =  2 2  .
 4 1  
The two matrices X and Y are such that XA = B and AY = B then which of the following hold(s) true?
1  1 1 1 3 0  4 1
3  2 2  3  4 0 
(A) X = (B) Y = (C) det. X = det. Y (D) 3(X + Y) =  
4 2 
17. If A and B are two 3 × 3 matrices such that their product AB is a null matrix then
(A) det. A  0  B must be a null matrix.
(B) det. B  0  A must be a null matrix.
(C) If none of A and B are null matrices then atleast one of the two matrices must be singular.
(D) If neither det. A nor det. B is zero then the given statement is not possible.
 3 5  12 5  –1
18. Let P =   and Q =  7 3 then the matrix (PQ) is
 7 12   
(A) nilpotent (B) idempotent (C) involutory (D) symmetric
 x if i  j, x  R

19. Let A = aij be a matrix of order 3 where aij = 1 if | i  j | 1 then which of the following hold(s) good ?
0 otherwise
(A) for x = 2, A is a diagonal matrix.

(B) A is a symmetric matrix
(C) for x = 2, det A has the value equal to 6
(D) Let f (x) = det A, then the function f (x) has both the maxima and minima.
 1 tan x 
20. If A =   tan x 1 
then let us define a function f(x) = det (ATA–1) then which of the following can be the value

 (n  2)
of f(f(f(f...........f(x))))

n times
(A) fn(x) (B) 1 (C) fn–1(x) (D) nf(x)
Part # II [Assertion & Reason Type Questions]
These questions contains, Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason).

(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
1. Statement - I : If A is skew symmetric matrix of order 3 then its determinant should be zero
Statement - II : If A is square matrix, then det A = det A' = det(–A')

MATRIX
2. Statement-I : If A is a non-singular symmetric matrix, then its inverse is also symmetric.
Statement-II : (A–1)T = (AT)–1, where A is a non-singular symmetric matrix.
3. A and B be 3 × 3 matrices such that AB + A + B = 0

Statement-I : AB = BA
Statement-II : PP–1 = I = P–1 P for every matrix P which is invertible.
4. Let A be any 3 × 2 matrix.

Statement-I : Inverse of AAT does not exist.
Statement-II : AAT is a singular matrix.
 cos   sin  
5. Let A =   sin   cos  
 
Statement-I: A–1 exists for every   R.
Statement-II: A is orthogonal.
1 2 
Statement - I : There are only finitely many 2 × 2 matrices which commute with the matrix  .
1 
6.
 1
Statement - II : If A is non-singular, then it commutes with I, adj A and A–1.

Exercise # 3 Part # I [Matrix Match Type Questions]
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with one or more statement(s) in Column-II.
1. Column-I Column-II
Matrix Type of matrix
2 2 4 
(A)  1 3 4  (p) Idempotent

 1 2 3 
 5 8 0 
3 5 0 
(B)  (q) Involutary
 1 2 1 
1 2 2 
1
(C) 2 1 2  (r) Nilpotent
3
 2 2 1 
1 1 3 
5 2 6 
(D)  (s) Orthogonal
 2 1 3 
(A) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and (p) 6
det A = 162 then det  A  =

3
(B) If A is a matrix such that A2 = A and (q) 5
2  1
(I + A)5 = I + A then
7
4 3
If A =  and A2 – xA + yI = 0
5 
(C) (r) 0
2
then y – x =
 9 10 11 12 
(D) If A = 13 14 15 16  and (s) 9
 
17 18 19 20 
1 3 5 7 
 3 3 10 10 
B=  then (AB)23
 5 10 5 0 
 
 7 10 0 7 

MATRIX
Part # II [Comprehension Type Questions]
Comprehension # 1
Consider some special type of matrices.

A square matrix A is said to be an Idempotent Matrix if A2 = A.
A matrix A is said to be a Nilpotent Matrix if Ak = 0, for k  N.
A square matrix is said to be an Involutary Matrix, if A2 = I.
Consider the following matrices
 2 3 5   1 3 4   0 1 1
     
A =  1 4 5  ; B =  1 3 4  ; C =  4 3 4 
 1 3 4   1 3 4   3 3 4 
1. Which one of the following is a Nilpotent Matrix?

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) AC2
2. Which one of the following is not an Idempotent Matrix?

(A) A3C2 (B) A2C2 (C) BC2 (D) C2A
3. Which one of the following matrices posses an inverse?

(A) BC2 (B) A3C2 (C) A2B (D) C3
Comprehension # 2
If A is a symmetric and B skew symmetric matrix and A + B is non singular and C = (A + B)–1(A – B) then
1. CT(A + B)C =
(A) A + B (B) A – B (C) A (D) B
2. CT(A – B)C =
(A) A + B (B*) A – B (C) A (D) B
3. CTAC
(A) A + B (B) A – B (C*) A (D) B
Comprehension # 3
a 1 a 2 a 3 
T T  
Matrix A is called orthogonal matrix if AA = I = A A. Let A =  b1 b2 b3  be an orthogonal matrix. Let
 c1 c 2 c 3 
           
a  a 1 î  a 2 ˆj  a 3 kˆ , b  b1 î  b2 ˆj  b 3 kˆ , c  c1 î  c 2 ˆj  c 3 kˆ . Then | a| | b| | c|  1 & a . b  b.c  c.a  0
  
i.e. a, b & c forms mutually perpendicular triad of unit vectors.
a b c 
If abc = p and Q =  c a b  , where Q is an orthogonal matrix. Then.
 
 b c a 

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :
1. The values of a + b + c is -
(A) 2 (B) p (C) 2p (D) ±1
2. The values of ab + bc + ca is -
(A) 0 (B) p (C) 2p (D) 3p
3 3 3
3. The value of a + b + c is -
(A) p (B) 2p (C) 3p (D) None of these
4. The equation whose roots are a, b, c is -
(A) x3 – 2x2 + p = 0 (B) x3 – px2 + px + p = 0
(C) x3 – 2x2 + 2px + p = 0 (D) x3 ± x2 – p = 0

MATRIX
Exercise # 4 [Subjective Type Questions]
1 2 
  4 5 6
1. If A =  3 4  and B =   , will AB be equal to BA. Also find AB & BA.
 5 6   7 8 2 
  
 0  tan
If A =  2  show that ( + A) = ( – A)  cos   sin  
2.   sin  cos  
 tan  0   
 2 
0 1 1 
3. Let X be the solution set of the equation Ax = I, where A = 4 3 4  and I is the corresponding unit matrix and

3 3 4 
x  N then find the minimum value of  (cos x   sin x ),   R.

1 1 2
 
4. If A =  0 2 1  , show that A3 = (5A – ) (A – )
 1 0 2 
5. If and B are square matrices of order n, then prove that A and B will commute iff A –  I and B – I commute
for every scalar .
6. If AB = A and BA = B, then show that A2 = A, B 2 = B.
1  2 3 4 
1   
7. Find  (A  A  )  for A =  5 4 3 using elementary transformation.
 2 
 7 2 9 
a 2  (b 2  c2 ) cos  ab (1  cos ) ac (1  cos )

2 2 2
8. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then prove that ba (1  cos ) b  (c  a )cos  bc (1  cos )
ca (1  cos ) cb (1  cos ) c  (a 2  b 2 )cos 
2
is independent of a, b, c
9. Investigate for what values of ,  the simultaneous equations

x + y + z = 6; x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have;
(A) A unique solution (B) An infinite number of solutions.
(C) No solution.

10. An amount of Rs 5000 is put into three investments at the rate of interest of 6%, 7%, 8% per annum respectively.
The total annual income is Rs 358. If the combined income from the first two investments is Rs 70 more than
the income from the third, find the amount of each investment by matrix method.
11. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z:

(sin 3) x  y + z = 0
(cos 2) x + 4y + 3z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
Find the values of  for which this system has non  trivial solution.
 3 1
12. If f(x) = x2 – 5x + 7, find f(a) where A =  
 –1 2 
1 0 2
 
13. If A =  0 2 1  , then show that matrix A is a root of polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 2 = 0.
 2 0 3 
 2 0  
 
14. Given A =  5  0  For what values of  does A–1 exists. Find A1 & prove that
 0  3 
A1 = A2 6A + 11I, when = 1.

MATRIX
Exercise # 5 Part # I [Previous Year Questions] [AIEEE/JEE-MAIN]
a b    
1. If A =   and A2 =   then [AIEEE 2003]
b a   
(1)  = a2 + b2,  = a2 – b2 (2)  = a2 + b2,  = ab
(3)  = a2 + b2,  = 2ab (4)  = 2ab,  = a2 + b2
0 0 1 
 
2. If A =  0 1 0  then- [AIEEE 2004]
 1 0 0 
(1) A–1 does not exist (2) A2 =  (3) A = 0 (4) A = (–1) 
1 1 1  4 2 2
3. If A = 2 1

3  and 10B =

 5

0   where B = A–1, then  is equal to- [AIEEE 2004]
1 1 1   1 2 3 
(1) 2 (2) –1 (3) –2 (4) 5
4. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A [AIEEE 2005]

(1) I – A (2) A – I (3) A (4) A + I
5. If A =
LM1 0 OP LM1 0 OP , then which one of the following holds for all n1, (by the principal of
and I =
N1 1 Q N0 1 Q
mathematical induction) [AIEEE-2005]
(1) An = nA – (n–1) I (2) An = 2n-1A+ (n–1) I
(3) An = nA + (n–1) I (4) An = 2n-1A– (n–1) I
6. If A and B are square matrices of size n × n such that A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then which of the following will be
always true- [AIEEE- 2006]
(1) AB = BA (2) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
(3) Either of A or B is an identity matrix (4) A = B
1 2   a 0
7. Let A =   and B =  , a, b N. Then- [AIEEE- 2006]
3 4   0 b 
(1) there exist more than one but finite number of B's such that AB = BA
(2) there exist exactly one B such that AB = BA
(3) there exist infinitely many B's such that AB=BA
(4) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
5 5 
 
8. Let A = 0  5   If |A2| = 25, then || equals- [AIEEE- 2006]
0 0 5 
(1) 52 (2) 1 (3) 1/5 (4) 5

9. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denoted by tr(A), the sum of diagonal entries
of A. Assume that A2= I.
Statement –1: If A  I and A   I , then det A = –1 [AIEEE- 2008]
Statement –2 : If A  I and A   I , then tr(A)  0.
(1) Statement –1 is false, Statement –2 is true.
(2) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false
10. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers. Then which one of the following is true ? [AIEEE- 2008]
(1) If det A = ± 1, then A–1 exists but all its entries are not necessarily integers
(2) If det A  ±1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are non–integers
(3) If det A = ±1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are integers
(4) If det A = ±1, then A–1 need not exist
11. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix [AIEEE- 2009]

Statement–1 : adj (adj A) = A
Statement–2 : |adj A| = |A|
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for statement–1.
12. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is :- [AIEEE-2010]
(1) Less than 4 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) At least 7
13. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix. Define
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A. [AIEEE-2010]
Statement–1 : Tr(A) = 0.
Statement–2 : |A| = 1.
(2) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for statement–1.
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
(4) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
14. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.

Statement-1 : A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Statement-2 : AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative. [AIEEE-2011]
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(2) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(4) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.

MATRIX
15. Statement-1 : Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 is zero.
Statement-2 : For any matrix A, det(AT) = det(A) and det(–A) = –det(A).
Where det(B) denotes the determinant of matrix B. Then : [AIEEE-2011]
(1) Statement-1 is true and statement-2 is false (2) Both statements are true
(3) Both statements are false (4) Statement-1 is false and statement-2 is true.
 0 
16. If  1 is the complex cube root of unity and matrix H =  70
 , then H is equal to: [AIEEE-2011]
 0 
(1) H (2) 0 (3) –H (4) H2
17. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices with P  Q. If P 3 = Q 3 and P 2 Q = Q 2 P, then determinant of

(P2 + Q2) is equal to : [AIEEE-2012]
(1) –1 (2) –2 (3) 1 (4) 0
1 0 0  1  0 
     
18. Let A   2 1 0  . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such that Au1   0  and Au 2   1  , then u1 + u2 is equal
3 2 1  0  0 
     
to : [AIEEE-2012]
1   1   1   1 
       
(1)  1  (2)  1  (3)  1  (4)  1 
 1  0   1  0 
       
19. If A is an 3 × 3 non - singular matrix such that AA' = A'A and B = A–1 A', then BB' equals: [Main 2014]
(1) I + B (2) I (3) B–1 (4) (B–1)
1 2 2 
 
20. If A =  2 1 2  is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3 identify matrix, then the ordered pair
 a 2 b 
(a, b) is equal to [Main 2015]
(1) (2, 1) (2) (–2, –1) (3) (2, – 1) (4) (–2, 1)
21. The system of linear equations [Main 2016]

x + y – z = 0
x – y – z = 0
x + y – z = 0
has a non-trivial solution for :
(1) exactly one value of  exactly two values of 
(3) exactly three values of  (4) infinitely many values of 
5a b  T
22. If A =   and A adj A = A A , then 5a + b is equal to : [Main 2016]
3 2
(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) 13 (4) – 1

Part # II [Previous Year Questions][IIT-JEE ADVANCED]
a b c 
 
1. If matrix A =  b c a  where a,b,c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and AT A = I, then find the value of
 c a b 
a 3 + b 3 + c 3. [JEE 2003]
 2  3
2. If A    and |A | = 125, then  is equal to - [JEE 2004 (Screening)]
2  
(A) ±3 (B) ±2 (C) ±5 (D) 0
3. If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MTM = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M–I) = 0. [JEE 2004 (Mains)]
 a 1 0   a 1 1   f   a2  x
4.
 
A   1 b d , B   0 d c , U   g  , V   0  , X = y
       
 1 b c   f g h   h   0   z 
 
If AX = U has infinitely many solutions, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If
further afd  0, then prove that BX = V has no solution [JEE 2004 (Mains)]
1 0 0 1 0 0 
    1
5. A  0 1 1 ,   0 1 0  and A 1  (A 2  cA  d ) , then the value of c and d are -
6
0 2 4  0 0 1 
[JEE 2005 (Screening)]

(A) –6, –11 (B) 6, 11 (C) –6, 11 (D) 6, –11
 3 1 
 
If P   2 2  , A  1 1
APT and x = PT Q2005 P, then x is equal to - [JEE 2005 (Screening)]
6. 0 1 
and Q = PAP
 1 3 
 
 2 2 
1 2005  4  20 05 3 601 5 
(A)  (B)  
0 1   2 005 4  2 005 3 
1 2  3 1  1 2005 2  3
(C)   (D)  
4  1 2  3  4 2  3 2005 

MATRIX
Comprehension (3 questions)
1 0 0  1  2  2 
7.   , if U , U and U are columns matrices satisfying. AU  0  , AU 2  3  , AU  3  and U
A  2 1 0  1 2 3 1     3  
3 2 1  0  0  1 
is 3×3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the following questions -
(A) The value of |U| is -
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2

(B) The sum of the elements of U–1 is -
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3
3 
(C) The value of 3 2 0  U 2  is -
0 
(A) [5] (B) [5/2] (C) [4] (D) [3/2] [JEE 2006]
8. Match the Statement / Expressions in Column I with the Statements / Expressions in Column II and indicate your
answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.
Column I Column II
x2  2 x  4
(A) The minimum value of is (p) 0
x 2
(B) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers, (q) 1
where A is symmetric, B is skew-symmetric, and
t k t
(A+B)(A–B) = (A – B) (A + B). If (AB) = (–1) AB, where (AB)
is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the possible values of k are
a
(C) Let a = log3 log3 2. An integer k satisfying 1  2 ( k 3 )
2, (r) 2
must be less than
1 
(D) If sin = cos, then the possible values of       are (s) 3
 2
[JEE 2008]
9. Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these entries are 1 and four
of them are 0.
(A) The number of matrices in A is -
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3

x 1 
(B) The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A  y  
 0

 has a unique solution, is -
 z   0 
(A) less than 4 (B) at least 4 but less than 7

(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10
x 1 
   
(C) y 
The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A    0  is inconsistent, is -
 z   0 
(A) 0 (B) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1 [JEE 2009]
x 1 
10. (A) The number of 3  3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system A  y    0  has
 z   0 
exactly two distinct solutions, is

9
(A) 0 (B) 2 – 1 (C) 168 (D) 2
(B) Let k be a positive real number and let
2 k  1 2 k 2 k  0 2k 1 k 
   
A2 k 1  2 k  and B  1  2 k 0 2 k .
   
  2 k 2k 1 
   k 2 k 0 

6
If det (adj A) + det(adj B) = 10 , then [k] is equal to
[Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k].
(C) Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2  2 matrices :
 a b  
Tp   A    : a, b, c  0,1, 2,....., p  1
 c a  
(i) The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det(A) divisible by p is
2 2
(A) (p – 1) (B) 2 (p – 1) (C) (p – 1) + 1 (D) 2p –1
(ii) The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is -
[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]

2 3 2 2 2
(A) (p – 1) (p – p + 1) (B) p – (p – 1) (C) (p – 1) (D) (p – 1) (p – 2)
(iii) The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is -

2 3 3 3 2
(A) 2p (B) p – 5p (C) p – 3p (D) p – p [JEE 2010]

MATRIX
T
11. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If P denotes the transpose
2 2 T –1 –1 T
of P, then M N (M N) (MN ) is equal to - [JEE 2011]
2 2 2
(A) M (B) –N (C) –M (D) MN
1 a b
 
12. Let 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form   1 c  , where
2  1 
each of a,b and c is either  or  . Then the number of distinct matrices in the set S is-
2
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8 [JEE 2011]
13. Let M be 3 × 3 matrix satisfying
0   1  1  1  1   0 
           
M 1    2  , M  1    1  and M 1    0 
0   3   0   1  1  12 
Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is [JEE 2011]

i+j
14. Let P =[aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2 aij for 1 < i, j < 3. If the determinant of P is 2,
then the determinant of the matrix Q is - [JEE 2012]
10 11 12 13
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2
15. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, then there
 x  0 
exists a column matrix X   y   0  such that [JEE 2012]
 z  0 
0 
(A) P X   0  (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D) PX = –X
 0 
1 4 4
 
16. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7  , then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is (are) - [JEE 2012]
2 1 3 
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2
17. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if [JEE Ad. 2014]
(A) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(B) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of M
(C) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main diagonal
(D) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the square of an integer

18. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3 non-zero, skew-symmetric matrics and z be an arbitrary 3 × 3, non-zero, symmetric
matrix. Then which of the following matrices is (are) skew symmetric ? [JEE Ad. 2015]
3 4 4 3 44 44
(A) Y Z – Z Y (B) X + Y
4 3 3 4
(C) X Z – Z X (D) X23 + Y23
 3 1 2 
19. Let P   2 0 a  , where   R . Suppose Q = [qij] is a matric such that PQ = kI, where k  R , k  0 and I is
 
 3 5 0 
k k2
the identify matrix of order 3. If q23 =  and det (Q) = , then [JEE Ad. 2015]
8 2
(A) a = 0, k = 8 (B) 4a – k + 8 = 0
(C) det (P adj(Q)) = 29 (D) det (Q adj (P)) = 213
 1 0 0
 
20. Let P =  4 1 0  and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q = [qi j] is a matrix such that P50 – Q = I, then
16 4 1 
q31  q 32
equal [JEE Ad. 2016]
q 21
(A) 52 (B) 103 (C) 201 (D) 205

MATRIX
MOCK TEST
SECTION - I : STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
1 2 a b a d
1. Let A =   and B =   are two matrices such that AB = BA and c  0, then value of is :
3 4 c d 3b  c
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) –1
3 1 1
2. If A = 0 1 2  , then AA is
 
(A) symmetric matrix (B) skew - symmetric matrix
(C) orthogonal matrix (D) none of these
3. Let A and B are two non-singular square matrices, AT and BT are the transpose matrices of A and B
respectively, then which of the following is correct
(A) BT AB is symmetric matrix if and only if A is symmetric
(B) BT AB is symmetric matrix if and only if B is symmetric
(C) BT AB is skew symmetric matrix for every matrix A
(D) BT AB is skew symmetric matrix if B is skew symmetric
4. If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 × 3 which satisfy AB = A and BA = B then (A + B) 7 is
(A) 7 (A + B) (B) 7.3 × 3 (C) 64 (A + B) (D) 128 3 × 3
5. If A3 = O, then  + A + A2 equals
(A)  – A (B) ( – A)–1 (C) ( + A)–1 (D) none of these
 x x x 
 x x x  –1
6. Let A =   , then A exists if
 x x x 
(A) x  0 (B)  0 (C) 3x +   0,   0 (D) x  0,  0
1 a  1 n
7. If A    then lim A is
n 
0 1  n
0 a  0 0 0 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) Does not exist
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1   3 2 1 0 
8. If   A   =   , then A =
3 2 5 3  0 1 
1 1  1 1 1 0  1 1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) –  
1 0  0 1 1 1  1 0 

9. If A and B are two matrices, then
(A) AB = BA (B) AB = O
(C) AB =  (D) AB cannot necessarily be defined
10. S1 : Square matrix A is non-singular and symmetric then ((A–1)–1)–1 is skew symmetric
S2 : Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
S3 : Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is diagonal matrix
S4 : Product of two invertible square matrices of same order is also invertible.
(A) FTFT (B) FTTF (C) FTTT (D) TFFT
SECTION - II : MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE
11. If A is a square matrix, then

(A) AA is symmetric (B) AA is skew - symmetric
(C) AA is symmetric (D) AA is skew - symmetric
1 2 2 
 
12. Let A =  2 1 2  , then
 2 2 1 
1
(A) A2 – 4A – 53 = 0 (B) A–1 = (A – 43) (C) A3 is not invertible (D) A2 is invertible
5
 a b (a  b) 
13. Matrix  b c (b  c)  is non invertible if
 
 2 1 0 
(A)  = 1/2 (B) a, b, c are in A.P. (C) a, b, c are in G.P. (D) a, b, c are in H.P.
 3 –3 4
14. If A =  2 –3 4 , then
 
 0 –1 1 
(A) adj(adjA) = A (B) |adj(adjA)| = 1 (C) |adjA| = 1 (D) None of these
1 1 1
 
15. If A =  1 1 1  , then
 1 1 1 
(A) A3 = 9A (B) A3 = 27A (C) A + A = A2 (D) A–1 does not exist

MATRIX
SECTION - III : ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE
16. Statement -I : The inverse of the matrix A = [aij]n × n where aij = 0, i  j is B = [aij–1]n × n
Statement -II : The inverse of singular matrix does not exist.
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True
 3 3 4 
 
17. Statement-I : If A =  2 3 4  , then adj (adj A) = A
 0 1 1 
 
2
Statement-II : |adj(adj A)| = |A|(n–1) , A be n rowed non singular matrix.
18. St atement- I : If f 1 (x) , f 2 (x) ..........., f 9 (x) a re polynomials who se d egree  1, where
 f1 (x) f 2 (x) f 3 (x) 

  A(x)
f1() = f2 () = f2() .......... = f9() = 0 and A(x) = f 4 (x) f5 (x) f 6 (x)  and is also
x 
f 7 (x) f8 (x) f9 (x) 
a matrix of 3 × 3 whose entries are also polynomials

Statement -II : x –  is a factor of polynomial f(x) if f() = 0
19. Statement-I : The rank of a unit matrix of order n × n is n.

