QUICK REVISION

NCERT
Matrices and Determinants

MATHEMATICS
CLASS 11 & 12

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 67

4 Matrices and Determinants

QUICK LOOK i = j , i.e. a11 , a22 , a33 , ....ann are called diagonal elements and
the line joining these elements is called the principal
Matrix and Types of Matrices
diagonal or leading diagonal of matrix A.
A rectangular arrangement of numbers (which may be real or

Trace of a Matrix: The sum of diagonal elements of a
complex numbers) in rows and columns, is called a matrix.
square matrix. A is called the trace of matrix A , which is
This arrangement is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets.
n
The numbers are called the elements of the matrix or entries in denoted by tr A. tr A = ∑ aii = a11 + a22 + ...ann
the matrix, A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a i =1

matrix of order m×n or simply m×n matrix (read as 'an m by n

Properties of trace of a matrix
matrix). A matrix A of order m×n is usually written in the
following manner Let A = [aii ]n×n and B = [b ij ]n×n and λ be a scalar

 a11 a12 a13 ...a1 j ...a1n 
tr (λ A) = λ tr ( A)

 a21 a22 a23 ...a2 j ...a2 n 
 ..... 
tr ( A − B) = tr ( A) − tr ( B)
A =  ..... .....
ai1 ai 2
..... .....
ai 3 ...aij ...ain  or A = [aij ]m×n ,
 ..... .....
tr ( AB) = tr ( BA)
..... ..... ..... 
 am1 am 2 am 3 ...amj ...amn 

tr ( A) = tr ( A ') or tr ( AT )
=
where j =1,1, 2,.....
i m
tr ( I n ) = n
U+
2,.....n

tr (0)= 0
Here aij denotes the element of ith row and jth column.

tr ( AB) ≠ tr A . tr B
Example: order of matrix  36 −21 −57  is 2×3
ED

 

Row matrix: A matrix is said to be a row matrix or row
vector if it has only one row and any number of columns.
Example: [5 0 3] is a row matrix of order 1× 3 and [2] is a
row matrix of order 1×1.

Column Matrix: A matrix is said to be a column matrix or
column vector if it has only one column and any number of
rows.

Singleton Matrix: If in a matrix there is only one element
then it is called singleton matrix.
Thus, A = [aij ]m×n is a singleton matrix if m = n = 1
Example: [2], [3], [a], [–3] are singleton matrices.

Null or Zero Matrix: If in a matrix all the elements are
zero then it is called a zero matrix and it is generally
denoted by O. Thus A = [aij ]m×n is a zero matrix if
aij = 0 for all i and j.
Square Matrix: If number of rows and number of columns in a
matrix are equal, then it is called a square matrix. Thus
A = [aij ]m×n is a square matrix if m = n.

If m ≠ n then matrix is called a rectangular matrix.
Diagonal Matrix: If all elements except the principal diagonal
in a square matrix are zero, it is called a diagonal matrix. Thus
a square matrix A = [aij ] is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0, when
i≠ j.
2 0 0
Example:  0 3 0 is a diagonal matrix of order 3×3, which
 0 0 4
can be denoted by diag [2, 3, 4]
Note

No element of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix is zero.

Number of zeros in a diagonal matrix is given by n 2 − n
where n is the order of the matrix.

A diagonal matrix of order n × n having d 1 , d 2 ,....., d n as
diagonal elements is denoted by diag [d 1 , d 2 ,..., d n ] .
Identity Matrix: A square matrix in which elements in the
main diagonal are all '1' and rest are all zero is called an
identity matrix or unit matrix. Thus, the square matrix
{
A = [aij ] is an identity matrix, if aij = 1,0, ifif ii ≠= jj

The elements of a square matrix A for which We denote the identity matrix of order n by In .

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68 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

 1 0 0 5 2  1 5 
Example: [1], 10 10  ,  0 1 0  are identity matrices of Example: If A = 1 3 and B =  2 2 ,
   0 0 1   4 1   3 3
order 1, 2 and 3 respectively.  5 + 1 2 + 5  6 7 
then A + B = 1 + 2 3 + 2  =  3 5 
Scalar Matrix: A square matrix whose all non diagonal  4 + 3 1 + 3   7 4
elements are zero and diagonal elements are equal is called a Similarly, their subtraction A − B is defined as A − B = [aij − bij ]m×n
scalar matrix. Thus, if A = [aij ] is a square matrix and

Scalar Multiplication of Matrices: Let A = [aij ]m×n be a
{
aij = α , if i = j
0, if i ≠ j , then A is a scalar matrix. matrix and k be a number, then the matrix which is obtained
by multiplying every element of A by k is called scalar
Example: [2], 1 0 , 50 05 00  are scalar matrices of order
  multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA.
 0 1  0 0 5 
Thus, if A = [aij ]m×n , then kA = Ak = [kaij ]m×n .
1, 2 and 3 respectively.