Statement-II : The rank of a non singular matrix of order n × n is not n.
20. Statement-I : If A is a skew symmetric matric of order 3 × 3, then det(A) = 0 or |A| = 0.

Statement-II : If A is square matrix, then det(A) = det(A') = det(–A').

SECTION - IV : MATRIX - MATCH TYPE
21. Match the following

Column -  Column - 
(A) A is a real skew symmetric matrix such that A +  = 0.
2
(p) BA – AB
Then
(B) A is a matrix such that A2 = A. If (I + A) n =  + A, (q) A is of even order
then  equals (n  N)
(C) If for a matrix A, A2 = A, and B =  – A, then (r) A
AB + BA +  – ( – A) equals
2
(D) A is a matrix with complex entries and A* stands for (s) 2n – 1

transpose of complex conjugate of A. If A* = A & B* = B,
then (AB – BA)* equals
n
(t) C1 + nC2 .... + nCn
Column -  Column - 
(A) If A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entires from the (p) A* B = B *A
set of real numbers. Define * as follows :
1
A * B = (AB + BA), then
2
(B) If A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entires from the (q) A*(B + C) = A * B + A*C
set of real numbers. Define * as follows :
1
A * B = (AB' + A'B), then
2
(C) If A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entires from the (r) A * A = A2
set of real number. Define * as follows :
1
A * B = (AB – BA), then (s) A* I =A
2
(t) A*I=O
SECTION - V : COMPREHENSION TYPE
23. Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the questions.
1 3   2  3 2 4
   
Let A and B are two matrices of same order 3 × 3, where A =  2 4 8  , B =  3 2 5
 3 5 10   2 1 4
   
1. If A is singular matrix, then tr(A + B) is equal to
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 24 (D) 17
2. If matrix 2A + 2B is singular, then the value of 2 is

(A) 11 (B) 13 (C) 15 (D) 17
1
3. If  = 3, then (tr(AB) + tr(BA)) is equal to
7
(A) 34 (B) 42 (C) 84 (D) 63

MATRIX
1 2 3  3 2 5
   
A and B are two matrices of same order 3 × 3, where A =  2 3 4  and B =  2 3 8
5 6 8 7 2 9
   
1. The value of adj(adj A) is equal to
(A) 2A (B) 4A (C) 8A (D) 16A
2. The value of |adj (adj A)| is equal to
(A) 9 (B) 16 (C) 25 (D) 81
3. The value of |adj B| is equal to
(A) 24 (B) 242 (C) 243 (D) 82
Let A = [aij]3 be a square matrix of order 3 whose elements are distinct integers from 1, 2,......9 the matrix is
formed so that the sum of numbers in every row, column & diagonal is a multiple of 9.
1. The number of possible combinations of three distinct numbers from 1 to 9 that have a sum of 9 or 18 is
(A) 10 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9
2. The element a 22 must be a multiple of
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 9
3. The maximum value of trace of the matrix A is :
(A) 18 (B) 19 (C) 12 (D) None
SECTION - VI : INTEGER TYPE
a b c
 
26. If A =  b c a  , abc = 1, AA =  , then find maximum value of a3 + b3 + c3
c a b
 
1 2 
27. If A =   and (x) = (1 + x) (1 – x)–1 and (A) = – A, then find the value of .
1 1 
 1 –1 1 
  | adjB |
28. If A =  0 2 3  and B = (adj A) and C = 5A, then find the value of .
|C|
 2 1 0 
  
 cos 9 sin 
9
29. Let P =   and  be non-zero real numbers such that
 – sin  
cos 
 9 9 
p + p3 + 
is the zero matrix. Then find value of ( 2   2   2 ) (  – )( –  )(  –  ) .
30. Let 'A' is (4×4) matrix such that sum of elements in each row is 1. Find out sum of all the elements in A10.

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. A

14. B 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. D 22. C 23. C 24. C 25. C 26. D
27. C 28. C 29. D 30. C
EXERCISE - 2 : PART # I
1. ABC 2. AB 3. BC 4. AB 5. ABC 6. BCD 7. ABD 8. BCD 9. BC

10. BC 11. BC 12. AD 13. AC 14. AC 15. ABCD 16. CD 17. ABCD 18. BCD
19. BD 20. ABC
PART - II
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. D
1. A  p B  q C  s D r 2. Ap Bs Cq Dr
PART - II
Comprehension # 1 : 1. B 2. C 3. D Comprehension # 2 : 1. A 2. B 3. C
Comprehension # 3 : 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. D
1. 3 2. 2 3. 4 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 10. 3 11. 4 12. 4 13. 3

14. 4 15. 1 16. 1 17. 4 18. 1 19. 2 20. 2 21. 3 22. 1
PART - II
1. 4 2. A 5. C 6. A 7. A. A B. B C. A 8. A  R B  q,s C  r,s D  p,r

9. A. A B. B C. B 10. A. A B. 4 C. (i) D (ii) C (iii) D 11. Bonus 12. A 13. 9
14. D 15. D 16. AD 17. CD 18. CD 19. BC 20. B
MOCK TEST
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. D
10. C 11. AC 12. ABD 13. AC 14. ABC 15. AD 16. D 17. B 18. A
19. C 20. C 21. A  q B  s,t C  r D  p 22. A  p,q,r,s B  p, q C  q,t
23. 1. C 2. D 3. A 24. 1. A 2. B 3. B 25. 1. A 2. B 3. A
26. 4 27. 1 28. 1 29. 1 30. 4

MATRIX
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE - 1 11. AT = – A. & ATA = I
Single Choice
 A2 = – I  A4n = I
1. 60 = 22 × 31 × 51 A4n – 1 = A–1  A4n – 1 = AT (A is orthogonal)
Number of divisor = 12
17. A is involutary
 cos  sin    A2 = I  A = A–1
3. A =   1
  sin  cos   A A
nowA2 =   (2A) = I  2A =  
2 2
 cos  sin    cos  sin  
 A A =    
  sin  cos     sin  cos   18. A = 3 × 4 ; A = 4×3
 cos(  ) sin(  )  As A B is defined  let order of B = 3 × n

=   = A now BA = (3 ×n) × (4 × 3)  n = 4
  sin(  ) cos(  )
 order of B is 3 × 4
a 0 0  order of B = 4 × 3
4. A  0 b 0 order of B A = (4×3) × (3 × 4) = 4 × 4
0 0 c 
 cos2  sin  cos  
abc = 120 = 23 ×31 ×51 22. AB =  
 sin  cos  sin 2  
Case - I = 5C2 × 3C2 × 3C2 = 90 
 cos 2  sin  cos  
Case - I = 3 × (5C2 × 3C2 × 3C2) = 270  
 sin  cos  sin 2  
= 90 + 270 = 360 
1 1  1 2  1 1  2   cos 2  cos 2   sin  cos  sin  cos 

0 1  0 1  = 0 =  2
1 
5.
 cos  sin  cos   sin  sin  cos 
2
    
1 1  2  1 3  1 1  2  3  cos 2  sin  cos   sin  cos  sin 2  


0
 1  0 1  =  0
   1 
 sin  cos  sin  cos   sin 2  sin 2  
on multiplying the matrix we get  cos  cos  cos(  ) cos  sin  cos(  ) 
 
 sin  cos  cos(  ) sin  sin  cos(  ) 
1 1  2  .....  n  1 37 8 
0  = 0  – must be an odd integral multiple of /2
 1   1 
 (C)
 n(n + 1) = 378 × 2  n = 27
23. tr(A) + 2 tr(B) = – 1 (from the given matrix)
6. Hint : x = 11 – y & x + 5 = y and 2 tr(A) – tr(B) = 3 (from the given matrix)
9. A2 – 2A +  = 0 Let tr(A) = x and tr(B) = y
 (A – ) = 0
2
x + 2y = – 1
A n = (A –  + )n 2x – y = 3
= C0 (A – ) + ....... + Cn – 2 (A – ) · 
n n n 2 n–2 n
+ Cn – 1 solving x = 1 and y = – 1
(A – ) · n – 1 + nCn n Hence tr(A) – tr(B) = x – y = 2
= 0 + 0 + .......... + 0 + n(A – ) +  = nA – (n – 1)

2 + 2
24. Obv. A is orthogonal as a11 a12 = 1 = a 221 + 1 2 2
2 = 2 + 2
a 22 a11 a 22 28. 1 3 4 =0
 3 4 k
for skew symmetric matrix aii = 0  = (2n + 1)
2 1(3k – 16) – 2(k – 12) + 2(4 – 9) = 0
for symmetric matrix , A = AT  sin = 0  = n
3k – 16 – 2k + 24 – 10 = 0
 cos  sin   k=2
Also adjA =   sin  cos   and |A| = 1
 
 1   1
hence A = A–1 is possible if sin = 0 29. A  1 =  2  ....(i)
   
25. A. adj A = | A | I
1 1 
| A | = xyz – 8x – 3 (z – 8) + 2 (2 – 2y) and A2  1 = 0  ....(ii)
   
| A | = xyz – (87x + 3z + 4y) + 28  60 – 20 + 28 = 68
 (C) a b 
Let A be given by A =  ;
c d 
 1 tan x 
26. A = 
  tan x 1  a b   1 
Hence 
 1  a  b   1
   =  ;   =  
 c d   1  2  c  d   2 
hence det. A = sec2x
The first equation gives
 det AT = sec2x
a–b=–1 ....(iii)
nowf (x) = det. (AT A–1) and c – d = 2 ....(iv)
= (det. AT) (det. A–1)
1  1
= (det. AT) (det. A)–1 For second equation, A2   = A  A   

 1   1 
det .(A T )
= =1   1  1 
det.(A) = A 2 =  .
    0 
hence f (x) = 1
This gives – a + 2b = 1 ....(v)
 sin  cos   and – c + 2d = 0 ....(vi)

27. As A() =   (iii) + (v)  b = 0 and a = – 1
  cos  sin  
(iv) + (vi) d = 2 and c = 4
A() is certainly neither symmetric nor skew symmetric so the sum a + b + c + d = 5
 sin   cos  
Further, A( – ) =  
cos  sin   30. Given A2 = A
I = (I – 0.4A)(I – A)
 sin  cos    sin   cos  
and A() · A( – ) =   cos  sin   cos  sin   = I – IA – 0.4AI + 0.4A2
   
1 0  = I – A – 0.4A + 0.4A
= 0 1   A–1() = A( – ) = I – A(0.4 + ) + 0.4A
 
 sin  cos    sin  cos   hence 0.4 = 0.4 +    = – 2/3
A2() =   cos  sin     cos  sin  
   
  cos 2 sin 2   
=    A   2 
  sin 2  cos 2  2 

MATRIX
EXERCISE - 2 16. Note that A is non singular but B is singular hence only
Part # I : Multiple Choice A–1 exists
Now XA = B  X = BA–1 .....(i)
1. A2 = A  |A|2 = |A|  |A| = 1
and AY = B  Y = A–1B .....(ii)
A(adj A) = |A| I
1  1 1
adjA = A–1
3  4 1
Also A–1 = now verify
also A2 = A
A=I  adj A = I 17. AB = O
(adj A)2 = I  (adj A)2 = adj A  | AB | = 0  |A| | B | = 0

 det A  0
4. AT = BCD
 A–1 exist
AAT = ABCD  AAT = S
 A–1(AB) = A–1(0) = 0
 AAT = ST  S = ST
IB = 0
DT CT BT AT = ABC . DAB . CDA. BCD
B=0  B must be null matrix.
(ABCD)T = (ABCD) (ABCD) (ABCD)
ST = S3  S = S3
1 0 
 S2 = S4 18. PQ =    B, C, D]
0 1
1 –1
11. A =   x 1 0
2 3   
19. A =  1 x 1  ; x(x2 – 1) – 1(x) = 6 – 2 = 4
 –1 –4  8 –4  5 0  0 0
A2 =   –   +   =   =0  0 1 x 
 8 7  8 2   0 5  0 0
1
1 –  0 20. |ATA–1| = |AT || A–1| = | A T | 1
C = A– B  0 –2  is diagonal matrix,   R
| A|

 ƒ (x) = 1
a  b
12. |A – I| = 0  =0
c d
 2 – (a + d) + ad – bc = 0 Part # II : Assertion & Reason
This is characteristic equation. Comparing with given
equation we get 3. Given AB + A + B = O
k = ad – bc =|A|, a+d=0 AB + A + B + I = I
14. For | AB | = 0  | A | · | B | = 0 A(B + I) + (B + I) = I
 |A| = 0 or | B | = 0 (A + I) (B + I) = I
AA–1 = I  | A | · | A |–1 = | I | = 1  (A + I) and (B + I) are inverse of each other

1  (A + I) (B + I) = (B + I) (A + I)
 | A–1 | = = | A |–1
|A|
 AB = BA
15. We have A2B = A(AB) = AA = A2, B2A = B(BA) = BB = B2,
ABA = A(BA) = AB = A, and BAB = B(AB) = BA = B]

EXERCISE - 3
a p  Part # II : Comprehension
a b c
4. Let A =  b q  AT = p q r 
 c r   
2 3 5
1. det. A = 1 4 5
 a 2  p 2 ab  pq ac  pr 
  1 3 4
2 2
AAT = ab  pq b  q bc  qr 
 2 2 = 2(– 16 + 15) + 1(12 – 15) + 1(– 15 + 20)
 ac  pr bc  qr c  r 
= – 2 – 3 + 5 = 0  A is singular
a p 0 a b c 1 3 4
|AAT| = b q 0 p q r =0 det. B = 1 3 4
c r 0 0 0 0 1 3 4
 AAT is singular. = 1(–12 + 12) + 1(12 – 12) + 1(– 12 + 12)

=0
6. Statement-I :  B is also singular
1 2  a b  a b  1 2 
1
 1  0 1
 1   c d   c d   1 1 
det. C = 4 3 4 = – 1(16 – 12) – 1(– 12 + 9)
3 3 4
a  2 c b  2 d  a  b 2 a  b 
 a  c  b  d    c  d 2 c  d 
    =–4+3=–1
 2c = –b & b = a – d  C is non singular again
 infinite matrix are there.
 2 3 5   2 3 5 
 
A2 =  1 4 5   1 4 5 
 
 1 3 4   1 3 4 
 
 2 3 5 
=  1 4 5  = A  A is idempotent
 1 3 4 
 1 3 4   1 3 4  0 0 0 
 
B2 =  1 3 4   1 3 4  = 0 0 0 
 1 3 4   1 3 4  0 0 0 
 (B) is nilpotent
 0 1 1  0 1 1 1 0 0 
     
C2 =  4 3 4   4 3 4  = 0 1 0  = I
 3 3 4   3 3 4  0 0 1 
 C is involutary
(i) obvious (B) as B is nilpotent

MATRIX
EXERCISE - 4
(ii) P = A3C2 = A3 = A  P2 = A2 = A
Subjective Type
 P2 = P
ly in B and D 1 2 
  4 5 6
hence BC2 is not Idempotent. 1. A = 3 –4 B =  
5 6  7 –8 2 
(iii) Let X = BC2  det. X = 0
Y = A2C2  det. Y = 0  4  14 5 – 16 64 
AB =  –12  28 15  32 18 – 10 
Z = A2B  det. Z = 0  
 20 – 62 25 – 48 30  12 
but W = C3  det. W  0
hence C3 has an inverse  (D)  18 –11 10 
 –16 47 10 
 AB =  
2.
 62 –23 42 
(i) (A + B)C = (A + B)(A + B)–1(A – B)
 4  15  30 8 – 20  36 
 (A + B)C = A – B ....(1) BA = 7 – 24  10 14  32  12 
 
 
1 T
CT = (A – B)T (A  B)  49 24 
 BA =  
 –7 58 
 
1
= (A + B) (A  B)T {as | A + B |  0
cos  – sin  
 | (A + B)T |  0  | A – B |  0} 2. (I + A) = (I – A)  sin  cos  
 
= (A + B)(A – B)–1 ....(2)
 
0 – tan
(1) & (2) CT (A + B)C = (A + B)(A – B)–1(A – B) 1 0   2
L.H.S. =   +  
= (A + B) ....(3) Ans.  0 1   tan  0 
 2 
(ii) taking transpose in (3)
CT (A + B)T (CT)T = (A + B)T  
 1 – tan 
2
CT(A – B)C = A – B ....(4) Ans.   
 tan  1 
(ii) adding (3) and (4)  2 
CT [A + B + A – B]C = 2A R.H.S.
CTAC = A Ans.   
 1 0   1 – tan  
 2  cos  – sin  
–   
 0 1     sin  cos  
 tan 0  
  2  
 
 1  tan  cos  – sin 
2  
    
 – tan   sin  cos  
1 
 2 
   
 cos   sin  tan 2 – sin   tan 2 cos  
  
 – tan  cos   sin  sin  tan   cos  
 2 2 

 2 3 4 
1  5 4 3
   1 
    cos   7.  (A  A  )  for A =  
 cos   2sin sin  sin  –2cos   2   7 2 9 
 2 2 2 cos  
  2  –1
     1 –2 –3  –1
  1 1   1 
  (A – AT + I)–1 =   2 1 –5   =  B
sin   – cos   2cos   cos   2sin 2
  2 2 2 
     3 5 1  
 cos 2  2
    –39
 2  [B] =
8
   26 –17 7   26 13 13 
T
 1 – tan 
1  –13 10 –11 1 
 
2
 Adj B =   =  17 10 1
 tan  1 
4 
5 
4
 7 11 5 
 13 –1
 2 
1 1 2   26 –13 13 
2 
4.
 
A = 0 2 1  ; A3 = 5A2 – 6AI + I2  A = –1–17 10 –1
39 
1 0 2  7 –11 5 
8. a2 + b2 + c2 = 1
3 3 7  10 9 23
   5 9 14 
A = 1 4 4  A3 =
2
  a 2  (b2  c2 )cos  ab(1  cos ) ac(1  cos )
3 1 6   9 5 19 
 = ba (1  cos ) b2  (c2  a 2 )cos  bc(1  cos )
10 9 23 ca (1 cos ) cb(1  cos ) c2  (a 2  b2 )cos 
 
5A + 6A + I =  5 9 14  = A3
2
 9 5 19  1
=
abc
5. We have, A –  I and B –  I commute a3  a(b2  c2 )cos  b2a(1 cos ) ac2 (1 cos )
 (A –  I)(B –  I) = (B –  I)(A –  I) ba2 (1 cos ) b3  b(c2  a2 )cos  bc2 (1 cos )
 AB –  I A –  IB + 2 I2 = BA –  BI –  IA + 2 I2 ca2 (1 cos ) cb(1 cos ) c3  c(a2  b2 )cos 
 AB – A –  B +  2 I = BA –  B –  A + 2 I
C 1  C1 + C 2 + C 3
 AB = BA
abc
A and B commute
abc
6. We have, a2  (b2  c2 )cos  b2 (1 cos ) c2 (1  cos )

AB = A and BA = B
a2 (1 cos ) b2  (c2  a2 )cos  c2 (1  cos )
Now
a2 (1 cos ) b2 (1 cos ) c2  (a 2  b2 )cos 
AB = A
= (a2 + b2 + c2)
 (AB)A = AA
[Multiplying both sides on right by A] 1 b 2 (1  cos ) c2 (1  cos )
 A(BA) = A2 [By associ. of matrix multip] 1 b 2  (c 2  a 2 ) cos  c2 (1  cos )
 AB = A2 [ BA = B] 1 b 2 (1  cos ) c 2  (a 2  b 2 ) cos 
 A = A2 [ AB = A]
R2  R2 – R1 or R3  R3 – R1
Similarly, B2 = B.

MATRIX
1 1 1 2 0 –
9.  = 1 2 3 =  –3 14. A = 5  0
1 2  0  3
6 1 1 2 0 –
x = 10 2 3 = 2 + µ – 16 A = 5  0
0
µ 2  0  3
1 6 1 6 – 52  = 0
y = 1 10 3 = 4 ( – µ + 7) (6 –5)  0
1 µ   = 0, 6/5    R – {0, 6/5}
=1
1 1 6
2 0 –1
z = 1 2 10 = (µ – 10)
A= 5 1 0  A = 6 – 5 =1
1 2 µ
0 1 3
(i)  0    3
(ii) infinite solutions  = 0, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. 3 –1 –1
 Adj A = –5 6 5
  = 3, µ = 10
3 –2 2
(iii)  = 0, x,y, z
  = 3, µ  10 3 –1 –1
10. x, y, z  A = –5 6
–1 5
5 –2 2
x + y + z = 5000 ......(i)
6x + 7y + 8z = 35800 ......(ii) A – x = 0
6x + 7y – 8z = 7000 ......(iii)
2–x 0 –1
1 1 1  x   500  A – x = 0)  5 1– x 0 =0
6 7 8  y  35800 
    =   0 1 3– x
 6 7 8   z   7000 
 x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 1 = 0
X = A–1B
A3 – 6A2 + 11A = 
|A| = – 16
 A–1 = A2 – 6A + 11.
 112 96 0   112 15 1 
 15 (a2 + b 2 + c2)
adj =  14 1  =  96 14 2 
 
 1 2 1   0 1 1  1 b 2 (1  cos  ) c 2 (1  cos  )
0 (a 2  b 2  c 2 ) cos  0
 112 15 11   5000  0 0 (a  b  c 2 ) cos 
2 2
1   
–1
X =A B= –
 96 14 2   35800 
16
 0 1 1   7000  = (a2 + b2 + c2) cos2 = cos2
a, b, c
 x   1000 
 y   2200 
  =   , x = 1000, y = 2200, z = 1800
 
 z   1800

EXERCISE - 5
 a 2 b
Part # I : AIEEE/JEE-MAIN AB = 
3a 4 b
1 1 1  a 2 b
BA = 
3. A= 2 1 3 3b 4 b
1 1 1 For AB = BA
b = a  their are infinite
4 2 2 Natural number for which a = 6
10 B = 5 0  so Infinite matrix B possible
1 2 3
8. |A2| = 25
B = A–1 |A|2 = 25
AB = AA–1 = I |A| = ± 5
10 AB = 10I 5 5 
0  5 = ±5
(A) (10B) = 10I
0 0 5
25 = ±5
1 1 1  4 2 2
2 3  ×  5  
1 1
  0 =±
1 1   1 5
1 2 3 
9. A2 = I
10 0 0 |A2| = |I|
 0 
= 0 10 |A2| = 1
 0 0 10  |A| = ±1
statement–1 :
10 0 5   10 0 0  If A  I, A  –I
0 10   5  =  0
 10 0 
 but |A| = ± 1
 0 0 5     0 0 10 
so this statement is true
5–=0 statement–2 :
5 0 1
Let A = 
1 0 
4. A2 – A + I = 0 |A| = –1 tr(A) = 0
multiplying by A–1 but A  I, A–I
A–1 AA – A–1 A + A–1 I = 0 so statement-2 is false
IA – I + A–1 = 0
14. AT = A
A 1  I  A BT = B
Statement-1 :
1 2 (A(BA))T = (BA)TAT
7. A= 
3 4  = ATBTAT = A(BA)  symetric
a 0 ((AB)A))T = AT BT AT = (AB) A  symetric
B=  a, b  N
0 b  Statement - 1 is true

MATRIX
Statement-2 :  1 0 0 0  0 
1      
A A U 2   2 1 0  1    1  .....(ii)
(AB)T = BTAT = BA  1
 2 1   0   2 
   
if AB = BA then
Eq. (i) + (i)
(AB)T = BA = AB
 1 
Statement.- 2 is true  
U1 + U 2 =   1 
but Not a correct expalnation.  1 
 
21.
15. Statement–1 : The value of det. of skew sym. matrix of
odd order is always zero. So Statement-I. is true. 1  1
Statement–II : This st. is not always true depends on the  1 1  0
order of matrix. 1 1 
|–A| = –|A| if order is odd, so Statement-–II is wrong.
(l +1) – l (– 2 + 1) – (  + 1) = 0
Statement-I is true and Statement-II is false. ( + 1) ( + l(  – 1) –1) = 0
16. Since H is a diagonal matrix.  = – 1 or 0 or 1
We know that product of two diagonal matrix is always

22. A (adj A) = | A| In = AAT [Given]
a diagonal matrix.
|A| = 10a + 3b
 0   0   0 
So H70 =     ...   70 times  5a 3 
 0   0   0  AT   
b 2
 70 0   0  b   5a 3  10a  3b
 5a 0 
=  H AA T     
 0  70   0  
3 2   b 2   0 10a  3b 
17. (P2 + Q2) P = P3 + Q2P .....(i)  25a 2  b 2 15a  2b  10a  3b 0 

  
(P2 + Q2) Q = P2Q + Q3 .....(ii)  15a  2b 13   0 10a  3b 
Equation (i) – Equation (ii) 2b

 15a – 2b = 0  a & 10a + 3b = 13
(P2 + Q2) (P – Q) = P3 – Q3 + Q2P – P 2Q 15
(P2 + Q2) (P – Q) = 0  (P  Q) 13  3b
 a
P 2 + Q2 = 0 10
So |P2 + Q2| = 0 2b 13  3b
   4b = 39 – 9b
15 10
T
1 2 1   1 0 0
     13b = 39  b=3
18. A  1  0 1 2    2 1 0
0 1   2 1 
 0  1 2 6 2
 a 3    5a = 2
15 15 5
 1 0 0 1  1 
1        5a + b = 2 + 3 = 5
and A A U1   2 1 0  0    2  .....(i)
 1 2 1     
 0  1 

Part # II : IIT-JEE ADVANCED
1 0 0
5. A =  0 1

1   |A| = 6
3. |M – I| = |M – M MT|  0 2 4 
|M – I| = |M| |I – M|
6 0 0 
 |M – I| = |I – M| adjA 1  
A –1
 = 0 4 1 
| A| 6 
 |M – I| = (–1)3 |M – I| 0 2 1 
 |M – I| = 0
1 0 0 
4. AX = U A =  0
2
1 5 

 0 1 0 1 4 
a 1 0   x  f
      1
 1 b d   y  =  g  A–1 = [A2 + cA + dI]
1 b c   z  h  6
6 0 0 
has infinitely many solutions. 1  
0 4 1 
 |A| = 0 6  0 2 1 
 (c – d) (ab – 1) = 0
 1 0 0  c 0 0  d 0 0 
1      
& (adj A) U = 0 =  0 1 5   0 c c   0 d 0 
6 
 0 1 0 1 4  0 2 c 4 c  0 0 d  
 bc  bd c d   f  0 
     
 dc ac  ad   g  = 0  on comparing we get
 0 1  ab ab  1   h   0 
  –1=5+cc=–6
1 = 14 + 4c + d  1 = 14 – 24 + d
 fbc  fbd  gc  dh   0 
    d = 11
 fd  fc  a gc  a dh  =  0 
 g  a bg  a dh  h   0 
6. PPT = I
 fd – fc + agc – agh = 0 .....(i) 1 1 

BX = V A=  
0 1 
a 1 1  x  a 2 
 =  1 1  1 1  1 2 
 0 d c

y  0   A2 =     =   & so on
 f  z   0 
0 1  0 1  0 1 
g h   
Q = PAP T
|B| = a(dh – gc) + fc – fd = 0 (from (i)) Q2 = (PAPT) (PAPT) = PA2PT
 system can’t have unique solution Q2005 = PA2005PT
Now X = (adj B)V x = PT (PA2005PT)P
 dh  gc gh c  d a 2  x 1 2 005 

 y  x = A2005 = 
=  fc ah  f ac   
 0  =  0 1 
  fd  g  af ad  0   z 
 
if afd  0  (adj B) V  0
 adfd  0 then BX = V is inconsistent

MATRIX
T
10. (C) (i) If A is symmetric, A =A 11. (Comment : Although 3 × 3 skew symmetric matrices
a b   a c  can never be non-singular. Therefore the information
 c a   b a 
    given in question is wrong. Now if we consider only
 b=c non singular skew symmetric matrices M & N, then the
T
If A is skew symmetric, A = – A solution is-)
T
a b   a c  Given M = –M
 c 
 a    b a  N = –N
T
 a = 0, b + c = 0 MN = NM
2 2 T –1 –1 T
 b, c  0 according to question M N (M N) (MN )
 a = 0, b = 0, c = 0 2
= M N N (M ) (N ) M
2 –1 T –1 –1 T T
2 2 2 –1 –1 T –1
Now, det(A) = a – bc = M N N (–M) (N ) (–M)
2 2
=a – b MN  NM
 1 1
( b = c for A being symmetric or skew symmetric (MN)  (NM)
or both) N 1 M1  M1 N 1

= (a – b)(a + b) is divisible by p. 2 –1 –1
= –M N M N M
Let (a – b)(a + b) = p,  I = – M N N M M = –M
2 –1 –1 2
Range of (a + b) is 0 to 2p – 2 which includes only

1 a b
one multiple of p i.e. p
12.  1 c
 a+b= p & a–bI 2  1
 possible number of pairs of a & b will be =1– c – a( –  c) =
2
(1 – c) – a(1 – c)
p – 1. =(1 – c) (1 – a)
Also, range of (a – b) is 1 – p to p – 1 which includes
for non singular matrix
only one multiple of p i.e. 0
1 1
c & a
 a–b=0 &a+bI  
 Possible number of pairs of a & b will be p.  c  2, a  2
Hence total number of A in Tp will be  a & c must be  & b can be  or 2
p + p – 1 = 2p – 1
 total matrices = 2
3
(iii) Total number of A in TP = p
when a  0 & det(A) is divisible by p, then number 2 2 a 11 2 3 a 12 2 4 a13
of A will be (p –1)
2 14. | Q|  2 a 2 1 3 4
2 a 22 2 5 a 23
When a = 0 & det(A) is divisible by p, then number 2 4 a 31 2 5 a 32 2 6 a 33
of A will be 2p–1.
So, total number of A for which det(A) is divisible by p a 11 2a 12 2 2 a 13
= (p – 1) + 2p – 1
2  | Q|  2 .2 .2 . a 2 1 2 3 4
2a 2 2 2 2 a 23
2 a 31 2a 3 2 2 2 a 33
=p
2 3 4 3
= 2 .2 .2 |P|.2
So number of A for which det(A) is not divisible by p
2 3 4 3 13
=p – p
3 2 = 2 .2 .2 .2.2 = 2

15. PT = 2P + I
 1 0 0
 P = 2PT + I  200 1 0
 P = 
50
 P = 2(2P + I) + I 8  50(51) 200 1 

 P = 4P + 3I
P50 – Q = I
 P = –I
 Equate we get
 PX = –X
200 – q21 = 0  q21 = 200
1 4 4 400 × 51 – q31 = 0
16. |adjP| = 2 1 7
q31 = 400 × 51
1 1 3
200 – q32 = 0  q32 = 200
 |P| = 4
2
 |P| = ±2 q31  q32 400  51  200

 = 2(51) + 1 = 103
q 21 200
P
19.   .Q  1
K
1
 P
Q 
K
Comparing q23, we get
 K  K  3a  4 

8 12a  20 
 = – 1
Also, |P| . |Q| = K3
K2
 12a  20   K3
2
K = 6a + 10 = 4
Hence (B), (C) are correct.
 1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0
     
20. P2 =  4 1 0   4 1 0  =  8 1 0 
16 4 1  16 4 1   48 8 1 
 1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0
     
P =  8 1 0   4 1 0  = 12 1 0 
3
 48 8 1  16 4 1  96 12 1 
 1 0 0
 1 0
 Pn =  4n
8(n 2  n) 4n 1 

MATRIX
MOCK TEST 5. (B)
1. (D) A3 = 0
( + A + A2) ( – A) =  – A3= 
1 2 a b  a  2c b  2d 
AB =     =     + A + A2 = ( – A)–1
3 4 c d  3a  4c 3b  4d 
 x x x 
 a b   1 2   a  3b 2a  4b   
BA =    3 4  =  c  3d 2c  4d  6. A=  x x x 
c d 
 x x x   
if AB = BA, then a + 2c = a + 3b
1 x x
 2c = 3b  b0
|A| = (3x + ) 1 x   x
b + 2d = 2a + 4b
1 x x
 2a – 2d = – 3b
1 x x
3
 b by R2  R2 – R1 , R3  R3 – R1 = (3x + ) 1  
a d 2
= 3 = –1 0 0 
3b  c 3b  b
2 = (3x + ) (2)
|A|  0 for non-singular matrix
 3 0  3x +  0,   0
 3 1 1   
2. AA =    1 1
 0 1 2   1 2 
  0 a 
7. Let X =   xn = 0 n 2
 11 1  0 0
AA =  1 5  symmetrix
   A=X+I
3. (A) An = (X + I )n = nC0 xn + nC1xn–1I ..................+nCn–2 x2 +
(BT AB)T = BT AT (BT)T = BT AT B
1 na 
= BT AB iff A is symmetric
n
Cn –1 + nCnI = n x + I =  
0 1 
 B T AB is symmetric iff A is symmetric
Also (BT AB)T = BT AT B = (–B) ATB 1 1 na  0 a 
lim 
n 
n  0 1   0 0 
 B T AB is not skew symmetric if B is skew
symmetric 8. (A)
2 1  3 2 1 0 
4. (C) = 0 1 
3 2 A  5 
3
    
AB = A, BA = B  A2 = A and B2 = B
(A + B) 2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA  2 1 1 0   3 2 
A =  3 2   0 1   5 3 (–1)
= A + B + A + B = 2 (A + B)      
(A + B)3 = (A + B)2 (A +B) 1 3 2  1 1 

= 5 3  = 1 0 
= 2 (A + B)2 = 22 (A + B) 2    
 (A + B)7 = 26 (A + B) = 64 (A + B)

10. (C)
36 32 32   –5 –10 –10 
S 1 : AT = A    
= 32 36 32  +  –10 –5 –10 
32 32 36   –10 –10 –5 
((A–1)–1)–1 = A–1
(A–1)T = (AT)–1 = A–1
So ((A–1)–1)–1 is also symmetric  31 22 22 
 
S2 : Obvious =  22 31 22 
 22 22 31
S3 : Obvious
S4 : |A|  0, |B|  0  |AB|  0  |A3|  0
So AB is invertible  A3 is invertible.
12. (A, B, D) 13. Taking C3  C3 – (C1 – C2)

1 2 2   1 2 2 
   a b 0
A – 4A – 53 =  2 1 2   2 1 2 
2
we get |A| = b c 0 = (1 – 2) (ac – b2)
 2 2 1   2 2 1 
2 1 2  1
1 2 2  1 0 0  1
     non-invertible if  = and if a, b, c are in G.P..
– 4  2 1 2  – 5 0 1 0 2
 2 2 1   0 0 1
14. (A, B, C)
9 8 8   –4 –8 –8  –5 0 0  3 –3 4
     
= 8 9 8    –8 –4 –8 +  0 –5 0   |A| = 2 –3 4 = 3 (– 3 + 4) – 2(– 3 + 4) + 0 = 1
8 8 9   –8 –8 –4  0 0 –5 0 –1 1
0 0 0   adj(adj A) = | A |3 – 2 A = A and | adj (adj A) | = | A | = 1

 
= 0 0 0  = 0 Also, | adj A | = | A |3 – 1 = | A |2 = 12 = 1
0 0 0 
15. (A, D)
 A2 – 4A – 53 = 0
or A–1 A2 – 4A–1 A – 5A–1 3 = 0 3 3 3
 
or (A–1 A) A – 43 – 5A–1 = 0 A =  3 3 3  = 3A
2
 3 3 3 
or A – 43 – 5A–1 = 0
1 A3 = A2A = 3A . A = 3A2 = 3 . (3A) = 9A and |A| = 0

 A–1 = (A – 43)
5  A–1 does not exist
9 8 8  16. (D)
 
Also, |A2| = 8 9 8  = 9 (81 – 64) – 8(72 – 64)
Statement-1 is false
8 8 9 
+ 8(64 – 72)  A = [aij]n × n where aij = 0, i  j
= 9 × 17 – 8 × 8 + 8 × (– 8) = 133 – 128 = 5  0  |A| = 0 hence A is singular inverse of A is not defined
 A2 is invertible Statement-2 |A| = 0
and A3 = A . A2 = A.(4A – 53) = 4A2 – 5A  inverse of A is not defined.

MATRIX
17. adj(adj A) = |A|n–2 A 21. (A)  (q), (B)  (s, t), (C)  (r), (D)  (p)
Here, n=3 (A) A2 = – I  A is of even order
 (adj)(adj A) = |A| A .......(i) (B) (I + A)n = C0 In + C1 I A + C2 I A2 + ......... + Cn I An
3 3 4 = Co I + C1 A + C2 A + ......... + Cn A
Now, |A| = 2 3 4 = I + (2n – 1) A

0 1 1   = 2n – 1
= 3(–3 + 4) + 3(2) + 4(–2) = 1 (C) A2 = A and B = I – A
From eq. (i), AB + BA + I – (I + A2 – 2A)

adj(adj) A = A = AB + BA – A + 2A = AB + BA + A
= A (I – A) + (I – A) A + A
18. (A)
=A–A+A–A+A=A
 f1 ( ) f 2 ( ) f 3 ()   0 0 0 
    (D) A* = A, B* = B
A() = f 4 () f 5 ( ) f 6 ()  =  0 0 0 
f 7 () f8 ( ) f 9 ()   0 0 0  (AB – BA)* = B* A* – A*B* = BA – AB
1 1
x –  is a factor of f1(x) , f2(x) ............. f9(x) 22. (A) A * B = (AB + BA) = (BA + AB) = B * A
2 2
f(x) = (x – )  (x)
1
f() = 0  x –  is a factor of f(x) A*A= (A . A + A . A) = A2
2
19. In a unit matrix of order n × n 1 1
A*I = (AI + IA) = (A + A) = A
Number of non-zero rows = n 2 2
 Rank is n. The rank of a non singular matrix of order 1
n × n is n Now, A * (B + C) = {A(B + C) + (B + C)A}
2
 For non singular |A|  0.
1 1
(B) A * B = (AB' + A'B) = (A'B + AB')
 0 c b  2 2
 
20. A =  c 0 a 1
  b a 0  = (BA' + B'A) = B * A(P)
  2
 A = –A' ( A is skew symmetric) 1

A*A= (AA' + A'A)  A2
2
 det(A) = det(–A')
1
= – det(A') A * (B + C) = (A(B + C)' + A'(B + C))
2
= – det A
1
 det A = 0 = (A(B' + C') + A'(B + C))
2
 det A' = det(–A') is not true
1 1
 det (–A') = (–1)3 det(A') = – det A' = (AB' + A'B) + (AC' + A'C)
2 2
= A * B + A * C (Q)
1 1
A* I = (AI' + A'I) = (A + A')  A or O
2 2

1 1  tr(AB) + tr(BA) = 2tr(AB)

(C) A * B = (AB – BA) – (BA – AB) = – (B * A)
2 2  tr(AB) = C11 + C22 + C33 = 119
1 1 1
A * (B + C) = {A(B + C) – (B + C)A}  (tr(AB) + tr(BA)) = (238) = 34
2 7 7
24.
1 1
= (AB – BA) + (AC – CA) 1. adj(adj A) = |A|n–2 A = |A| A = 2A
2 2
= A * B + A * C(Q) 2
2. |adj(adj) A| = |A |(n 1) = |A|4 = 2 4 = 16
1 2 3. |adj B| = |B|n–1 = |B|2 = 242 = 576
A*A= (A – A2) = O  A2
2
25.
1 1
A* I = (AI – IA) = (A – A) = O(T) 1. (A)
2 2
23. Possible combinations are (1, 2, 6), (1, 3, 5), (1, 8, 9),
1. A is singular (2, 3, 4), (2, 7, 9), (3, 6, 9), (3, 7, 8), (4, 5, 9), (4, 6, 8),
(5, 6, 7)
1 3 2 Hence total 10 combinations are possible.
 |A| = 0  2 4 8 =0
2. (B)
3 5 10
 a11 a12 a13 
 1(40 – 40) – 3(20 – 24) + ( + 2)(10 – 12) = 0 
In a matrix a 21 a 22 a 23  a22 must be a multiple of 3
 12 – 2 – 4 = 0  a 31 a 32 a 33 
 =4
(3, 6 o r 9) because from the abo ve p ossible
 4 5 10  combinations only 3, 6 & 9 are repeated four times in
 
 A + B =  5 6 13  arow or column or diagonal.
 5 6 14 
  3. (A)
 tr(A + B) = 4 + 6 + 14 = 24 Clearly maximum value of sum of the diagonal elements

is 18 which is called the trace or the matrix A.
 11 12 2  16 
  26. (4)
2. 2A + 3B =  13 14 31 
12 13 AA = 
 32 
 |AA| = ||  |A| = ± 1
|2A + 3B| = 0
a b c
17
we get  = b c a
2 =±1
c a b
 2 = 17
 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3 = ± 1
3. For  = 3  a3 + b 3 + c 3 = 2 or 4
1 3 5   3 2 4
   
A =  2 4 8  and B =  3 2 5
 3 5 10   2 1 4
   

MATRIX
27. (1)
 2 2    
 1 0  1 2   2 2   cos 9 sin
9 
cos
9
sin 
9
 +A=   + =  P3 =   
 0 1  1 1   1 2   – sin 2 cos
2  
– sin
 
cos 
 9 
9  9 9 
 1 0  1 2   0 2 
and  –A=   – = 
 0 1  1 1   1 0 
 3 3   1 3
 cos 9 sin   
0 2 9 2 2 
Now, | – A| = =0–2=–2 P3 =  
1  – sin 3 3   1 
cos   – 3
0
 9   2 
9 2 
0 2
adj ( – A) =  1 0 
 
 1 3 1 3  1 3
 0 1    – 
2 2  2 2  2 2 
(I – A)–1 =  1  P6 = P3 · P 3 = 
 0   3 1  3 1   3 1 
 2  –  –  – 
 2 2  2 2   2 2 
1
 2 2   0  P6 + P3 +  = 0
 (A) = ( + A) ( – A)–1 =   1
 1 2    0 
 2 
   3 3 
 1 2   –    
i.e.  2 2 2 2  0 0 
=   =–A  
 1 1   3 3    0 0 
– –  –   
 2 2 2 2 
28. (1)
2 =– =–  =
| adjB | | adj(adjA) | | A |(31) | A |3
= = 3 =  +=0 ; +=0 ; –=0
|C| | 5A | 5 |A| 125
 (2 +  2 + 2 )º = 1
Now |A| = 5
| adjB |
 =1 4
|C| 30. Given a
k 1
ik 1 i {1,2, 3, 4 }
      Let's consider B = A2 B = [ bij]4×4

 cos 9 sin   cos
9 = 9
sin 
9
29. P = 
2
   4
 – sin  cos
 
– sin

cos
 bij =  aik . akj
 9 
9  9 9  k 1
Sum of elements of ith row in A2 is

      
 cos 2 – sin 2 cos sin  sin cos  4 4 4 4 4 4 4
=
9 9 9 9 9 9
  b   a
ij ik .a kj =  a ik .a kj = a a ik kj
 – sin  cos  – cos  sin  2 
– sin  cos 2   J 1 j 1 k 1 K 1 J 1 K 1 j 1
 9 9 9 9 9 9 
4 4
 a kj 1 = a
K 1
ik 1
 2 2  j 1
 cos 9 sin 
9
=    Sum of elements in a row of A2 is 1.
 – sin 2 2
cos   Similarly sum of elements in a row of A10 is 1
 9 9 
 Sum of all elements = 4

INTRODUCTION
If the equations a1x + b1 = 0, a2x + b2 = 0 are satisfied by the same value of x, then a1b2 – a2b1 = 0. The expression
a1b2 – a2b1 is called a determinant of the second order, and is denoted by :
a1 b1
a2 b2
A determinant of second order consists of two rows and two columns.
Next consider the system of equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, a3x + b3y + c3 = 0
If these equations are satisfied by the same values of x and y, then on eliminating x and y we get.
a1(b2c3 – b3c2) + b1(c2a3 – c3a2) + c1(a2b3 – a3b2) = 0
The expression on the left is called a determinant of the third order, and is denoted by
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
A determinant of third order consists of three rows and three columns.
VALUE OF A DETERMINANT
a1 b1 c1
b c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
D  a2 b2 c2  a 1 2  b1  c1
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b 3 = a1(b2c3 – b3c2) – b1(a2c3 – a3c2) + c1(a2b3 – a3b2)
a3 b3 c3
 Sarrus diagram to get the value of determinant of order three :

–ve –ve –ve
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1
D  a2 b2 c 2 = a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 = (a1b2c3 + a2b3c1 +a3b1c2) – (a3b2c1 + a2b1c3 + a1b3c2)
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3
+ve +ve +ve
Note that the product of the terms in first bracket (i.e. a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c3) is same as the product of the terms
in second bracket.
sin cos 1 log b a

Ex. Evaluate (i) (ii)
 cos sin log a b 1
sin cos
Sol. (i) = sin2 – (– cos2 ) = sin2  + cos2  = 1.
 cos sin
1 log b a  1 
(ii) = 1 – logb a × loga b = 1 – 1 = 0  log b a  
log a b 1  log a b

DETERMINANTS
Ex. Eliminate , m, n from the equations a + cm + bn = 0, c + bm + an = 0, b + am + cn = 0 and express the result in the
simplest form.
Sol. The given set of equations can also be written as (if n  0) :
 m  m  m 

a    c   b  0 ; c   b   a  0 ; b   a    c  0
n n  n  n  n n 
 m
Then, let  x ; y
n n
 System of equations :
ax + cy + b = 0 .....(i)
cx + by + a = 0 .....(ii)
bx + ay + c = 0 .....(iii)
We have to eliminate x & y from these simultaneous linear equations.
Since these equations are satisfied by the same values of x and y, then eliminating x
and y we get,
a c b
c b a 0
b a c
1 2 3
Ex. The value of 4 3 6 is -
2 7 9
1 2 3
3 6 4 6 4 3
Sol. 4 3 6 =1 –2 3
7 9 2 9 2 7
2 7 9
= (27 + 42) – 2 (–36 –12) + 3 (28 – 6) = 231

Alternative : By sarrus diagram
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
4 3 6 = 4 3 6 4 3
2 7 9 2 7 9 2 7
= (27 + 24 + 84) – (18 – 42 – 72)= 135 – (18 – 114) = 231
MINORS & COFACTORS

Let  be a determinant. Then minor of element a ij, denoted by Mij, is defined as the determinant of the
submatrix obtained by deleting ith row & j th column of . Cofactor of element aij, denoted by Cij, is defined as
Cij = (– 1)i + j Mij.
a b
e.g. 1 =
c d
M11 = d = C11
M12 = c, C12 = – c

M21 = b, C21 = – b
M22 = a = C22
a b c
e.g. 2 = p q r
x y z
q r
M11 = = qz – yr = C11.
y z
a b
M23 = = ay – bx, C23 = – (ay – bx) = bx – ay etc.
x y
 1 3 2 
 
Ex. Find the minors and cofactors of elements of the matrix A = [aij] =  4 5 6  .
 3 5 2 
Sol. Let Mij and Cij denote respectively the minor and cofactor of element aij in A. Then,
5 6
M11 = = –10 – 30 = – 40  C11 = M11 = – 40
5 2
4 6
M12 = = 8 – 18 = –10  C12 = – M12 = 10
3 2
4 5
M13 = = 20 + 15 = 35  C13 = M13 = 35
3 5
3 2
M21 = = 6 + 10 = 16  C21 = – M21 = –16
5 2
1 2
M22 = =2+6=8  C22 = M22 = 8
3 2
1 3
M23 = = 5 – 9 = –4  C23 = – M23 = 4
3 5
2 3 1
Ex. Find the minors and cofactors of elements '–3', '5', '–1' & '7' in the determinant 4 0 5
1 6 7
4 5
Sol. Minor of –3 = = 33 ; Cofactor of – 3 = –33
1 7
2 3
Minor of 5 =  9 ; Cofactor of 5 = –9
1 6
3 1
Minor of –1 =  1 5 ; Cofactor of –1 = –15
0 5
2 3
Minor of 7 =  1 2 ; Cofactor of 7 = 12
4 0

DETERMINANTS
Transpose of a Determinant
The transpose of a determinant is the determinant of transpose of the corresponding matrix.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
a
D= 2 b2 c2  DT  b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
(a) The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter-changed,
a 1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a 3
e.g. if D  a 2 b2 c 2  b1 b2 b 3
a 3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c 3
(b) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant is changed in sign
only. e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a 2 b2 c2
Let D  a 2 b2 c2 & D1  a1 b1 c1 Then D1 = – D.
a 3 b3 c3 a3 b 3 c3
(c) If all the elements of a row (or column) are zero, then the value of the determinant is zero.
(d) If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is
multiplied by that number.
a1 b1 c1 Ka 1 Kb1 Kc1
e.g. If D = a 2 b2 c2 and D1 = a 2 b2 c2 Then D1 = KD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(e) If all the elements of a row (or column) are proportional (or identical) to the element of any other row, then
the determinant vanishes, i.e. its value is zero.
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
e.g. If D = a 1 b1 c1  D = 0 ; If D1  ka1 kb1 kc1 D1 = 0
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(f) If each element of any row (or column) is expressed as a sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two (or more) determinants.
a1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
e.g. a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
ƒ(r) g(r) h(r)

Note that : If D r  a b c
a1 b1 c1

where r  N and a,b,c, a1, b1,c1 are constants, then
n n n

r 1
ƒ(r)  g(r)  h(r)
r 1 r 1
n

r 1
Dr  a b c
a1 b1 c1
(g) Row - column operation : The value of a determinant remains unaltered under a column (Ci ) operation of
the form Ci  Ci + Cj + Ck (j, k  i) or row (Ri) operation of the form Ri  Ri + Rj + Rk (j, k  i). In other
words, the value of a determinant is not altered by adding the elements of any row (or column) to the same
multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column)
a1 b1 c1
e.g. Let D = a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a 1  a 2 b1  b2 c 1  c 2
D= a2 b2 c2 (R1 R1 + R2; R3 R3 + R2)
a 3  a1 b 3   b1 c 3   c1
(i) By using the operation Ri  xRi + yRj + zRk (j, k  i), the value of the determinant becomes x times
the original one.
(ii) While applying this property ATLEAST ONE ROW (OR COLUMN) must remain unchanged.
(h) Factor theorem : If the elements of a determinant D are rational integral functions of x and two rows
(or columns) become identical when x = a then (x – a) is a factor of D.
Note that if r rows become identical when a is substituted for x, then (x – a)r–1 is a factor of D.
a b c
Ex. Simplify a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab
Sol. Given detereminant is equal to
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
1 abc
= a3 b3 c3 = a3 b3 c3
abc abc
abc abc abc 1 1 1
Apply C1  C1 – C2, C 2  C 2 – C3
a 2  b2 b2  c2 c2
= a b b3  c3
3 3
c3
0 0 1

DETERMINANTS
ab bc c2
= (a – b) (b – c) a  ab  b b 2  bc  c 2
2 2
c3
0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab 2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
a2 ab ac
2
Ex. Find the value of the determinant ab b bc
ac bc c 2
a2 ab a b c
ac a b c
2 2
Sol. D = ab b bc = a ab b bc = abc a b c = 0
2 2
ac bc c ac bc c a b c
Since all rows are same, hence value of the determinant is zero.
bc a a
Ex. Prove that b ca b = 4abc
c c ab
bc a a
Sol. Let  = b ca b
c c ab
Applying R1  R1 – R2 – R3 to , we get
0 2c 2b
  b ca b
c c ab
Expanding along R1, we obtain
ca b b b b ca
0  ( 2c)  ( 2b)
c ab c ab c c
= 2 c (a b + b2 – bc) – 2 b (b c – c2 – ac)
= 2 a b c + 2 cb2 – 2 bc2 – 2 b2c + 2 bc2 + 2 abc
= 4 abc
a bc 2a 2a
Ex. Prove that 2b bca 2b  (a  b  c)3
2c 2c ca b

a bc 2a 2a
Sol. D 2b bca 2b
2c 2c ca b
a bc a bc a bc

D 2b bca 2b (R1  R1 + R2 + R3)
2c 2c ca b
1 1 1
D  (a  b  c) 2b b  c  a 2b
2c 2c ca b
1 0 0
D  (a  b  c) 2 b (a  b  c) 0 (C3 C3 – C1 ; C2  C2 – C1)
2c 0 (a  b  c)
D = (a + b + c)3
a b c
Ex. Show that a  2x b  2y c  2z  0
x y z
a b c a b c a b c
Sol. We have, a  2x b  2y c  2z  a b c  2x 2y 2z (by property 5)
x y z x y z x y z
=0+0=0 (using property 3 and property 4)
32  k 42 32  3  k
Ex. If 42  k 52 42  4  k = 0, then the value of k is-
52  k 62 52  5  k
Sol. Applying (C3  C3 – C1)
32  k 42 3
D 4 k 5
2 2
4 0
52  k 62 5
9  k 16 3
 7 9 1 0 (R3  R3 – R2; R2  R2 – R1)
9 11 1
 k–1=0  k=1

DETERMINANTS
a a x
Ex. Prove that m m m  m(x  a)(x  b)
b x b
Sol. Using factor theorem,

Put x = a
a a a
D= m m m =0
b a b
Since R1 and R2 are proportional which makes D = 0, therefore (x – a) is a factor of D.

Similarly, by putting x = b, D becomes zero, therefore (x – b) is a factor of D.
a a x
D = m m m = (x – a)(x – b) ......(i)
b x b
To get the value of  put x = 0 in equation (i)
a a 0
m m m
= ab
b 0 b
amb = ab  =m

 D = m(x – a)(x – b)
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS
a1 b1 l m1 a1 l1  b1 l2 a1 m1  b1 m2
 1 
a 2 b2 l2 m2 a2 l1  b2 l2 a 2 m1  b2 m2
Similarly two determinants of order three are multiplied.

(a) Here we have multiplied row by column. We can also multiply row by row, column by row and column by column.
(b) If D 1 is the determinant formed by replacing the elements of determinant D of order n by their
corresponding cofactors then D1 = Dn–1
Ex. Let  be the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and Sn = n +  n for n  1. Evaluate the value of the determinant
3 1  S1 1  S2
1  S1 1  S2 1  S3 .
1  S2 1  S3 1  S4

3 1  S1 1  S2 1 1 1 1  1  2  2
Sol. D = 1  S1 1  S2 1  S3 = 1     1  2  2 1  3  3
1  S2 1  S3 1  S4 1  2  2 1  3  3 1   4  4
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
= 1   1   = 1  2 =[(1 – )(1 – )( – )]2
1  2 1 2 2 1  2
D = ()2 ( 1)2
  are roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b c b2  4 ac
   &      
a a a
2
(b2  4 ac)  a  b  c  (b 2  4 ac)(a  b  c)2
D=   =
a2  a  a4
Important Determinants
0 b c
(i) b 0 a 0
c a 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) a b c  a b c  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)
2 2 2
bc ac ab a b c
1 1 1
(iii) a b c  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a )(a  b  c)
3 3 3
a b c
1 1 1
(iv) a 2
b 2
c2  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a )(ab  bc  ca )
3 3 3
a b c
1 1 1
(v) a b c  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)(a 2  b2  c 2  ab  bc  ca)
a 4 b4 c4

DETERMINANTS
APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS IN GEOMETRY
(a) The lines : a 1x + b 1y + c 1 = 0 ......(i)
a 2x + b 2y + c 2 = 0 ......(ii)
a 3x + b 3y + c 3 = 0 ......(iii)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if a 2 b2 c2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
This is the condition for consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(b) Equation ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if :

a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c
x1 y1 1
1
(c) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr , yr) ; r = 1 , 2 , 3 is D = x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
x y 1
(d) Equation of a straight line passing through points (x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2) is x1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1
Ex. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8), (– 4, 2) and (5, 1).
3 8 1
1
Sol. The area of triangle is given by   4 2 1
2
5 1 1
1
= 3(2  1)  8(4  5)  1(4  10)
2
1 61
= (3 + 72 – 14) =
2 2
Singular & non singular matrix
A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as |A| is zero or non-zero respectively.
Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix

Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix. The matrix obtained by replacing each element of A by corresponding
cofactor is called as cofactor matrix of A, denoted as cofactor A. The transpose of cofactor matrix of A is
called as adjoint of A, denoted as adj A.
i.e. if A = [aij]n
then cofactor A = [cij]n when c ij is the cofactor of aij  i & j.
Adj A = [d ij]n where d ij = cji  i & j.

Properties of cofactor A and adj A
(a) A . adj A = |A| n = (adj A) A where A = [aij]n.
(b) |adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is order of A.
In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A|2
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A are also symmetric matrices.
(d) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular.
 2 1 3 
 
Ex. If A =  1 4 2  and B = [–1 2 –1] find B  (adj A)
 0 3 1 
Sol. The cofactors are

c11 = +(4 + 6) = 10 c12 = –(–1 –0) = 1
c13 = +(3 – 0) = 3 c21 = –(–1 + 9) = –8
c22 = +(2 – 0) = 2 c23 = –(–6 + 0) = 6
c31 = +(–2 –12) = –14 c32 = –(4 + 3) = –7
c33 = +(8 – 1) = 7
T
 10 1 3 10 8 14
 adj A = 8 2 6   1 2 7 
 
   
 14 7 7   3 6 7 
10 8 14
Then B . (adj A) = [–1 2 –1]  1 2 7 
 
 3 6 7 
= [–10 + 2 – 3 8 + 4 – 6 14 – 14 – 7]
= [–11 6 –7]
INVERSE OF A MATRIX (RECIPROCAL MATRIX)

1
Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then the matrix adj A is the multiplicative inverse of A (we call it inverse
|A|
of A) and is denoted by A–1.
We have A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A
 1   1 
 A adjA  = n =  adjA  A, for A is non-singular
|A|  |A| 
1
 A–1 = adj A.
|A|

DETERMINANTS
(i) The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse of A is that A is non-singular.
(ii) A–1 is always non-singular.
(iii) If A = dia (a11, a22, ....., a nn) where aii  0  i, then A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ...., ann–1).
(iv) (A–1) = (A)–1 for any non-singular matrix A. Also adj (A) = (adj A).
(v) (A–1)–1 = A if A is non-singular.
1 –1
(vi) Let k be a non-zero scalar & A be a non-singular matrix. Then (kA)–1 = A .
k
1
(vii) |A–1| = for |A|  0.
|A|
(viii) Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then AB = AC  B = C & BA = CA  B= C.
(ix) A is non-singular and symmetric  A–1 is symmetric.
(x) (AB)–1 = B –1 A–1 if A and B are non- singular.
(xi) In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is non-singular and AB = 0, then B = 0.
Similarly B is non-singular and AB = 0  A = 0. Therefore, AB = 0  either both are singular
or one of them is 0.
1 3 3 
 
Ex. If A = 1 4 3  , then verify that A adj A = | A | . Also find A–1
1 3 4 
Sol. We have | A | = 1 (16 – 9) – 3 (4 – 3) + 3 (3 – 4) = 1  0

Now A11 = 7, A12 = – 1, A13 = – 1, A21 = – 3, A22 = 1, A23 = 0,A31 = – 3, A32 = 0, A33 = 1
 7 –3 –3
 
Therefore adj A =  –1 1 0 
 –1 0 1 
1 3 3  7 –3 –3  7 – 3 – 3 –3  3  0 –3  0  3 
1 4 3  –1 1 0   
Now A(adj A) =    = 7 – 4 – 3 –3  4  0 –3  0  3 
1 3 4  –1 0 1  7 – 3 – 4 –3  3  0 –3  0  4 
1 0 0  1 0 0 
  0 1 0 
= 0 1 0  = (1)   = |A|. I
0 0 1  0 0 1 
 7 –3 –3  7 –3 –3
1 1    
Also A–1 adj A =  –1 1 0  =  –1 1 0 
|A| 1
 –1 0 1   –1 0 1 

2 3 2
Ex. Show that the matrix A =   satisfies the equation A – 4A + I = O, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix and O
1 2
is 2 × 2 zero matrix. Using the equation, find A–1 .
2 3 2 3  7 12 
Sol. We have A2 = A.A =     =  
1 2 1 2 4 7 
7 12  8 12  1 0  0 0
Hence A2 – 4A + I =   –   + 0 1  = 0 0 = 0
 4 7   4 8     
Now A2 – 4A + I = 0
Therefore A A – 4A = – I
or AA(A–1) – 4 A A–1 = – I A–1 (Post multiplying by A–1 because |A| 0)
or A (A A–1) – 4I = – A–1
or AI – 4I = – A–1
4 0 2 3  2 –3
or A–1 = 4I – A =  0 4  –  1 2  =  –1 2 
     
 2 –3
Hence A–1 =  
 –1 2 
 2  3
Ex. Find the inverse of the matrix, A =  .
 4 7 
 2  3
Sol. We have, |A| =   = (14 – 12) = 12  0.
 4 7 
So, A–1 exists.

The cofactors of the elements of |A| are given by
A11 = 7, A12 = (–4) = 4.
A21 = –(–3) = 3, A22 = 2.
'
7 4  7 3
 (adj A) =    
3 2 4 2
1
Hence, A–1 = . (adj A)
|A|
7 3
1 7 3  
.  2 .
2  4 2  
= 2

2 1

DETERMINANTS
Finding inverse using Elementry operations
(i) Using row transformations :
If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary row operations,
Step I : Write A = IA and
Step II : Apply a sequence of row operation on A = IA till we get, I = BA.
The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary row operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we will apply
these row operations simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product AB on RHS.
 1 2 2 
Ex. Find the inverse of the matrix A   1 3 0  by using elementary row transformations.
 0 2 1 
Sol. We know that A = I A
 1 2 2  1 0 0 
or,  1 3 0    0 1 0  A
   
 0 2 1  0 0 1 
 1 2 2   1 0 0 
0 5 2   1 1 0  A
     (Applying R2  R2 + R1)
0 2 1  0 0 1 
 1 2 2   1 0 0 
 0 1 0   1 1 2  A (Applying R2  R2 + 2R3)
   
0 2 1  0 0 0 
1 0 2   1 2 4 
 0 1 0    1 1 2  A (Applying R1  R1 + (–2) R2, R3  R3 + 2R2)
  
0 0 1   2 2 5 
1 0 0   3 2 6 
 0 1 0   1 1 2  A (Applying R1  R1 + 2R3)
   
0 0 1   2 2 5 
3 2 6
 
Hence, A = 1 1 2 
–1
 2 2 5 
(ii) Using column transformations :

If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary column operations,
Step I : Write A = AI and
Step II : Apply a sequence of column operations on A = AI till we get, I = AB.

The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we will
apply these row operatdions simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of the product AB on RHS.
CRAMER'S RULE (SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS)

Simultaneous linear equations
(at least one solution) (no solution)
Exactly one solution Infinite solutions

or
Unique solution
Trivial solution Non trivial solution
All variable At least one

zero is the non zero variable
only solution satisfies the system
(a) Equations involving two variables

(i) Consistent Equations : Definite & unique solution (Intersecting lines)
(ii) Inconsistent Equations : No solution (Parallel lines)
(iii) Dependent Equations : Infinite solutions (Identical lines)
Let, a1 x + b 1 y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then :
a1 b1
(1)   Given equations are consistent with unique solution
a 2 b2
a 1 b1 c 1
(2)   
 Given equations are inconsistent
a 2 b2 c 2
a 1 b1 c1
(3)    Given equations are consistent with infinite solutions
a 2 b2 c 2
(b) Equations Involving Three variables

Let a 1x + b 1y + c 1z = d 1 .......(i)
a 2x + b 2y + c 2z = d 2 .......(ii)
a 3x + b 3y + c 3z = d 3 .......(iii)
D1 D2 D3
Then, x = , y= , z= .
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Where D = a 2 b2 c 2 ; D1 = d 2 b2 c 2 ; D2 = a 2 d2 c 2 & D3 = a 2 b2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

DETERMINANTS
(i) If D  0 and atleast one of D1 , D2 , D3  0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has
unique non trivial solution.
(ii) If D  0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has trivial
solution only.
(iii) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has infinite solutions.
a 1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 

Note that In case a 1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d 2  (Atleast two of d1 , d2 & d3 are not equal)
a 1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d 3 
D = D 1 = D 2 = D 3 = 0. But these three equations represent three parallel planes. Hence the system
is inconsistent.
(iv)If D = 0 but atleast one of D 1, D 2, D 3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and
have no solution.
(c) Homogeneous system of linear equations

Let a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 .......(i)
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 .......(ii)
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 .......(iii)
 D1 = D 2 = D 3 = 0
 The system always possesses atleast one solution x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, which is called Trivial solution, i.e. this
system is always consistent.
Check value of D
D 0 D=0

Unique Trivial solution Trivial & Non-Trivial solutions (infinite solutions)
Note that if a given system of linear equations has Only Zero solutions for all its variables then the given equations
are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
Also, note that if the system of equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0; a3x + b3y + c3 = 0
a1 b1 c1
is always consistent then a 2 b2 c 2  0 but converse is not true.
a3 b3 c3
Ex. Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations :
x + 2y + 3z = 1; 2x + 3y + 4z = 3; 3x + 4y + 5z = 0
1 2 3
Sol. D= 2 3 4 =0
3 4 5

1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4 =5
0 4 5
 D = 0 but D1  0 Hence no solution.
Ex. Find the value of , if the following equations are consistent :

x + y – 3 = 0; (1 + )x + (2 + )y – 8 = 0; x – (1 + )y + (2 + ) = 0
Sol. The given equations in two unknowns are consistent, then  = 0
1 1 3
i.e. 1   2   8  0
1 (1   ) 2  
Applying C2  C2 – C1 and C3  C3 + 3C1
1 0 0
 1 1 3  5  0
1 2   5 
 (5   )  (3   5 )(2   )  0  3 2  2   5  0
   1,  5 / 3
Ex. If x, y, z are not all simultaneously equal to zero, satisfying the system of equations
sin(3) x – y + z = 0; cos(2)x + 4y + 3z = 0; 2x + 7y + 7z = 0, then find the values of (0   2).
Sol. Given system of equations is a system of homogeneous linear equations which posses non-zero solution set,
therefore D = 0.
sin 3  1 0
sin3  1 1
cos 2  4 7
 D = cos 2  4 3  D= (C3  C3 + C2)
2 7 14
2 7 7
sin 3  1 0
R3
D = cos 2   1 0.5 0 (R2  R2 – )
2
2 7 14
 sin 3  
D = 14   cos 2   1 
 2 
 D=0
 sin3 + 2cos2 – 2 = 0
 3sin– 4sin3 = 4sin2  (sin)(4sin2 + 4sin – 3) = 0
1 3
 (sin)(2sin – 1)(2sin + 3) = 0  sin = 0 ; sin  ; sin = –
2 2
1 1 5 5 3
sin = 0   = 0, , 2 ; sinsin 
  , , ; sin    no solution.
2 2 6 66 6 2
 5
   0, , , , 2 
6 6

DETERMINANTS
TIPS & FORMULAS

1. Minors
The minor of any element of determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after deleting the row &
the column in which the given element stands.
a1 b1 c1
b c2 a1 c1
For example, the minor of a1 in a 2 b2 c 2 is 2 & the minor of b2 is .
b3 c3 a3 c3
a3 b3 c3
Hence a determinant of order threee will have “9 minors”.
2. Cofactors
If Mij represents the minor of the element belonging to ith row and jth column then the cofactor of that element :
Cij = (–1)i + j . Mij
Important Notev :
a1 a2 a3
Consider Δ = b1 b 2 b3
c1 c2 c3
Let A1 be cofactor of a1, B2 be cofactor of b2 and so on, then,

(i) a1A1 + b1B1n + c1C1 = a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3 = 
(ii) a2A1 + b2B1 + c2C1 = b1A1 + b2A2 + b3A3 = O
3. Properties of Determinants
(a) The value of a determinants remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are interchanged.
(b) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged the value of determinant is changed in sign only.
e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Let D = a2 b2 c2 & D' = a1 b1 c1 Then D’ = – D
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(c) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero.
(d) If all the elements of any row (or columns) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is multiplied
by that number.
a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z
(e) a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(f) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) the multiples
of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column) e.g.
a1 b1 c1
Let D = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

a1 + ma 2 b1 + mb 2 c1 + mc 2
D' = a2 b2 c2 . Then D’ = D
a 3 + na1 b3 + nb 2 c3 + nc1
Note : While applying this property atleast one row (or column) must remain unchanged.
(g) If the elements of a determinant  are rational function of x and two rows (or columns) become identical when
x = a, then x – a is a factor of .
Again, if r rows become identical when a is substituted for x, then (x–a)r–1 is a factor of .
f1 f2 f3
(h) If D(x) = g1 g2 g 3 , where fr, gr, hr ; r = 1, 2, 3 are three differential function.
h1 h 2 h3
f'1 f'2 f'3 f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3

d
then D(x) = g1 g 2 g 3 + g'1 g'2 g'3 + g1 g2 g3
dx
h1 h 2 h3 h1 h2 h3 h'1 h'2 h'3
4. Multiplication of two Determinants

a1 b1 l1 m1 a 1l1 + b 2 l2 a1m1 + b1m 2
× =
a2 b2 l2 m2 a 2l1 + b 2 l 2 a 2 m1 + b 2 m 2
Similarly two determinants of order three are multiplied.

(a) Here we have multiplied row by column. We can also multiply row by row, column by row and column by
column.
(b) If D’ is the determinant formed by replacing the elements of determinant D of order n by their corresponding
cofactors then D’ = Dn-1.
5. Special Determinants
(a) Symmetric Determinant
Elements of a determinant are such that aij = aji.
a h g
e.g. h b f = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg 2 – ch 2
g f c
(b) Skew Symmetric Determinant

If aij = –aji then the determinant is said to be a skew symmetric determinant. here all the principal diagonal
elements are zero. The value of a skew symmetric determinant of odd order is zero and of even order is
perfect square.
0 b –c
e.g. –b 0 a =0
c –a 0

DETERMINANTS
(c) Other Important Determinants
1 1 1 1 1 1
(i) a b c = a b c = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)
bc ac ab a2 b2 c2
1 1 1
(ii) a b c = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3
1 1 1
2
(iii) a b2 c 2 = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(ab + bc + ca)
a3 b3 c3
1 1 1
(iv) a b c = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca)
a4 b4 c4
6. System of Equation
(a) System of equation involving two variable
(System of equation has solution) (System of equation has no solution)
a1 b1 c1
= = ?
Infinite solution a2 b2 c2
unique solution
a1 b1 c1 (Equations represents
a1 b1 = = parallel disjoint lines)
=?
a2 b2 a2 b2 c2
or a1b2 -a2b10 (Equations represents
(Equations represents coincident lines)
intersecting lines)
b1 c1 c1 a1 a1 b1 1 
If Δ1 = ,Δ 2 = ,Δ = , then x  ,y  2
b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2  
b1c 2 – b 2 c1 a c –a c
or x= ;y = 2 1 1 2
a1b 2 – a 2 b1 a1b 2 – a 2 b1
(b) System of Equations Involving three Variables

a 1x + b 1y + c 1z = d 1
a 2x + b 2y + c 2z = d 2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3

To solve this system we first define following determinants
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
Δ = a2 b2 c2 1 = d 2 b2 c2
, ,
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Δ2 = a 2 d2 c2 Δ3 = a 2 b2 d2
,
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
Now following algorithm is used to solve the system.
0  = 0
Consistent system Check the values of
and has unique solution 1,2 and 3
  
x =  1, y = 2, z = 3

Atleast one of 1,2 and 3 1= 2 = 3 = 0

is not zero
Put z = t and solve any

Inconsistent system two equations to get the
values of x & y in terms of t
If these values of x, y and z in The values of x, y and z dosen’t

terms of t satisfy third equation satisfy third equation
Inconsistent system
Consistent system
(System has infinite solutions)
Note
(i) Trival Solution : In the solution set of system of equation if all the variables assumes zero, then such a solution set
is called Trival solution otherwise the solution is called non-trival solution.
(ii) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 then system of linear equation is known as system of Homogeneous linear equation which always
posses atleast one solution (0, 0, 0).
(iii) If system of homogeneous linear equation posses non-zero/non-trival solution then  = 0. In such case given
system has infinite solutions.

DETERMINANTS
SOLVED EXAMPLES
a b c y b q
Ex. 1 Prove that x y z  x a p
p q r z c r
a b c a x p
Sol. D= x y z = b y q (By interchanging rows & columns)
p q r c z r
x a p
= y b q (C1  C2)
z c r
y b q
= x a p (R1  R2)
z c r
r r3 2 n
Ex. 2 If D r  n n3 2n , find  Dr .
r 0
2
n(n  1)  n(n  1) 
  2(n  1)
2  2 
2
n n n
n(n  1)  n(n  1) 
r
r 0
 r3
r 0
2
r 0 2  2



2(n  1)
n
Sol.  Dr 
r 0
n n3 2n  n n3 2n = 0
2
n(n  1)  n(n  1)  n(n  1)  n(n  1) 
2
  2(n  1)  2  2(n  1)
2  2  2  
a b c
Ex. 3 Simplify b c a
c a b
Sol. Let R 1  R1 + R 2 + R 3
a bc a bc a bc 1 1 1

 b c a = (a + b + c) b c a
c a b c a b
Apply C1 C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3

0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b  c c  a a
ca a b b
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b 2 – c 2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a 2 – b 2 – c 2)  3abc – a3 – b 3 – c 3
a  b  nc (n  1)a (n  1)b
Ex. 4 Determinant (n  1)c b  c  na (n  1)b is equal to -
(n  1)c (n  1)a c  a  nb
Sol. Applying C1  C1 + (C2 + C3)
1 (n  1)a (n  1)b
D = n(a + b + c) 1 b  c  na (n  1)b
1 (n  1)a c  a  nb
1 (n  1)a (n  1)b
R 2  R 2  R 1 
D = n(a + b + c) 0 abc 0  
R 3  R 3  R1 
0 0 abc
= n(a + b + c)3
(x  a)2 (x  b)2 (x  c)2

Ex. 5 Prove that (y  a)2 (y  b)2 (y  c)2 = 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
(z  a )2 (z  b)2 (z  c)2
(x  a)2 (x  b)2 (x  c)2

Sol. D = (y  a)2 (y  b)2 (y  c)2
(z  a )2 (z  b)2 (z  c)2
Using factor theorem, Put x = y
(y  a)2 (y  b)2 (y  c)2

D  (y  a )2 (y  b)2 (y  c)2
(z  a )2 (z  b)2 (z  c)2
R1 and R2 are identical which makes D = 0. Therefore, (x–y) is a factor of D.

Similarly (y – z) & (z – x) are factors of D
Now put a = b

DETERMINANTS
(x  b)2 (x  b)2 (x  c)2

D  (y  b) 2
(y  b) 2
(y  c)2
(z  b)2 (z  b)2 (z  c)2
C1 and C2 become identical which makes D = 0. Therefore, (a–b) is a factor of D.

Similarly (b–c) and (c–a) are factors of D.
Therefore, D = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
To get the value of  put x = –1 = a, y = 0 = b and z = 1 = c
0 1 4
D  1 0 1  (1)(1)(2 )(1)(1)(2 )
4 1 0
 4 = 8  =2
 D = 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
1  2
Ex. 6 Prove that  2 1 = –(1– 3)2.
2 1 
Sol. This is a cyclic determinant.
1  2
  2 1 = – (1 + 2)(1 + 2 + 4 –  – 2 – 3)
2 1 
= – (1 +  + 2)(– + 1 – 3 + 4) = – (1 +  + 2)(1 – )2(1 +  + 2)
= – (1 – )2(1 +  + 2)2 = –(1 – 3)2
Ex. 7 If the system of equations x + y + 1 = 0, x + y + 1 = 0 & x + y +  = 0. is consistent then find the value of .
Sol. For consistency of the given system of equations
1  1
D  1 1 0
1 1 
 3 = 1 + 1 + 3 or 3 – 3 + 2 = 0  (–1)2 ( + 2) = 0
  = 1 or  =–2
Ex. 8 For a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A, show that adj A is a symmetric matrix.
 0 a b  c 2 bc ca 
   
A =  a 0 c  cof A =  bc b ab 
2
Sol.
 b c 0   ca ab a 2 
 

 c 2  bc ca 
 
adj A = (cof A) =   bc b ab  which is symmetric.
2
 ca ab a 2 
 
(a  x)2 (b  x)2 (c  x)2 (1  ax)2 (1  bx)2 (1  cx)2

2
Ex. 9 If a, b, c x, y, z  R, then prove that (a  y) (b  y)2 (c  y)2  (1  ay)2 (1  by)2 (1  cy)2
(a  z)2 (b  z)2 (c  z)2 (1  az)2 (1  bz)2 (1  cz)2
(a  x)2 (b  x)2 (c  x)2 a 2  2 ax  x2 b2  2 bx  x2 c 2  2cx  x2

2 2
Sol. L.H.S. = (a  y)
2
(b  y)2 (c  y)2  a  2ay  y b2  2 by  y2 c 2  2cy  y2
(a  z)2 (b  z)2 (c  z)2 a 2  2az  z2 b2  2 bz  z2 c2  2az  z2
1 x x2 a2 2 a 1
2 2
= 1 y y b 2 b 1 (Row by Row)
2 2
1 z z c 2c 1
1 x x2 a2 2a 1
=1 y y  (1) b
2 2
2b 1
1 z z2 c2 2c 1
1 x x2 1 2a a2
=1 y y2  (1)(1) 1 2 b b2 (C  C )
1 3
1 z z2 1 2c c 2
1 x x2 1 2a a2
1 y y2  1 2b b2
1 z z2 1 2c c2
Multiplying row by row
1  2 ax  a 2 x2 1  2 bx  b2 x2 1  2 cx  c 2 x2
1  2ay  a 2 y2 1  2 by  b 2 y2 1  2cy  c 2 y2
=
1  2 az  a z 2 2
1  2 bz  b z2 2
1  2 cz  c 2 z2
(1  ax)2 (1  bx)2 (1  cx)2

 (1  ay)2 (1  by)2 (1  cy)2
= R.H.S.
(1  az)2 (1  bz)2 (1  cz)2

DETERMINANTS
Ex. 10 For two non-singular matrices A & B, show that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Sol. We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| n
= |A| |B| n
A–1 (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1
1
 B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A–1 = adj A)
|A|
 B –1 B adj (AB) = |B| B–1 adj A
 adj (AB) = (adjB) (adj A)
y5 z6 (z3  y3 ) x 4 z6 (x 3  z3 ) x 4 y5 (y3  x 3 ) x y2 z3
xy2 (x6  y6 ) and D 2  x
4
Ex. 11 If D1  y2 z3 (y6  z6 ) xz3 (z6  x6 ) y5 z6 . Then D1D2 is equal to -
y2 z3 (z3  y3 ) xz3 (x 3  z3 ) xy2 (y3  x 3 ) x7 y 8
z9
Sol. The given determinant D1 is obtained by corresponding cofactors of determinant D2.

Hence D1 = D22
 D1 D2  D22 D2  D23
0 1 2 
 
Ex. 12 Obtain the inverse of the matrix A = 1 2 3 using elementary operations.
3 1 1 
 0 1 2  1 0 0 
   
Sol. Write A = IA, i.e., 1 2 3 = 0 1 0  A
3 1 1  0 0 1 
1 2 3   0 1 0 
0 1 2   
or   = 1 0 0  A (applying R1  R2)
3 1 1  0 0 1 
1 2 3   0 1 0 
 0 1 2  1 0 0 
or   =  A (applying R3  R3 – 3R1)
0 –5 –8 0 –3 1 
1 0 –1  –2 1 0
0 1 2   1 0 0 
or   =  A (applying R1  R1 – 2R2)
0 –5 –8  0 –3 1 
1 0 –1  –2 1 0
0 1 2   1 0 0 
or   =   A (applying R3  R3 + 5R2)
0 0 2   5 –3 1 

 
 –2 1 0
 1 0 –1  
0 1 2  
  = 1 0 0 A (applying R3 
1
or  R)
0 0 1   2 3
5 –3 1
 2 2 2 
1 1 1
2 –
2 2
1 0 0   
0 1 2  1 0 0
or   =  A (Applying R1  R1 + R3)
0 0 1   
5 –
3 1
 2 2 2 
1 –1 1
 2
1 0 0   2 2

0 1 0  
or   =  –4 3 –1 A (Applying R2  R2 – 2R3)

0 0 1   
5 –3 1
 2 2 2 
1 1 1
 2 –2 2
 
 –1
Hence A =  –4 3
–1

 
 5 –3 1
 2 2 2 

DETERMINANTS
Exercise # 1 [Single Correct Choice Type Questions]
1. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = – 1, |B| = 3, then |3AB| is equal to
(A) – 9 (B) – 81 (C) – 27 (D) 81
sin 2 x cos2 x cos 4 x

2
2. If cos x cos 2 x sin 2 x = a0 + a1 (sinx) + a2 (sin2x) +.......+ an (sinnx) then the value of a0 is -
cos 4 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2
cos –1 x cos –1 y cos –1 z 

 
3. Let A = cos –1 y cos –1 z cos –1 x  such that |A| = 0, then maximum value of x + y + z is
 cos –1 z cos –1 x cos –1 y 
 
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
x 2  2x  3 7x  2 x4
4. If 2x  7 x2  x  2 3x = ax6 + bx5 + cx4 + dx3 + ex2 + fx + g the value of g is
3 2x  1 x  4x  7
2
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C)  2 (D) none of these
p 15 8
2
5. If Dp = p 35 9 , then D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 is equal to -
p3 25 10
sin 2 A cot A 1
6. For any ABC, the value of determinant sin 2 B cot B 1 is equal to -
sin 2 C cot C 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) sin A sin B sin C (D) sin A + sin B + sin C
a1 a2 a3
5 4 a6
7. If a1, a2, a3 , 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P. and D = , then the value of [D] is
a7 a8 a9
(Where [.] represents, the greatest integer fn.)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
sin  cos  sin  sin  cos 

8. Let = cos  cos  cos  sin   sin  , then
 sin  sin  sin  cos  0
(A)  is independent of  (B)  is indepedent of 

(C)  is a constant (D) none of these

9. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and A denotes transpose of matrix A, A A =  and det A = 1, then
det (A – ) must be equal to
(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) none of these
x 3x  2 2x 1
10. The number of real values of x satisfying 2 x  1 4x 3 x 1 = 0 is -
7 x  2 17 x  6 12 x  1
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) infinite
a2 a 1
11. The value of the determinant cos (nx) cos (n 1) x cos (n  2) x is independent of :
sin (nx) sin (n  1) x sin (n  2) x
(A) n (B) a (C) x (D) a , n and x
12. Three distinct points P(3u2, 2u3) ; Q(3v2, 2v3) and R(3w2, 2w3) are collinear then
(A) uv + vw + wu = 0 (B) uv + vw + wu = 3
(C) uv + vw + wu = 2 (D) uv + ww + wu = 1
a 2 (1  x) ab ac
13. The determinant  = ab b (1  x)
2
bc is divisible by
ac bc c (1  x)
2
(A) 1 + x (B) (1 + x)2 (C) x2 (D) x2 + 1
1 a2  a4 1  ab  a 2 b 2 1  ac  a 2c 2
 = 1  ab  a b 1  b 2  b 4 1  bc  b 2 c 2 is equal to
2 2
14.
1  ac  a 2 c 2 1  bc  b 2c 2 1  c 2  c 4
(A) (a – b)2 (b – c)2 (c – a)2 (B) 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)

(C) 4(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (D) (a + b + c)3
a2  1 ab ac
15. If D = ba b  1 bc then D =
2
ca cb c2  1
(A) 1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 (B) a2 + b 2 + c2 (C) (a + b + c)2 (D) none

DETERMINANTS
1  sin 2 x cos 2 x 4sin 2x

16. Let f(x) = sin x 1  cos x
2 2
4sin 2x then the maximum value of f(x) is
2
sin x cos x 1  4sin 2x
2
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
b1  c1 c1  a1 a1  b1
17. The determinant b 2  c2 c2  a 2 a 2  b2 =
b 3  c3 c3  a 3 a 3  b3
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a 2 b2 c2 (B) 2 a 2 b2 c2 (C) 3 a 2 b2 c2 (D) none of these
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
log a p 1
18. If a, b, c are pth, qth and rth terms of a GP, then log b q 1 is equal to -
log c r 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) log abc (D) pqr
log a n log a n 2 log a n  4

19. If a1, a2,.......an, an+1,...... are in GP and ai > 0 i, then log a n  6 log a n 8 log a n 10 is equal to -
log a n 12 log a n 14 log a n 1 6
(A) 0 (B) n log an (C) n(n + 1) log an (D) none of these
cos ( )  sin ( ) cos 2

20. The determinant sin  cos  sin  is:
 cos  sin  cos 
(A) 0 (B) independent of  (C) independent of  (D) independent of  &  both
21. If A is a non singular maxrix satisfying AB – BA = A, then which one of the following holds true
(A) det. B = 0 (B) B = 0 (C) det. A = 1 (D) det. (B + I) = det. (B – I)
a b c px qy rz

22. Let a determinant is given by A = p q r and suppose det. A = 6. If B = a  x b  y c  z then
x y z ap bq cr
(A) det. B = 6 (B) det. B = – 6 (C) det. B = 12 (D) det. B = – 12
a b ab a c a c
D
23. Let D1 = c d c  d and D2 = b d b  d then the value of 1 where b  0 and ad  bc, is
D2
a b ab a c a bc
(A) – 2 (B) 0 (C) – 2b (D) 2b

2a b f 2d e e
24. If 1 = 2d e f , 2 = 2z 4x 2y , then the value of 1 – 2 is
4x 2y 2z e 2a b
y
(A) x + +z (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3
2
25. If a, b, c are non zeros, then the system of equations

( + a) x + y + z = 0
x + ( + b)y + z = 0
x + y + ( + c)z = 0
has a non-trivial solution if
(A) –1 = – (a –1 + b –1 + c–1) (B) –1 = a + b + c
(C)  + a + b + c = 1 (D) none of these
26. If A, B are two n × n non-singular matrices, then

(A) AB is non-singular (B) AB is singular
–1 –1 –1
(C) (AB) = A B (D) (AB)–1 does not exist
(1  x)2 (1  x)2 (2  x 2 ) (1  x)2 2x 1 x 1

27. The equation 2x 1 3x 1  5x  (1  x) 2
3x 2x =0
x 1 2x 2  3x 1 2x 3x  2 2x  3
(A) has no real solution (B) has 4 real solutions

(C) has two real and two non-real solutions (D) has infinite number of solutions, real or non-real
28. The system of linear equations x + y  z = 6, x + 2y  3z = 14 and 2x + 5y  z = 9 (  R) has a

unique solution if
(A)  = 8 (B)   8 (C)  = 7 (D)   7
29. The value of ‘ k ‘ for which the set of equations 3x + ky  2z = 0, x + ky + 3z = 0, 2 x + 3 y  4 z = 0 has a non 
trivial solution over the set of rational is:
(A) 33/2 (B) 31/2 (C) 16 (D) 15
n 1 5 N
30. If Un = n
2
2N  1 2N  1 , then  U n is equal to
n 1
n3 3N 2 3N  1
N N N
1
(A) 2  n (B) 2  n2 (C)
2
 n2 (D) 0
n 1 n 1 n 1
31. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + py + 2z = 3, x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of solutions, then:
(A) p = 2,  = 3 (B) p = 2,  = 4 (C) 3 p = 2  (D) p = 4,  = 2

DETERMINANTS
a b c
2 2
32. If a  b  c and a b c2 = 0 then -
bc ca ab
(A) a + b+ c = 0 (B) ab + bc + ca = 0
(C) a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca (D) abc = 0
b2 c2 bc bc
33. If a, b, & c are nonzero real numbers, then c a 2 2
ca ca is equal to -
a 2 b2 ab ab
(A) a2b2c2(a + b + c) (B) abc(a + b + c)2 (C) zero (D) none of these
34. An equilateral triangle has each of its sides of length 6 cm. If (x1, y1); (x2, y2) & (x3, y3) are its vertices then the value
2
x1 y1 1
x
of the determinant, 2 y2 1 is equal to -
x3 y3 1
(A) 192 (B) 243 (C) 486 (D) 972
35. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z =4, x + py + 2z = 3,  x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of solutions, then -
(A) p = 2, µ = 3 (B) p =2, µ = 4 (C) 3p = 2µ (D) none of these
36. The values of  for which the following equations
sinx – cosy + (+1)z = 0; cosx + siny – z = 0; x +( + 1)y + cos z = 0 have non trivial solution, is
(A)  = n,  R – {0} (B)  = 2n,  is any rational number


(C)  = (2n + 1),   R+, n  I (D)  = (2n + 1) ,   R, n  I
2
37. The set of equations
x – y + (cos) z = 0
3x + y + 2z =0
(cos)x + y + 2z = 0
0 <  < 2 , has non- trivial solution(s)
(A) for no value of  and  (B) for all values of  and 
(C) for all values of  and only two values of  (D) for only one value of  and all values of 
38. If A, B and C are n × n matrices and det(A) = 2, det(B) = 3 and det(C) = 5, then the value of the det(A2BC–1) is equal to
6 12 18 24
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
a2 1 ab ac
39. If a, b, c are real then the value of determinant ab b2  1 bc = 1 if
ac bc c 12
(A) a + b + c = 0 (B) a + b + c = 1 (C) a + b + c = –1 (D) a = b = c = 0

40. The system of equations (sin)x + 2z = 0 , (cos)x + (sin)y = 0 , (cos)y + 2z = a has
(A) no unique solution
(B) a unique solution which is a function of a and 
(C) a unique solution which is independent of a and 
(D) a unique solution which is independent of  only
41. If the system of equations

x – 2y + z = a
2x + y – 2z = b
and x + 3y – 3z = c
have atleast one solution, then the relationship between a, b and c is
(A) a + b + c = 0 (B) a – b + c = 0 (C) – a + b + c = 0 (D) a + b – c = 0
(1  x) 2 (1  x) 2  (2  x 2 ) (1  x)2 2x  1 x 1
42. The equation 2x  1 3x 1  5x + (1  x) 2 3x 2x =0
x 1 2x 2  3x 1  2x 3x  2 2x  3
(A) has no real solution (B) has 4 real solutions
(C) has two real and two non-real solutions (D) has infinite number of solutions , real or non-real
43. Three digit numbers x17, 3y6 and 12z where x, y, z are integers from 0 to 9, are divisible by a fixed constant k. Then
x 3 1
the determinant 7 6 z must be divisible by
1 y 2
(A) k (B) k2 (C) k3 (D) None

DETERMINANTS
Exercise # 2 Part # I [Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions]
1. Which of the following determinant(s) vanish(es) ?
1 1
1 ab 
a b
1 bc bc(b  c)
1 1
(A) 1 ca ca(c  a) (B) 1 bc 
b c
1 ab ab(a  b) 1 1
1 ca 
c a
0 a b a c log x xyz log x y log x z

(C) ba 0 bc (D) log y xyz 1 log y z
ca cb 0 log z xyz log z y 1
sin 2 x e x sin x  x cos x sin x  x2 cos x

2. If D(x)  cos x  sin x ex  x 1  x2 , then the value of |n cos (Dx)| will be -
x 2x x
e cos x e e
(A) independent of x (B) dependent on x

(C) 0 (D) non-existent
a b a  b
3. The determinant b c b  c is equal to zero, if -
a  b b  c 0
(A) a, b, c are in AP (B) a, b, c are in GP

(C)  is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (D) (x–  ) is a factor of ax2 + 2bx + c
4. If the system of linear equations x + ay + az = 0, x + by + bz = 0, x + cy + cz = 0 has a non-zero solution then

(A) System has always non-trivial solutions.
(B) System is consistent only when a = b = c
(C) If a  b  c then x = 0, y = t, z= –t  t  R
(D) If a = b = c then y = t1, z = t2, x = –a(t1+ t2)  t1,t2  R
5. The value of  lying between  = 0 & = /2 & satisfying the equation :
1  sin 2  cos 2  4sin 4 

sin 2  1  cos 2  4sin 4 
= 0 are :
sin 2  cos 2  1  4sin 4 
7 5 11  
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 24 24 24

x a b
6. Let a, b > 0 and  = b  x a , then
a b x
(A) a + b – x is a factor of  (B) x2 + (a + b)x + a2 + b 2 – ab is a factor of 

(C)  = 0 has three real roots if a = b (D) none of these
b c b  c
7. The determinent  = c d c  d is equal to zero if
b  c c  d a  c 3
(A) b, c, d are in A.P. (B) b, c, d are in G.P.

(C) b, c, d are in H.P. (D)  is a root of ax3 – bx2 – 3cx – d = 0
a a2 0
8. Let  = 1 2a  b (a  b) 2 , then
0 1 2a  3b
(A) a + b is a factor of  (B) a + 2b is a factor of 

(C) 2a + 3b is a factor of  (D) a2 is a factor of 
  
9. The value of  lying between  & and 0  A  and satisfying the equation
4 2 2
1  sin 2 A cos 2 A 2 sin 4 

2
sin A 1  cos A 2
2 sin 4  = 0 are -
2
sin A cos A 2
1  2 sin 4 
  3    3
(A) A = ,  (B) A =   (C) A  ,  (D) A  , 
4 8 8 5 8 6 8
a a x
10. If m m m  0 , then x may be equal to -
b x b
(A) a (B) b (C) a + b (D) m
  
11. The value of the determinant  x n is
  x
(A) independent of  (B) independent of n (C) (x – )(x – ) (D)(x – )(x – n)
a2 a 2  (b  c)2 bc
12. The determinant b2 b2  (c  a )2 ca is divisible by -
c 2
c  (a  b)
2 2
ab
(A) a + b + c (B) (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) (C) a2 + b2 + c2 (D) (a – b)(b – c) (c – a)

DETERMINANTS
13. Let A and B be two 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. If AB = O and tr(A) = tr(B) = 0 then
(A) A and B are comutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(B) A and B are not commutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(C) A and B are both null matrices.
(D) BA = 0
 1 1 0 
 
14. If A–1 =  0 2 1  , then
 0 0 1 
(A) | A | = 2 (B) A is non-singular
 1/ 2 1 / 2 0 
 0 1 1/ 2 
(C) Adj. A =   (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
 0 0 1/ 2 
15. If the system of equations x + y – 3 = 0, (1 + K ) x + (2 + K ) y – 8 = 0 & x – (1 + K) y + (2 + K) = 0 is consistent then the

value of K may be -
3 5
(A) 1 (B) (C) – (D) 2
5 3
16. The set of equations x – y + 3z = 2, 2x – y + z = 4, x – 2y +  z = 3 has -

(A) unique solution only for  = 0
(B) unique solution for   8
(C) infinite number of solutions of  = 8
(D) no solution for  = 8
17. The determinant
a2  x2 ab ac
 = ab b  x 2 bc is divisible by
ac bc c2  x 2
(A) x (B) x2 (C) x3 (D) x4
a b
18. If A =   (where bc  0) satisfies the equations x2 + k = 0, then
c d
(A) a + d = 0 (B) k = – |A| (C) k = |A| (D) none of these
19. If the system of equations, a2 x  by = a2  b & bx  b2 y = 2 + 4 b possess an infinite number of solutions then the
possible values of 'a' and 'b' are
(A) a = 1 , b =  1 (B) a = 1 , b =  2
(C) a =  1 , b =  1 (D) a =  1 , b =  2

p  sin x q  sin x p  r  sin x

20. If p, q, r, s are in A.P. and f (x) = q  sin x r  sin x 1  sin x
r  sin x s  sin x s  q  sin x
2
such that  f (x)d x = – 4 then the common difference of the A.P. can be :
0
1
(A)  1 (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2
Part # II [Assertion & Reason Type Questions]
These questions contains, Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason).

1. Statement - I : Consider the system of equations,

2x + 3y + 4z = 5 x+y+z=1 x + 2y + 3z = 4
This system of equations has infinite solutions.
Statement - II : If the system of equations is
e1 : a1x + b1y + c1z – d1 = 0
e2 : a2x + b2y + c2z – d2 = 0
a1 b
e3 : e1 + e2 = 0, where R &  1
a 2 b2
Then such system of equations has infinite solutions.
a1 a2 a3
2. Statement - I : Consider D = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
Let B1, B2, B3 be the co-factors of b1, b2, and b3 respectively then a1B1 + a2B2 + a3B3 = 0
Statement - II : If any two rows (or columns) in a determinant are identical then value of determinant is zero.
3. Statement - I : If a, b, c  R and a  b  c and x,y,z are non zero. Then the system of equations
ax + by + cz = 0
bx + cy + az = 0
cx + ay + bz = 0 has infinite solutions.
Statement - II : If the homogeneous system of equations has non trivial solution, then it has infinitely many solutions.
 2 1  2i 
Statement-I : If A = 
7 
4. then det(A) is real.
1 – 2i
 a11 a 12 
Statement-II : If A = a a 22  , aij being complex numbers then det(A) is always real.
 21

DETERMINANTS
Exercise # 3 Part # I [Matrix Match Type Questions]
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with one or more statement(s) in Column-II.
1. Column – I Column – II
(A) If A is a skew–symmetric matrix of odd order (p) 7

then det(A) is
(B) If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A and (I + A)3 = I + kA, (q) 8

then k is equal to
(C) If A and B are two invertible matrices such that (r) 0

AB = C and |A| = 2, |C| = – 2,then det(B) is
(D) If A = [aij]3×3 is a scalar matrix with a11 = a22 = a33 (s) –1

= 2 and A(adjA) = k then k is
ap x uf
bq m y vg
(A) If the determinant (p) 3
cr nz wh
splits into exactly K determinants of order 3,

each element of which contains only one
term, then the values of K is
(B) The values of  for which the

system of equations (q) 8
x + y + z = 6,
x + 2y + 3z = 10
& x + 2y + z = 12
is inconsistent
(C) If x, y, z are in A.P. then the (r) 5

value of the determinant
a 2 a 3 a 2x
a 3 a 4 a 2y is
a 4 a 5 a 2z
(D) Let p be the sum of all possible (s) 0

determinants of order 2 having
0, 1, 2 & 3 as their four elements
(without repeatition of digits).
The value of 'p' is

Part # II [Comprehension Type Questions]
Comprehension # 1
Consider the system of linear equations

x + y + z = m
x + y + z = n
and x + y + z = p
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :
1. If   1, – 2 then the system has -
(A) no solution (B) infinte solutions
(C) unique solution (D) trivial solution if m  n  p
2. If  = –2 & m + n + p  0 then system of linear equations has -

(A) no solution (B) infinite solutions (C) unique solution (D) finitely many solution
3. If  = 1 & m  p then the system of linear equations has -

(A) no solution (B) infinite solutions (C) unique solution (D) unique solution if p = n
Comprehension # 2
x x3 x4  1
Let x, y, z  R+ & D = y y
3
y4  1
z z3 z4  1
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions

1. If x  y  z & x, y, z are in GP and D = 0, then y is equal to -
2. If x, y, z are the roots of t3 – 21t2 + bt – 343 = 0, b  R, then D is equal to-

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) dependent on x, y, z (D) data inadequate
3. If x  y  z & x, y, z are in A.P. and D = 0, then 2xy2z + x2z2 is equal to-


DETERMINANTS
Exercise # 4 [Subjective Type Questions]
1. Without expanding the determinant prove that :

0 b c 0 p q p r
(A) b 0 a =0 (B) q p 0 q r = 0
c a 0 r p r q 0
2. Prove that :
a x by cz a b c 1 a a2  b c
(A) x 2
y 2 2
z = x y z (B) 1 b b2  c a = 0
1 1 1 yz zx xy 1 c c2  a b
a 2  ( b 2  c 2 )cos  ab (1  cos ) ac (1  cos )

2 2 2
3. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then prove that ba (1  cos ) b  ( c  a )cos  bc (1  cos )
ca (1  cos ) cb (1  cos ) c 2  (a 2  b 2 )cos 
is independent of a, b, c
bc b 2  b c c2  b c
4. Prove that a 2  a c a c c 2  a c = (ab + bc + ca)3.
a  ab b  ab
2 2
a b
5. If a, b, c, x, y, z  R, then prove that,
(a  x)2 (b  x) 2 (c  x) 2 (1  a x) 2 (1  b x) 2 (1  c x) 2
(a  y) 2
(b  y) 2
(c  y) 2
= (1  a y) 2
(1  b y) 2
(1  c y) 2 .
(a  z) 2 (b  z) 2 (c  z) 2 (1  a z) 2 (1  b z) 2 (1  c z) 2
bc ca ab

6. Using properties of determinants, prove that c  a a  b b  c = 2(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2).
a b bc ca
a2  2 a 2 a 1 1
7. Prove that : 2 a  1 a 2 1 = (a  1)3
3 3 1
a bc cb
8. Prove that ac b ca  (a  b  c)(a 2  b2  c 2 )

a b ba c
n! (n  1)! (n  2 )!
 D 
9. For a fixed positive integer n, if D = (n  1)! (n  2 )! (n  3 )! then show that  3
 4  is divisible by n.
 (n !) 
(n  2 )! (n  3 )! (n  4 )!

2 r 1 
2 3 r 1  4 5 r 1
n
10. If Dr = x y z then prove that  D = 0.
r 1
r
2 1
n
3 1 n
5 1
n
0 ab 2 ac 2
2
11. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate the following : a b 0 bc2 .
a 2 c cb 2 0
xy x x
12. Using properties of determinants prove the following : 5x  4y 4x 2x = x3
10x  8y 8x 3x
x 1 x  2 x  a
13. Show that x  2 x  3 x  b = 0, where a, b, c are in A.P..
x 3 x 4 x c
14. Solve the following sets of equations using Cramer’s rule and remark about their consistency.
xyz6 0 x  2y  z 1
(A) 2 x  y  z  1  0 (B) 3 x  y  z  6
x  y  2z  3  0 x  2y 0
x 3y  z2 7x  7 y 5 z  3
(C) 3 x  y  z  6 (D) 3 x  y  5 z  7
5x  y  3z  3 2 x  3y  5 z  5
15. Let 1, 2 and  1,  2 be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and px2 + qx + r = 0 respectively. If the system of equations
b2 ac
1y + 2z = 0 and  1y +  2z = 0 has a non-trivial solution, then prove that  .
q 2 pr

DETERMINANTS
Exercise # 5 Part # I [Previous Year Questions] [AIEEE/JEE-MAIN]
log a p 1
1. If a, b, c are pth, qth and rth terms of a GP, and all are positive then log b q 1 is equal to- [AIEEE-2002]
log c r 1
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) log abc (4) pqr
1 n 2 n
2. If 1, , 2 are cube roots of unity and n  3p, p  Z, then 2 n 1 n is equal to- [AIEEE-2003]
 n
2n
1
(1) 0 (2)  (3) 2 (4) 1
a a2 1  a3
3. If b b 2
1  b 3 = 0 and vectors (1 , a , a2 ), (1 , b,b2) and (1 , c, c2) are non-coplanar, then the product abc equals-
c c2 1  c3
(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) 2 (4) –1 [AIEEE-2003]
log a n log a n 2 log a n  4

4. If a1, a2,.......an, an+1,...... are in GP and ai > 0 i, then log a n  6 log a n 8 log a n 10 is equal to-
log a n 12 log a n 14 log a n 1 6
[AIEEE-2004,05]
(1) 0 (2) n log an (3) n(n + 1) log an (4) none of these
1  a2 x (1  b2 )x (1  c 2 )x
5. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and f(x)  (1  a 2 )x 1  b2 x (1  c 2 )x , then f(x) is a polynomial of degree- [AIEEE 2005]
(1  a 2 )x (1  b2 )x 1  c 2 x
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 0 (4) 1
6. The system of equations x + y + z =  – 1; x + y + z =  – 1; x + y +  z =  – 1 has no solution, If  is

[AIEEE 2005]
(1) 1 (2) not –2 (3) either -2 or 1 (4) –2
1 1 1
7. If D = 1 1  x 1 for x 0, y 0 then D is- [AIEEE - 2007]
1 1 1y
(1) Divisible by both x and y (2) Divisible by x but not y

(3) Divisible by y but not x (4) Divsible by neither x nor y
5 5  
8. Let A = 0  5  , if |A2| = 25 then || equals- [AIEEE - 2007]
0 0 5 
(1) 5 (2) 52 (3) 1 (4) 1/5
9. Let a, b, c be any real numbers. Suppose that there are real numbers x, y, z not all zero such that

x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay, then a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc is equal to [AIEEE - 2008]
(1) 2 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) 1
a a 1 a 1 a 1 b 1
c 1
10. Let a, b, c be such that b(a + c)  0. If  b b  1 b  1 + a 1 b 1
c  1 = 0,
n2 n 1
c c 1 c 1 ( 1) a ( 1) b ( 1) n c
then the value of n is :- [AIEEE - 2009]
(1) Any odd integer (2) Any integer (3) Zero (4) Any even integer
11. Consider the system of linear equations :

x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
The system has [AIEEE - 2010]
(1) Infinite number of solutions (2) Exactly 3 solutions
(3) A unique solution (4) No solution
12. The number of values of k for which the linear equations

4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0
possess a non-zero solution is :- [AIEEE - 2011]
(1) 1 (2) zero (3) 3 (4) 2
13. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of equations
x – ky + z = 0
kx + 3y – kz = 0
3x + y – z = 0
Then the set of all values of k is: [AIEEE - 2011]
(1) {2, –3} (2) R – {2, –3} (3) R – {2} (4) R – {–3}
3 1  f (1) 1  f (2)
14. If ,   0, and f(n) =  +  and 1  f (1) 1  f (2) 1  f (3) = K (1 – )2 (1 – )2 ( – )2, then K is equal to :
n n
1  f (2) 1  f (3) 1  f (4)
1
(1)  (2) (3) 1 (4) – 1 [Main 2014]

15. The set of all values of  for which the system of linear equations : [Main 2015]
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
– x1 + 2x2 = x3
has a non-trivial solution,
(1) contains two elements (2) contains more than two elements..
(3) is an empty set. (4) is a singleton

DETERMINANTS
Part # II [Previous Year Questions][IIT-JEE ADVANCED]
a2 a 1
1. Solve for x the equation sin(n  1)x sin nx sin(n  1)x  0 [REE 2001, (Mains)]
cos(n  1)x cos nx cos(n  1)x
2. Test the consistency and solve them when consistent, the following system of equations for all values of  
x+y+z=1
x + 3y – 2z = 
3x +(+ 2)y – 3z = 2 +1 [JEE 2001, (Mains)]
3. Let a, b, c, be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, Show that the equation [JEE 2001, (Mains)]
ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a
bx  ay ax  by  c cy  b 0 represents a straight line.
cx  a cy  b ax  by  c
4. The number of values of k for which the system of equations

(k +1) x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k +3)y = 3k – 1
has infinitely many solutions is [JEE 2002, (Screening)]
5. The value of  for which the system of equations 2x – y – z = 12, x – 2y + z = –4, x + y + z = 4 has no solution is
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 2 (D) –2
6. (a) Consider three point P = (–sin( – ), – cos), Q = (cos( – ), sin) and
R = (cos(), sin()), where 0 < /4
(A) P lies on the line segment RQ (B) Q lies on the line segment PR
(C) R lies on the line segment QP (D) P, Q, R are non collinear
(b) Consider the system of equations x – 2y + 3z = –1; –x + y – 2z = k; x – 3y + 4z = 1.

Statement-I : The system of equations has no solution for k  3.
1 3 1
Statement-II : The determinant 1 2 k  0, for k  3. [JEE 2008]
1 4 1

7. The number of all possible values of , where 0 < , for which the system of equations
(y + z)cos3 = (xyz)sin3
2 cos 3  2 sin 3 
x sin 3   
y z
(xyz)sin3 = (y + 2z)cos3 + ysin3

have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0z0  0, is [JEE 2010]
8. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, if M  N2 and M2 = N4, then [JEE Ad. 2014]
2 2
(A) determinant of (M + MN ) is 0
(B) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)U is the zero matrix
(C) determinant of (M2 + MN2)  1
(D) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U equal the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix
9. Which of the following values of  satisfy the equation [JEE Ad. 2015]
1    1  2  1  3 
2 2 2
 2     2  2   2  3 
2 2 2
 648
 3     3  2   3  3 
2 2 2
(A) – 4 (B) 9 (C) – 9 (D) 4
x x2 1  x3
10. The total number of distinct x  R for which 2x 4x 2 1  8x 3  10 is [JEE Ad. 2016]
3x 9x 2 1  27x 3
11. Let a,,, R. Consider the system of linear equations

ax + 2y = 
3x –2y = 
Which of the following statements (s) is (are) correct ? [JEE Ad. 2016]
(A) If a = – 3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of  and 
(B) If a  – 3, then the system has a unique solution for all values of  and 
(C) If  + , = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions for a = – 3
(D) If  + ,  0, then the system has no solution for a = – 3

DETERMINANTS
MOCK TEST
SECTION - I : STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
1. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |A| = 2 then |(adj A–1)–1| is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
xk xk2 x k 3
k2 1 1 1
2. If y k
y y k  3 = (x  y) (y  z) (z  x)     , then:
x y z
zk zk 2 zk 3
(A) k =  3 (B) k =  1 (C) k = 1 (D) k = 3
pa qb rc
3. If p + q + r = 0 = a + b + c , then the value of the determinant qc ra pb is
rb pc qa
(A) 0 (B) pa + qb + rc (C) 1 (D) none of these
a  p  x u  f
4. If the determinant b  q m  y v  g splits into exactly K determinants of order 3, each element of
c  r n z w  h
which contains only one term, then the value of K =

(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9
5. |A3 × 3| = 3, |B 3 × 3| = – 1 and |C2 × 2| = + 2 then |2ABC| =

(A) 23 (6) (B) 23 (– 6) (C) 2 (– 6) (D) none of these
a a3 a 4 1
6. If a, b, c are all different and b b 3 b 4 1 = 0, then:
c c3 c 4 1
(A) abc (ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c (B) (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) = abc

(C) abc (a + b + c) = ab + bc + ca (D) none of these
7. If A is a non-diagonal involutory matrix, then

(A) A –  = O (B) A +  = O
(C) A –  is non zero singular (D) none of these
f (x)g(x) [f (x)]g(x ) 1
2
2 2 2 g (x )
8. If f(x) = log10x and g(x) = eix and h(x) = f (x )g(x ) [f (x )] 0 , then the value of h(10) is
3
3 3 3 g(x )
f (x )g(x ) [f (x )] 1
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4

a 1  2i 3  5i
9. If a, b, c, are real numbers, and D = 1  2i b 7  3i then D is
3  5i 7  3i c
(A) purely real (B) purely imaginary (C) non real (D) integer
nx ny nz

10. S1 : The value of the determinant D = n2x n2y n2z is n 216 xyz.
n3x n3y n3z
x a b 1
 x b 1
S2 : The roots of = 0 are independent of , , , a, b
  x 1
   1
a b c
S3 : If a, b, c, are sides of a scalene triangle, then value of b c a is negative
c a b
1
n x xn
x
1
S4 : Let f(x) = 1  (1) n , if fn(x) is the nth derivative of f(x) then fn(1) is independent of a.
n
1 a a2
(A) FFTT (B) FTTT (C) FFFT (D) TTTT
SECTION - II : MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

11. If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same order, then which of the following is correct ?
(A) adj(AB) = (adjB) (adjA)
(B) (adjA)= (adjA)
(C) |adjA| = |A|n – 1, where n is the order of matrix A
(D) adj(adjB) = |B|n – 2 B, where n is the order of matrix B
2sin x sin 2 x 0
12. Let f(x) = 1 2sin x sin 2 x , then
0 1 2sin x
(A) f(x) is independent of x (B) f(/2) = 0

 /2
(C) 
 /2
f (x)dx  0 (D) tangent to the curve y = f(x) at x = 0 is y = 0
13. System of equation x + 3y + 2z = 6 x + y + 2z = 7

x + 3y + 2z =  has
(A) unique solution if  = 2,  6 (B) infinitely many solution if  = 4,  = 6
(C) no solution if  = 5,  = 7 (D) no solution if  = 3,  = 5

DETERMINANTS
1/ x log x xn
14. Let f(x) = 1 1 / n ( 1)n , then
1 a a2
(A) fn (1) is indepedent of a

(B) fn (1) is indepedent of n
(C) fn(1) depends on a and n
(D) y = a(x - fn (1)) represents a straight line through the origin
15. Which of the following statement is always true

(A) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
(B) Adjoint of a unit matrix is unit matrix
(C) A (adj A) = (adj A) A
(D) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is diagonal matrix
SECTION - III : ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE
16. Statement-I : The system of equations possess a non trivial solution over the set of rationals x + ky + 3z = 0, 3x +
ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0, then the value of k is 31/2.
Statement-II : For non trivial solution  = 0.
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I
17. Statement-I : The determinants of a matrix A = [a ij]5 × 5 where aij + a ji = 0 for i and j is zero
Statement-II : The determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
18. Statement-I : For a singular square matrix A, if AB = AC  B=C

Statement-II : If |A| = 0 then A–1 does not exist
19. Statement-I : (a11, a22, ......., ann) is a diagonal matrix then A–1 = dia(a11–1, a22–1, ......,ann–1)
Statement-II : If A = dia (2, 1, –3) and B = dia (1, 1, 2) then det (AB–1) = 3

20. Statement-I : If a, b, c are distinct and x, y, z are not all zero and ax + by + cz = 0, bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0,
then a + b + c = 0.
Statement-II : a2 + b2 + c2 > ab + bc + ca, if a, b, c are distinct.
SECTION - IV : MATRIX - MATCH TYPE

Column - I Column - II
x 2  5x  3
2x  5 3
(A) If (x) = 3x 2  x  4 6x  1 9 = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, (p) 3a + 4b + 5c + d = 141
7x 2  6x  9 14x  6 21
then
x  1 5x 7
If (x) = x  1 x  1 8 = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then
2
(B) (q) a + 2b + 3c + 5d = 156
2x 3x 0
2x 3  3x 2 5x  7 2
If (x) = 4x  7x 3x  2 1 a + bx + cx2 + dx3 + ex4, then (r)
3
(C) c – d = 19
7x 3  8x 2 x 1 3
(s) b – c = 25
(t) 3a + 2b + 5c + 5d = 187
Column - I Column - II
(A) Let |A| = |aij|3 × 3  0. Each element a ij is multiplied (p) 0
i– j
by k . Let |B| the resulting determinant, where
k1|A| + k2|B| = 0. Then k1 + k2 =
(B) The maximum value of a third order determinant (q) 4

each of its entries are ± 1 equals
1 cos  cos  0 cos  cos 

cos  1 cos  cos  0 cos 
(C) = (r) 1
cos  cos  1 cos  cos  0
if cos2 + cos2 + cos 2=
x2  x x 1 x2
(D) 2x  3x  1 3x
2
3x  3 = Ax + B where A and B (s) 2
x  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1
2
1 2
are determinants of order 3. Then A + 2B = (t)
2 4

DETERMINANTS
SECTION - V : COMPREHENSION TYPE
a1 a 2 a3
b1 b 2 b3
Consider the determinant  =
d1 d 2 d3
Mij = Minor of the element of ith row and jth column

Cij = Cofactor of the element of ith row and jth column
1. Value of b1 . C31 + b2 . C32 + b3 . C33 is

(A) 0 (B)  (C) 2 (D) 2
2. If all the elements of the determinant are multiplied by 2, then the value of new determinant is
(A) 0 (B) 8 (C) 2 (D) 29 . 
3. a3 M13 – b3 . M23 + d3 . M33 is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 
Let  0 and c denotes the determinant of cofactors, then  = n-1, where n( > 0) is the order of .
bc  a 2 ca  b 2 c2
If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + r = 0, then the value of ca  b ab  c 2 bc  a 2 is
2
1.
ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ca  b 2
(A) p2 (B) p 4 (C) p6 (D) p9
2. If l1, m1, n1 ; l2, m2, n2 ; l3, m3, n3 are real quantities satisfying the six relations :
l 1 2 + m1 2 + n 1 2 = l 2 2 + m2 2 + n 2 2 = l 3 2 + m3 2 + n 3 2 = 1
l1 m1 n1
l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, then the value of l2 m2 n 2 is
l3 m3 n3
(A) 0 (B) ±1 (C) ±2 (D) ±3
2bc  a 2 c2 b2
3. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0, then the value of c2 2ac  b 2 a2 is
b2 a2 2ab  c 2
(A) 9 (B) 27 (C) 81 (D) 0
Let A be a m × n matrix. If there exists a matrix L of type n × m such that LA = n, then L is called left inverse of
A. Similarly, if there exists a matrix R of type n × m such that AR = m, then R is called right inverse of A.
For example to find right inverse of matrix

1 1
  x y z
A = 1 1  we take R = u v w  and solve AR = 3 i.e.
 2 3  
1 1 1 0 0 
1 1   x y z  
   = 0 1 0 
 2 3   u v w 
0 0 1 
 x–u=1 y–v=0 z–w=0

x+u=0 y+v=1 z+w=0
2x + 3u = 0 2y + 3v = 0 2z + 3w = 1
As this system of equations is inconsistent, we say there is no right inverse for matrix A.
1 1
 
1. Which of the following matrices is NOT left inverse of matrix 1 1 
 2 3 
 1 1   1 1 
0 7 3   0 3 1
 2 2  2  2 0
 
  2
(A)  1  (B)  1 1 (C)   (D)   1 1
0
1
0  0  1 1
  2  0  2 2 
 2 2  2  2 2 
 1 1 2 
2. The number of right inverses for the matrix  
 2 1 1 
3. For which of the following matrices number of left inverses is greater than the number of right inverses
1 4  3 3
 1 2 4 3 2 1    
(A)   (B)   (C)  2 3 (D)  1 1 
 3 2 1  3 2 1  4 4 
5 4 
SECTION - VI : INTEGER TYPE
f (x  1) f (x  8) f (x  1)
26. If f(x) satisfies the equation 1 2 5 = 0 for all real x. If f is periodic with period 7, then find the
2 3 
value of .
x 1 1
Let f(x) = sin 2x 2x 1 . If f(x) be an odd function and its odd values is equal g(x), then find the value of .
2
27.
x3 3x 4 1
If f(1) g(1) = –4

DETERMINANTS
cos(x  ) cos(x  ) cos(x   ) 25
 f(r) ,
1
28. If f(x) = sin(x  ) sin(x  ) sin(x   ) and f(2) = 6, then find
5 r 1
sin(   ) sin(   ) sin(  )
(1  x) a1b1 (1  x)a1b2 (1  x)a1b3

29. Find the coefficient of x in the determinant (1  x) a 2 b1 (1  x)a 2 b2 (1  x) a 2 b3 , where ai, bj  N
(1  x) a 3b1 (1  x)a 3b2 (1  x) a 3b3
1 cos  cos 
30. If p, q  R and p2 + q2 – pq – p – q + 1  0,  = 0, then cos  p cos  = 0.
cos  cos  q

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. D 11. A 12. A 13. C

14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. D 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. A
27. D 28. B 29. A 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D 36. D 37. A 38. B 39. D
40. B 41. B 42. D 43. A
1. ABCD 2. AC 3. BD 4. ACD 5. AC 6. ABC 7. BD 8. AB 9. ABCD

10. AB 11. BC 12. ACD 13. AD 14. BC 15. AC 16. BD 17. ABCD 18. AC
19. ABCD 20. AC
PART - II
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. C
1. Ar Bs Cp Dq 2. Aq Bp Cs Ds
PART - II
Comprehension # 1 : 1. C 2. A 3. A Comprehension # 2 : 1. A 2. D 3. C
Comprehension # 3 : 1. A 2. B 3. C
1. 1 2. 1 3. 4 4. 1 5. 1 6. 4 7. 1 8. 4 9. 4 10. 1 11. 4 12. 4 13. 2
14. 3 15. 2
PART - II
1. x = n, n  I
2. If  = 5, system is consistent with infinite solution given by z = K,
1 1
y (3K  4 ) and x   (5 K  2 ) where K  R
2 2
1 1
If   5 , system is consistent with unique solution given by z  (1   ); x  (  2 ) and y = 0.
3 3
4. B 5. D 6. A. D B. A 7. 3 8. AB 9. BC 10. 2 11. BCD

DETERMINANTS
MOCK TEST
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. A
10. A 11. ABCD 12. BCD 13. BCD 14. ABD 15. ABCD 16. D 17. A 18. D
19. C 20. A
21. A  p B  q,s C  r,t 22. A  p,t B  q C  r D  p,t
23. 1. A 2. B 3. D 24. 1. C 2. B 3. D 25. 1. C 2. D 3. C
26. 4 27. 1 28. 3 29. 0 30. 0

HINTS & SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE - 1
Single Choice
3u 2 2u 3 1
2 3
3v 2v 1
12. =0
a1 a2 a3 3w 2 2w 3 1
7. D= 5 4 a6 R1  R1 – R2 and R2  R2 – R3
a7 a8 a9
u 2  v2 u 3  v3 0
20 1 v2  w 2 v3  w 3 0
Since an = ,d =  =0
n 20 w2 w3 1
20 20 1 1
20 1 uv u 2  v 2  vu 0
2 3 2 3
20 (20)3 vw v  w  vw 0
2 2
20 20
 1
4 2  =0
Hence, D = w2 w3 1
4 5 6 4 7 5 3
20 20 20 7 7 R1  R1 – R2
1
7 8 9 8 9
u  w (u 2  w 2 )  v (u  w) 0
R1 R1 – R2 and R2 R2 – R3
vw v 2  w 2  vw 0
 =0
w2 w3 1
–3 –1
0
10 3
1 uwv 0
(20)3 –3 –1 50
= 1 = v  w v  w  vw 0
2 2
4×7 40 9 21  [D] = 2 (Sol)  =0
7 7 w2 w3 1
1
8 9  (v2 + w2 + vw) – (v + w) [(v + w) + u] = 0
 v2 + w2 + vw = (v + w)2 + u (v + w)
sin  cos  sin  sin  cos 
 uv + vw + wu = 0
8. D = cos  cos  cos  sin  – sin 
– sin  sin  sin  cos  0
a 2 (1  x) ab ac
13.  = ab b (1  x)
2
bc
cos  sin  cos  ac bc c (1  x)
2
cos  sin  – tan 

 = sin2 cos
– sin  cos  0 (1  x) 1 1
1 (1  x) 1
Applying R1  R1 – R2 = a 2b 2 c 2
1 1 (1  x)
0 0 cot   tan 
Applying C1  C2 + C3
cos  sin  – tan 
 = sin2 cos
– sin  cos  0 1 1 1
 = sin 1 (1  x) 1
a2b2c2(3+x)
1 1 (1  x)
10. Applying R3  R3 – 3R1 – 2R2 we get  = 0
Applying R1  R1–R2, R2  R2 – R3
 infinite solution.
a2b2c2(3+x) x2
11. Directly open by R1 to get a form of sin (A – B) etc
Which is divisible by x2

DETERMINANTS
using R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – R1
1  sin 2 x cos 2 x 4sin 2x
16. f(x) = sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x 4sin 2x apx bqy crz
sin 2 x cos x 1  4sin 2x
2
=2 p q r
x y z
Applying C1  C1 + C2 + C3
using R1  R1 + R2 + R3
1 cos 2 x 4sin 2x
B = 2 det. A = 2 · 6 = 12
= (2 + 4 sin2x) 1 1  cos 2 x 4sin 2x = (2 + 4 sin2x)
a b ab
1 cos 2 x 1  4sin 2x
23. Using: C3  C3 – (C1 + C2), D1 = c d cd
a b ab
1 cos 2 x 4sin 2x
0 1 0 a c ac
0 0 1 and D2 = b d bd
a c abc
f(x) = (2 + 4sin 2x)
D1 2b(ad  bc)
f(x)max = 6  D 2 = b(ad  bc) = – 2
18. a = a0.r1p–1  log a = (p – 1) log r1 + log a0
(1  x)2 (1  x)2 (2  x2 ) (1  x)2 (1  x)2 1  2 x
b = a0.r1q–1  log b = (q – 1) log r1 + log a0
27. 2x 1 3x 1  5x  2x 1 3x 3x  2
c = a0r1r–1  log c = (r – 1) log r1 + log a0
x 1 2x 2  3x x 1 2x 2x  3
log a 0   p  1  log r1 p 1
Since two columns are same in above determinants
log a 0   q  1  log r1 q 1
therefore we can add them along C3.
log a 0   r  1  log r1 r 1
(1  x)2 (1  x)2 (x  1)2
log a 0 p 1 p 1 p 1
 2x 1 3x (1  2 x)  0
= log a 0 q 1  log r1 q  1 q 1 =0
x 1 2x (1  x)
log a 0 r 1 r 1 r 1
 0=0  infinite solution
21. A is non singular det A  0
n 1 5
Given AB – BA = A hence AB = A + BA = A(I + B)
30. Un = n
2
2N  1 2N  1
det. A · det. B = det. A · det. (I + B)
n3 3N 2 3N  1
det. B = det. (I + B) ....(1)
(as A is non singular) N(N  1)
1 5
again AB – A = BA 2
A(B – I) = BA N(N  1)(2N  1)
N (2N  1) (2N  1)
(det. A) · det.(B – I) = det. B · det. A   Un = 6
2
 det. (B – I) = det. (B) ....(2)
n 1
 N(N  1) 
  3N 2 (3N  1)
from (1) and (2) 2
det. (B – I) = det. (B + I)
1 1 5
22. Consider the det. B, using R1  R1 + R2 + R3
N(N  1)(2N  1) 1
1 1
=
apx bqy crz 2 3
ax by cz N(N  1)
B=2 3N 2 3N  1
ap bq cr 2

Applying R1  R1 – R2 38. | A | = 2 ; | B | = 3 ; | C | = 5
| A |2 | B | 4·3 12
2 det(A2BC–1) = | A2BC–1| = = =
0 4 |C| 5 5
3
1 N
N(N  1)(2N  1) 39. Multiply R1 by a, R2 by b & R3 by c & divide the
2
3
1 1
=2 n
n 1
2
determinant by abc. Now take a, b & c common from c1,
N(N  1) c2 & c3. Now use C1  C1 + C2 + C3 to get
3N 2 3N  1
2
1 1 1
(a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) b
2
b 1
2
b2 = 1.
1 2 3 4 2 3
c2 c 2
c 1
2
31.  = 1 p 2 x = 3 p 2
1 4  3 4  Now use c1  c1 – c2 & c2  c2 – c3
we get 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 = 1
1 4 3 1 2 4  a = b = c = 0  (D)
y = 1 3 2 z = 1 p 3
1 3  1 4 3 sin  0 2
For infinite no. of solution  = x = y = z = 0 40. D = cos  sin  0

0 cos  2
  = 2, p = 4
sin (2 sin) + 2cos2 = 2
32. R3  R1 + R3
1 2 1
ab 2 c 2 abc a(b  c) 2
1 41. D = 2 1 which vanishes ;
33. D = bc 2 a 2 bca b(c  a ) 1 3 3
abc
ca 2 b2 cab c(a  b)
hencefor atleast one solution D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
(R1  aR1, R2  bR2, R3  cR3) a 2 1
 D1 = b 1 2 = 0  a – b + c = 0
bc 1 ab  ac
c 3 3
= abc ca 1 bc  ab
Note : Same condition is obtained by putting
ab 1 ca  cb
D2 = 0 or D3 = 0
bc 1 1
42. 1st two columns of 1st determinant are same as 1st two
= abc(ab  bc  ca ) ca 1 1 (C3  C3 + C1)
rows of 2 nd. Hence transpose the 2 nd. Add the two
ab 1 1
determinants and use C1  C1 + C3  D = 0
=0
43. x17 = kl = 100x + 10 + 7
35.  = 0 3y6 = km = 300 + 10y + 6
sin   cos    1 12z = kn = 100 + 20 + z
use R2  R2 + 100R1 + 10R3 to get the result
36. for non trivial solution cos  sin   = 0 ; this
  1 cos 
gives 2 cos (2 +  + 1) = 0
37. D = cos – cos2 + 6  0 since D  0

 only trivial solution is possible  (A)

DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE - 2
Part # I : Multiple Choice 0 1 0
 2 1  cos 2 A 2 sin4  =0
5. Get Result R1  2R1 – R2 and R2  R2 – R3 1 cos 2 A 1  2 sin4 
–x a b 1 a b  2(1+2sin4) – 2sin4 = 0
6. = b –x a = (a + b – x) 1 –x a  1 + sin4 = 0
a b –x 1 b –x sin4 = –1
Applying R2  R2 – R1 , R3 R3 – R1  3
4 = – or 4 =
2 2
1 a b
 3
= (a + b – x) 0 –(x  a) a – b = (a + b – x) {(x + a) =– or  = & A R
8 8
0 b–a –(x  b)
(x + b) + (a – b)2} a1 b1  a 2 b2 
13. Let A = 
–a1  c –a 2 
and B =
If a = b then x = a, –b, (a + b)  c1  2
a2 1 a 0 a a  b 2 c 2 a1b 2  b1a 2   0 0 
a 0  AB =  1 2 =
 c1a 2 – a 1c 2 c1b 2  a1a 2   0 0 
 = 1 2a  b (a  b) 2 = a 1 (2a  b) (a  b)
2
8.
0 1 2a  2b 0 1 2a  3b  a 1 a 2 + b 1 c 2 = a 1 b 2 – b 1 a 2 = c 1 a 2 – a1 c 2 = c 1 b 2 + a 1 a 2 = 0
R2 R2 – R1 a a  b 2 c1 a 2 b1 – b 2 a1   0 0 
BA =  2 1 =
 c 2a1 – a 2c1 c 2 b1  a 2 a1   0 0 
1 a 0
= a(a + b) 0 ab (a  b) 2
15. x + y = 3 .......(i)
0 1 2a  3b
(1 + K)x + (K+2)y = 8 .......(ii)
1 a 0 x – (1+K)y = –K – 2 .......(iii)
= a(a + b) 0 1 (a  b) If system is consistent then  = 0
0 1 2a  3b on solving we get
5
1 a 0 K = 1,
3
= a(a + b) 0 1 (a  b) = a (a + b) (2a + 3b – a – b)
0 1 2a  3b a2 b a2  b
19. = 2 
b b 2  4b
= a(a + b) (a + 2b)
 a2 b 2 = b 2  b2 (a2  1) = 0
 a = 1 or  1 & b = 0,
1  sin 2 A cos2 A 2 sin 4 
9. sin 2 A 1  cos2 A 2 sin 4  =0 if a = 1 then 2 + 4 b = b  b2  b2 + 3 b + 2 = 0
sin 2 A cos2 A 1  2 sin 4   b =  2 or  1 ;
if a =  1 then b =  2 or  1
C1  C1 + C2
20. Start : p = a ; q = a+ d ; r =a +2d ; s = a + 3d
2 cos2 A 2 sin 4 
 f (x) =  2 d2
 2 1  cos2 A 2 sin 4  =0
1 cos2 A 1  2 sin4  Also use R1  R1 – R2 and R2  R2 – R3
R1  R1 – R2

Part # II : Assertion & Reason EXERCISE - 3
Part # II : Comprehension
2. Statement-I : B1 = c2a3 – a2c3 Comprehension # 1
B2 = a1c3 – c1a3, B3 = a2c1 –a1c2
 1 1
a 1B 1 = a 1a 3c 2 – a 1a 2c 3 2
1  1 =( – 1) (+ 2)
a 2B 2 = a 1a 2c 3 – a 2a 3c 1 1 1 
a 3B 3 = a 1a 2c 3 – a 1a 3c 2 1.  0  unique solution
Statement-II is obviously true.
m 2 1
2.  = –2  = 0, 1 = n 1 2
p 1 1
1 = 3 (m + n + p)  0
 1  0
Hence no solution
3. x+y+z=m
x+y+z=p
 mp  no solution
Comprehension # 3
Hint :
 = (x – y)(y – z)(z – x)[xyz(xy + yz + zx) – (x + y + z)]

DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE - 4
Subjective Type 1 ca a b
1 ab bc
3. a2 + b2 + c2 = 1
1 bc ca
a  (b  c )cos 
2 2 2
ab(1  cos ) ac(1  cos )
= ba (1  cos ) b 2  (c2  a 2 )cos  bc(1  cos ) Operate : R2  R2 – R1 ; R3  R3 – R1
ca (1  cos ) cb(1  cos ) c  (a  b )cos 
2 2 2
1 ca a b
0 bc ca
1  D = 2(a + b + c)
= 0 ba cb
abc
a 3  a(b 2  c 2 ) cos  b 2 a(1  cos ) ac 2 (1  cos ) bc ca

ba (1  cos )
2
b  b(c  a )cos 
3 2 2
bc 2 (1  cos ) = 2(a + b + c) 1. b  a c  b open w.r.t. R1
ca (1  cos )
2
cb(1  cos ) c  c(a  b ) cos 
3 2 2
= 2(a + b + c) [(b – c) (c – b) – (c – a) (b – a)]

Applying C1  C1 + C2 + C3 = 2(a + b + c) [bc – b2 – c2 + cb – (cb – ac – ab + a2)]
= 2(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)
a2  (b2  c2 )cos  b2 (1 cos ) c2 (1 cos )
abc a2 (1 cos ) b2  (c2  a2 )cos  c2 (1 cos ) n n n
abc a (1 cos )
2
b (1 cos )
2
c  (a2  b2 )cos 
2
n  2 r 1  2  3 r 1   4 (5 r 1 )
10.  D r = r 1 x r 1 r 1
= (a2 + b2 + c 2) r 1 y z
2n 1 3n 1 5n 1
1 b 2 (1  cos ) c 2 (1  cos )
1 b 2  (c 2  a 2 )cos  c2 (1  cos )
b (1  cos ) c  (a 2  b 2 ) cos  2 1  3...3 n 1  4 1  5  ...5 n 1 
2 2
1 1  2  ...2 n 1
= x y z
Applying R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – R1
2 1
n
3 1 n
5 1
n
(a2 + b 2 + c2)
1 b 2 (1  cos ) c 2 (1  cos ) 2n 1 2 (3 n  1) 4 (5 n  1)
0 (a 2  b 2  c 2 )cos  0 2 1 3 1 5 1
= =0
0 0 (a  b  c2 )cos 
2 2 x y z
2n 1 3n 1 5n 1
= (a2 + b2 + c2) cos2 = cos2
This is independent from a, b, c. 0 ab 2 ac 2
a 2b 0 bc2
11. Let  =
bc ca ab a 2 c cb 2 0
ca ab bc
6. Let  = Take : a2, b2 and c2 respectively common from
a b bc ca
C1, C2 and C3.
Operate : C1  C1 + C2 + C3
0 a a
2(a  b  c) c  a a  b b 0 b
 = a 2 b 2 c2
2(a  b  a) a  b b  c
  = = 2(a + b + c) c c 0
2(a  b  c) b  c c  a
operate : C2  C2 – C3

0 0 a 1 1 1
 = a 2 b 2 c2
b b b 14. (a) D = 2 1 1 = 3
c c 0 1 1 2
Expand by R1
6 1 1
b b  D1 = 1 1 1 = 3
 = a2 b2 c2.a = c c = 2a3 b3 c3.
3 1 2
xy x x
1 6 1
12. Let  = 5x  4y 4x 2x D2 = 2 1 1 = 6
10x  8y 8x 3x
1 3 2
Operate : R2  R2 – 2R1; R3  R3 – 3R1
Similarly D3 = 9
xy x x so consistent having x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
3x  2y 2x 0
= 7 7 5
7x  5y 5x 0
(d) D = 3 1 5 =0
Expand by C3 2 3 5
3x  2y 2x
=x
7x  5y 5x 3 7 1
= x[5x(3x + 2y) – 2x(7x + 5y)] D 1= 7 1 1 = 24
= x[15x2 + 10xy – (14x2 + 10xy)] = x3 5 3 1
Inconsistent system
13.  a, b, c are in A.P.
b–a=c–b ...(i)
1 1 (1  2 )2 (1  2 )2
 
x 1 x  2 x  a
15. 
2 2  (1  2 )2  4 1 2 (1  2 )2  4 1 2
x2 x3 xb
Now L.H.S. = b2 / a 2 q2 / p2
x 3 x 4 x c  
b2 / a 2  4 c / a q 2 / p 2  4 r / p
Operate : R1  R2 – R1 ; R3  R3 – R2
b2 b 2  4 ac b 2 4 ac
   
x 1 x  2 x  a q 2 q 2  4 rp q 2 4 rp
1 1 b–a
=
1 1 c–b
x 1 x  2 x  a
1 1 b–a
= [Using (1) ]
1 1 b–a
= 0 [ R2 and R3 are identical]

= R.H.S.

DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE - 5
Part # I : AIEEE/JEE-MAIN 1 (1  b2 )x (1  c2 )x
 0 1x 0
a a 2
1 a a 2
a 3 0 0 1x
2 2 3
3. b b 1 + b b b =0
2
= (1 – x)2 so degree is  2
2 3
c c 1 c c c
6. For no solution
2 2  – 0 and x or y or z at least one is not zero.
1 a a 1 a a
1 b b2 + abc 1 b b2 = 0  1 1
1 c c2 1 c c2 = 1  1 =0
1 1 
1 a a2 at  = 1 their are 3 row are identical so factor of
1 b b2 (1 + abc) = 0 determinant ( – 1)2
1 c c2 and other factor will be find out by R1R1+R3+R3
( + 2) ( – 1)2 = 0
(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (1 + abc) = 0
 = – 2, 1
but a  b  c so abc = – 1
but at  = 1
4. If a1, a2, ..... an, ..... are in G.P. all equation are same so at  = 1 system of equation
then log a1, log a2 , ..... log an, ..... are in A.P. infinite solution and
A, A + D, ................ at  = – 2
Let common difference of A.P. is D
3 1 1
log a n log a n  2 log a n  4
x = 3 2 1
so log a n  6 log a n  8 log a n  1 0 3 1 2
log a n  12 log a n  14 log a n  16
– 3(4 – 1) – 1(6 + 3) + 1 (– 3 + 6)
A A  2D A  4D – 9 – 9 + 3 = – 15  0
A  6D A  8D A  10D so at  = – 2 system have no solution.
A  12D A  14D A  16 D
9. x – cy – bz = 0
C2  2C2 – (C1 + C3) cx – y + az = 0 x  0 ; y  0, z  0
bx + ay – z = 0
A 0 A  4D
these system is homogeneous
A  6D 0 A  10D
=0 so x = y = z = 0
A  1 2D 0 A  1 6D
and at  = 0  system have non zero solution.
5. a 2 + b 2 + c2 = – 2
applyingC1  C1 + C2 + C3 1 –c b
= c 1 a =0
1 (1  b 2 )x (1  c 2 )x b a 1
2 2
= 1 1b x (1  c )x
1 – a2 + c (– c – ab) – b (ac + b) = 0
2
1 (1  b )x 1  c2 x
1 – a2 – b2 – c2 – abc – abc = 0
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
R2  R2 – R1
R3  R3 – R1

12.  = 0 (For Non zero solution)
 sin(   )  cos  1
4 K 2 cos(   ) sin  1
K 4 1 =0 0 0 1  sin   cos 
2 2 1 = (1 + sin – cos) [–sin sin( – ) + cos cos( – )]
8 – K (K – 2) + 2(2K – 8) = 0 = (1 + sin – cos) cos(2 – )  0
8– K2 + 2K + 4K – 16 = 0 Hence P, Q, R are non collinear.
–K2 + 6K – 8 = 0
(b) x – 2y + 3z = –1, –x + y – 2z = k
K2 – 6K + 8 = 0
& x – 3y + 4z = 1
(K – 4) (K – 2) = 0
K = 2, 4 Two solution 1 2 3 1 3 1
 = 1 1 2  0 & 1 2 k 3 k
13. For Trivial soln  0
1 3 4 1 4 1
1 K 1
Hence if k = 3 then system will have infinite solutions
K 3 K
0 and k 3 then system will have no solution. so S(I) &
3 1 1
S(II) both are true & (II) is correct explaination for (I).
(–3 + K) + K(–K + 3K) + (K – 9)  0
7. (y + z) cos3 = (xyz) sin3 ...(i)
2K2 + 2K – 12  0
K2 + K – 6  0 2 cos3 2 sin3
x sin3   ...(ii)
(K + 3) (K – 2)  0 y z
K  –3 (xyz)sin3 = (y + 2z)cos3 + ysin3 ...(iii)
K2 where yz  0 and 0 <  < 
So Ans. R – {2, –3}
from (i) & (iii)
(y + z) cos3 = (y + 2z) cos3 + y sin3
Part # II : IIT-JEE ADVANCED
 z cos3 + y sin3 = 0 ...(iv)
n
6. (a) Method : 1 from eq (ii)
P  (–sin( – ), –cos)  (x1, y1), 2z cos3 + 2y sin3 = xyz sin3 ...(v)
from equation (iv) & (v)
Q  (cos( – ), sin)  (x2, y2)
 xyz sin3 = 0
and R  (x2cos + x1sin, y2cos + y1sin)
 x sin3 = 0 as yz  0
We see that
Possible cases are either x = 0 or sin 3 = 0
 x2 cos   x1 sin  y2 cos   y1 sin   Case (1) : if x = 0
T   ,
cos   sin  
and
cos   sin   y + z = 0   y = –z
n
P, Q, T are collinear  P, Q, R are non–collinear from eq (iv) cos 3 = sin 3
 5 9  5 9
Method : 2  3  , ,   , ,
4 4 4 1 2 12 12
 sin(   )  cos  1 Case (2) : if sin 3 = 0
cos(   ) sin  1  2
  ,
cos(    ) sin(  ) 1 3 3
But these values does not satisfy given equations.
Applying R3  R3 + R1sin – R2cos Hence, total number of possible values of  are 3.

DETERMINANTS
MOCK TEST
1 1 1  x3
10. x 2 4 1  8x  10
3 3
1. (C)
3 9 1  27x 3 1
|adj A–1| = |A–1|2 =
| A |2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
x 2 4 1x 2 4
3 6
8  10 |(adj A–1)–1| = = |A|2 = 2 2 = 4
| adj A 1 |
3 9 1 3 9 27
xk xk2 x k 3 1 x2 x3
1 0 0 1 0 0 k k2 k 3 2
2. y y y = x ky k z k 1 y y3
x 3 2 2 1  x 6 2 2 6  10
zk zk 2 zk 3 1 z2 z3
3 6 2 3 6 24
= (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (xy + zy + zx) xkykzk at k = –1
6x3 + x3 – 5 = 0
 6x6 + 6x3 – 5x3 – 5 = 0 1 1 1
= (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)    
x y z
(6x3 –5) (x3 + 1) = 0
3. (A)
5
x3 = or x3 = – 1. Two real distinct values of x. pa qb rc
6
qc ra pb = pqr (a3 + b3 + c3) – abc (p3 + q3 + r3) = pqr
11. ax + 2y = 
rb pc qa
3x – 2y = 
(3 abc) – abc (3 pqr) = 0
 2
=  2  6
3 2 a  p  x u f a  p  x u
=0  =–3 4. b q my vg = b  q m y v
c r n z w  h c r n z w
 2
1 =  2  2  2   (   )
a  p  x f
3  bq my g
2 =  3  3   (  ) +
3  c r n z h
a  p  u a  p x u
bq m v bq y v
= +
c r n w c r z w
a  p  f a  p x f
bq m g b q y g
+ +
c r n h c r z h
Now each det. may splits in 2 det.

So, total determinants are 8.

5. (D) Aliter : observe that D = DT
2ABC is not defined and D  DT  D i.e. D  D
 there is no solution i.e. D is real
D is a conjugate of D
a a3 a 4 1
6. b b3 b 4 1 = 0 10. (A)
c c3 c 4 1
n x n y n z
a a 3
a 4 a a3 1 S1 : D = n 2x n 2y n 2y
3
b b 3
b4 = b b 1 n 3x n 3y n 3z
c c3 c4 c c3 1
abc (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
= n 2  n x n2  ny n2  nz
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c)
n 3  n x n 3  n y n 3  n z
 abc (ab + bc + ca) = (a + b + c)
7. (C)
= n 2 n 2 n 2 = 0
A2 =   A2 –  = O
n 3 n 3 n 3
 (A + ) (A – ) = O
 either |A + | = 0 or |A – | = 0 x a b 1 x a b 1
If |A – |  0, then (A + ) (A – ) = O  x b 1 x xa 0 0
S2 : 0 = =
 A +  = O which is not so   x 1 x µa xb 0
 |A – | = 0 and A –   O.    1 x µa b 0
8. f(x) = log10x, g(x) = eix = cosx + i sinx R 2  R 2  R1


f(10) = 1 g(10) = 1  R 3  R 3  R1
R  R  R
1 1 1  4 4 1
h(10) = 2 2 0  0
1 x a 0
3 3 1 R 2  R 2  R1
= ( – x) 1 µ  a xb 
 R 3  R 3  R1
a 1  2i 3  5i 1 µa b
9. D = 1  2i b 7  3i
3  5i 7  3i c 1 x a 0
= ( – x) 0 µ  x x  b = ( – x) (µ – x) ( – x)
= abc – a(58) – (1 + 2i) {c(1– 2i) – (– 21 – 35i – 9i + 15)} 0 µx b
+ (3 – 5i) {(–7 + 14 i + 3i + 6) – 6(3 + 5i)}
= abc – 58a – (1 + 2i) (c – 2ic + 6 + 44i) – (3 – 5i ) (36 + a b c
56i) + (3 – 5i) (– 1+ 17i) S3 : b c a
= abc – 58a – c – 2ic + 2ic – 6 – 44i – 4c – 12i + 88 – 3 c a b
– 5i – 51i + 85 – 96 – 25b + 15ib – 15ib
abc
=– ((a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 ) < 0
= abc – 58a – 34b – c + 85 Purely real. 2

DETERMINANTS
(B) f(/2) = 12 sin2 (/2) cos (/2) = 0
1
nx xn (C) f(–x) = –f(x) odd function
x
1 
S4 : f(x) = 1  ( 1) n = f  (x)
n
2
  2

2
f (x)dx = 0
1 a a
(D) at x = 0, y = 0
 dy 
  = 0 tangent at (0, 0)
 dx  0,0
1 1
 nx n 1
x2 x  dy 
1 y–0=   (x – 0)
= 1  ( 1) n
f(n) (x)  dx  0,0
n
1 a a2 y=0
13. (B, C, D)
x + 3y + 2z = 6 .......(i)
n! (n  1) !
n 1
(1) n 1n
(1) n! x + y + 2z = 7 .......(ii)
x xn
1 x + 3y + 2z =  .......(iii)
= 1  (1) n
n
1 a a2 (A) If  = 2, then D = 0, therefore unique solution is
not possible
(B) If  = 4,  = 6
(1) n n ! (1) n 1 (n  1) ! n!
x + 3y = 6 – 2z
1
1  (1) n
f(n) (1) = n x + 4y = 7 – 2z
2
1 a a  y = 1 and x = 3 – 2z
substituting in equation (iii)
1
1  ( 1) n 3 – 2z + 3 + 2z = 6 is satisfied
n
1  infinite solutions
1  ( 1) n
n
= (–1) n ! n =0
1 a a2 (C)  = 5,  = 7
consider equation (ii) and (iii)
11. (A, B, C, D) x + 5y = 7 – 2z
Here, (a), (b), (c), (d) are the properties of adjoint. x + 3y = 7 – 2z
 y=0 x = 7 – 2z are solution
2
2sin x sin x 0 sub. in (i)
12. f(x) = 1 2sin x sin 2 x = 2 sinx (4 sin2x – sin2x)
7 – 2z + 2z = 6 does not satisfy
0 1 2sin x
 no solution
2 3 3
– sin x(2sin x) = 6sin x – 2sin x
(D) if  = 3, =5
f(x) = 4 sin3x
then equation (i) and (ii) have no solution
f() = 12sin2x cos x
 no solution

17. (A)
1/ x log x xn
14. f(x) = 1 1 / n ( 1)n A = – AT   |A| = – |AT| = – |A|
1 a a2  2|A| = 0
 |A| = 0
n 1
1 / x 2
1/ x nx
f(x) = 1 1 / n (1)n 18. (D)
1 a a2 A–1 exists only for non-singular matrix
AB = AC
2 / x3 1/ x 2 n(n  1)x n  2
 B = C if A–1 exists
f(x) = 1 1/ n ( 1) n
1 a a2 If A–1 exists
19. (C)
n! (1) n 1 (n  1)!
(1) n 1 n
n! det A 6
x xn det (AB –1) = det A . det B –1 = = =–3
1 1/ n (1) n det B 2
fn(x) =
1 a a2
a b c
20.  = b c a = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
(1) n n! (1) n 1 (n  1)! n! c a b

n
f (1) = 1 1/ n (1)n
= – (a + b + c)(a2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca) = 0
1 a a2
( a + b + c = 0) (non trivial)
1 1 / n (1) n
and a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca
= (–1)n n! 1 1 / n (1)
n
=0 1
1 a a2 = {(a – b)2 + (b – c) 2 + (c – a) 2} > 0
2
and y = a (x – fn(1))
22. (A)  (p, t), (B)  (q), (C)  (r), (D)  (p, t)
y = ax
a11 a12 a13
15. (A, B, C, D) (A) |A| = a 21 a 22 a 23
Obvious ( using properties) a 31 a 32 a 33
1 k 3
a11 k 1a 12 k 2 a13 k 2a 11 k a12 a13
16.  = 3 k 2 1
|B| = k a 21 a 22 k 1 a 23 = 3 k 2a 21 ka 22 a 23
2 3 4 k
k 2 a 31 k a 32 a 33 k 2a 31 ka 32 a 33
Applying R2  R2 – 3R1
= |A|
and R3  R3 – 2R1 then,
k1 |A| + k2 |B| = 0
1 ...... k ...... 3 k 1 + k2 = 0

 2k  11 1 1 1
= 0
 (B) 1 1 1 = 4
0 3  2k  10 1 1 1
= 20k + 33 – 22k = 0  k = 33/2

DETERMINANTS
= p2
1 cos  cos  0 cos  cos 
(C) cos  1 cos   cos  0 cos  a b c
cos  cos  1 cos  cos  0 If = b c a
c a b
 sin 2  – cos ( cos – cos co s) +
cos (cos cos – cos) bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2
 c = ca  b ab  c 2 bc  a 2 = 3–1
2
= – cos (– cos cos ) + cos (cos  cos )
 sin 2  – cos 2  + 2 cos cos cos – cos 2  ab  c 2
bc  a 2 ca  b 2
= 2cos cos cos 2
a b c a b c a b c
 sin  = cos  + cos 
2 2 2
= = b c a = b c a × b c a
2
 cos2 + cos2 + cos2  = 1
c a b c a b c a b
x2  x x 1 x2
(D) 2x 2  3x  1 3x 3x  3 a 2  b 2  c2 ab  bc  ca ab  bc  ca
= ab  bc  ca a  b  c ab  bc  ca
2 2 2
x 2  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1
ab  bc  ca ab  bc  ca a 2  b 2  c 2
R2  R2 – (R1 + R3)
p2 0 0
x2  x x 1 x2
x 1 x2 = 0 p 2
0 = p6
= 4 0 0 =4
2x  1 2x  1 0 0 p2
x  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1
2
l1 m1 n1 l1 m1 n1
x 1 3
=4 = (24x – 12) 2. l2 m2 n 2  l2 m2 n2
2x  1 0
l3 m3 n3 l3 m3 n3
 A = 24, B = –12
 A + 2B = 0
l12  m12  n12 l1l2  m1m3  n1n 2
= l1l2  m1m 2  n1n 2 l22  m 22  n 22
23.
l3l1  m3 m1  n 3 n1 l2l3  m 2 m3  n 2 n 3
1. (A)
b1 . C31 + b2 . C32 + b3 . C33 = l1l3  m1m3  n1n 3
a2 a3 a1 a3 a1 a2 l2l3  m 2 m 3  n 2 n 3
b1
b2 b 3 – b2 b1 b 3 + b3 b1 b2 = 0 l32  m 32  n 32
2. (B) 1 0 0
Value of new determinant = 23 = 8 = 0 1 0 =1
0 0 1
3. (D) 2
a3 M13 – b3 . M23 + d3 . M33 = a3 C13 + b3 . C23 + d3 . C33 =  l1 m1 n1
 l2 m2 n2  1
by definition
24. l3 m3 n3
1. a + b + c = p, ab + bc + ca = 0
 a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 – 2(ab + bc + ca)
= p2 – 0

25.
l1 m1 n1
1. (C)
 l2 m2 n2 = ± 1
As 2 nd row of all the options is same, we are to look at
l3 m3 n3
the elements of the first row.
3. x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0 a b c 
Let left inverse be   , then
 (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0 d e f 
 (x – 1)3 = (–2)3
1 1
a b c  
3
 x 1  1 0 
   =1 d e f  1 1  =  
 2    2 3  0 1 
 
x 1  a + b + 2c = 1
 = (1)1/3 = 1, , 2
2
1  5c 1 c
 x – 1 = –2, –2, –22 – a + b + 3c = 0 i.e. b = ,a=
2 2
or x = –1, 1 – 2, 1 – 22
Thus matrices in the options A, B and D are the
 a = –1, b = 1 – 2, c = 1 – 22
inverses and matrix in option C is not the left inverse.
2
a b c
2. (D)
 b c a
Let right inverse is
c a b
a b 
a a b c
b c c d 
 
= b c a × b c a  e f 
c a b c a b
Now a – c + 2e = 1
a a c b
b c b – d + 2f = 0

= b c a × b a c (row by row) 2a – c + e = 0
c a b c b a 2b – d + f = 1
infinite solution
2bc  a 2 c2 b2 so answer is (D)
= c2 2ac  b 2 a2
3. (C)
b2 a2 c2
By observation there can’t be any left inverse for (B)
2 & (D) so we will check for (A) & (C) only.
a b c
= b c a a b 
c a b  
For (A) let left inverse be  c d  , then
 e f 
= (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)2
= {(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)}2 a b  1 0 0 
c d   1 2 4  
1    3 2 1  =  0 1 0 
=
4
(a + b + c)2{(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}2  e f     0 0 1 
9 Now a – 3b = 1, 2a + 2b = 0
= {–12(1 +  + 2)} = 0
4 and 4a + b = 0 which is not possible.

DETERMINANTS
29. (0) Let
1 4 
a b c   1 0 
For (C)    2 3 =   a b a b2 a b3
d e f  5 4   0 1  (1  x) 1 1 (1  x) 1 (1  x) 1
  a 2 b1 a 2 b2 a 2 b3
(1  x) (1  x) (1  x)
 a + 2b + 5c = 1, 4a – 3b + 4c = 0, a3b1 a 3b 2 a3b3
(1  x) (1  x) (1  x)
d + 2e + 5f = 0, 4d – 3e + 4f = 1
 there are infinite number of left inverses. = 0 + 1x + 2x2 + 3x3 + .....
for  1 differentiate w.r.t. x and put x = 0
1 4 1 0 0 
2  a b c    so 1 = 0
 3   = 0 1 0 
 d e f   0 0 1 
 5 4  30. p 2 + q2 – pq – p – q + 1  0
or 2p 2 + 2q 2 – 2 pq – 2p – 2q + 2  0
 a + 4d = 1, 2a – 3d = 0 and 5a + 4d = 0
or (p 2 + q 2 – 2 pq) + (p 2 – 2p + 1) + (q 2 – 2q + 1)  0
which is not possible
 (p – q) 2 + (p – 1)2 + (q – 1) 2  0
 There is no right inverse.
which is possible
26. (4) (p – q) 2 + (p – 1)2 + (q – 1)2 = 0
On solving we get or p – q = 0, p – 1 = 0, q – 1= 0
(2 + 15) f(x + 1) – ( + 10) f(x + 8) – f(x + 1) = 0  p = 1, q = 1
(2 + 14) f(x + 1) = ( + 10) f(x + 8) 1 cos 

cos  1 cos  cos 
Since f is periodic with period 7 Then, cos  pcos  = cos  1 cos 
cos  cos  q cos  cos  1
 f(x + 1) = f(x + 8)
 2 + 14 =  + 10 = 1 + 2 cos cos cos – cos2 – cos2  – cos2
  = 4 = 2 cos cos cos – (cos2 – sin2) – cos2
= 2 cos cos cos – cos( + )cos( – ) – cos2
27. (1) f(–x) = – f(x) = g(x)
= 2 cos cos cos – cos(–) cos( – ) – cos2
 f(x) . g(x) = – (f(x))2
(  +  +  = 0)
1 1 1
2
= cos{2 cos cos – cos( – ) – cos}
2
or f(1) g(1) = – (f(1)) = – 0 2 1 =–4 = cos{2 cos cos – cos( – ) – cos( + }
1 3 1 = cos(2 cos cos – 2 cos cos)
=0
 f(1) g(1) = 4  (–4) = 4  = – 1
28. Clearly f(x) = 0

 f(x) = c = 6
25 25
  f (r) =  6 = 150
r 1 r 1


Xi Maths Module-1 (Matrix)

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Xi Maths Module-1 (Matrix)

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Contents

THEORY ..................................................................................................................... 161 – 175

THEORY ..................................................................................................................... 232 – 248

MATRIX AND DETERMINANTS

 a11 a12 ... a1j ... a1n 

161 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

In general, A = [aij]m × m is a square matrix of order m.

(iv) Diagonal Matrix

(v) Scalar Matrix

are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

(vi) Identity Matrix

(vii) Zero Matrix

162 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

(ix) Lower Triangular Matrix

strictly triangular if aii = 0 for all i = 1, 2, ..., n.

Ex. Find the values of a, b, c, and d from the following equation.

163 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX BY SCALAR

 If A is a scalar matrix, then A = , where  is a diagonal entry of A

164 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

(A) A, B  Mn (F)  AB  Mn (F)

165 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

 [(16 + 2x) . 1 + (6 + 5x) . 2 + (4 + x) . x] = O

POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX

(i) Am.An = Am+n

SPECIAL SQUARE MATRICES

For idempotent matrix note the following :

166 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

 The determinant value of involutary matrix is 1 or –1.

Ex. Show that a square matrix A is involutory, if (I – A) (I + A) = O

Sol. Let A be involutory

167 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX

(i) For any matrix A = [a ij ] m × n, (A) = A

SYMMETRIC & SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX

A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A = A

(i) In a skew-symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are zero.

168 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

169 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

Thus, B is reresented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

170 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

But given A is orthogonal.

Equating the corresponding elements, we have

ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

171 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

Properties of adjoint matrix

(v) adj(KA) = Kn–1 (adj A) , K is a scalar (vi) adj AT = (adj A)T

Method to find Adjoint of a 2 × 2 Square Matrix, Directly

Now adj (adj A) = |A|3–2 A

172 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A 1 .

We have , A . (adj A) = A In

(i) If A be an invertible matrix , then AT is also invertible & (AT) 1 = (A 1)T.

(ii) If A is invertible, (A) (A 1) 1 = A ; (B) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = A–k, k  N

(iii)If A is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA

(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT .

173 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

System of Equation & Criterian For Consistency Gauss - Jordan Method

174 EXCELLENCIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

(i) If A 0, system is consistent having unique solution

(ii) If A 0 & (adj A) . B  O (Null matrix) ,