Multiplication of Matrices: Two matrices A and B are
conformable for the product AB if the number of columns in A
Note: Unit matrix and null square matrices are also scalar
(pre-multiplier) is same as the number of rows in B (post
matrices.
multiplier). Thus, if A = [aij ]m×n and B = [bij ]n× p are two
matrices of order m×n and n × p respectively, then their
Triangular Matrix: A square matrix [aij ] is said to be
product AB is of order m×p and is defined as
triangular matrix if each element above or below the principal n
diagonal is zero. It is of two types ( AB)ij = ∑ air brj
r =1
U+
Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix [aij ] is called the
 b1 j 
upper triangular matrix, if aij = 0 when i > j . = [ai1 ai 2 ...ain ] b2 j  = (ith row of A)(jth column of B). . . (i)
⋮
3 1 2 bnj 
ED

Example:  0 4 3  is an upper triangular matrix of order 3×3.

where i=1, 2, ..., m and j=1, 2, ...p
 0 0 6 
Now we define the product of a row matrix and a column
Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix [aij ] is called the matrix.
lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 when i< j. b 
Let A = [ a1 a2 ....an ] be a row matrix and B = b2  be a
1

1 0 0  ⋮
Example:  2 3 0 is a lower triangular matrix of order 3×3. bn 
 4 5 2
column matrix.
Then AB = [ a1b1 + a2 b2 + .... + an bn ] . . .(ii)
Note

Minimum number of zeros in a triangular matrix is given by Thus, from (i), ( AB)ij = Sum of the product of elements of ith
n(n − 1) row of A with the corresponding elements of jth column of B.
where n is order of matrix.
2
Note

Diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular.

If A and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA

A triangular matrix a = [aij ]n×n is called strictly triangular if may or may not exist.
aij = 0 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n
The multiplication of two triangular matrices is a triangular
matrix.
Matrix Algebra
The multiplication of two diagonal matrices is also a

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices: If A = [aij ]m× n and diagonal matrix and diag (a1 , a2 ,....an ) × diag (b1 , b2 ,....bn )
B = [bij ]m × n are two matrices of the same order then their = diag (a1b1 , a2b2 ,....anbn )
sum A+B is a matrix whose each element is the sum of
The multiplication of two scalar matrices is also a scalar
corresponding elements. i.e. A + B = [aij + bij ]m× n matrix.

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Matrices and Determinants 69
Conjugate of a Matrix: The matrix obtained from any given  C11 C21 C31 
matrix A containing complex number as its elements, on = C12 C22 C32  ;
replacing its elements by the corresponding conjugate complex C13 C23 C33 

numbers is called conjugate of A and is denoted by A . Where Cij denotes the cofactor of aij in A.

1 + 2i 2 − 3i 3 + 4i  Example: A =  rp qs  , C11 = s, C12 = −r , C21 = −q, C22 = p

Example: A =  4 − 5i 5 + 6i 6 − 7i  then  
 8 7 + 8i 7  T

1 − 2i 2 + 3i 3 − 4i  ∴ adj A =  −sq −pr  =  −sr −pq 

   
A =  4 + 5i 5 − 6i 6 + 7i 
 8 7 − 8i 7 
Properties of conjugates Minors and Cofactors of Elements of a Determinant

In determinants of order 3 or more, every element has a

( A) = A
minor and a cofactor.

( A + B) = A + B a b c

(α A) = α A, α being any number
In the determinant d e f of the third order, the minor

( AB) = A B, A and B being conformable for multiplication. g h i

e f
Transpose Conjugate of a Matrix: The transpose of the of a = which is a determinant of the second order
h i
conjugate of a matrix A is called transposed conjugate of A and is
and is obtained by removing all elements of the determinant
denoted by Aθ . The conjugate of the transpose of A is the same as
that fall on the horizontal and vertical lines drawn through
the transpose of the conjugate of A i.e. ( A′) = ( A)′ = Aθ If
a c
U+
a. Similarly, the minor of e = .
A = [aij ]m×n then Aθ = [b ji ]n×m where b ji = aij i.e. the g i
th
( j, i)th element of Aθ = the conjugate of (i, j) element of A. a1 b1 c1 d1
ED

1 + 2i 2 − 3i 3 + 4i  a2 b2 c2 d2
Example: If A =  4 − 5i 5 + 6i 6 − 7i  ,
In the determinant of the fourth order, the
a3 b3 c3 d3
 8 7 + 8i 7 
a4 b4 c4 d4
1 − 2i 4 + 5i 8 
then Aθ =  2 + 3i 5 − 6i 7 − 8i  b2 c2 d2
3 − 4i 6 + 7i 7 
minor of a1 = b3 c3 d 3 which is a determinant of the
Properties of transpose conjugate b4 c4 d4

( Aθ )θ = A
third order and it is expanded as in case of determinants of

( A + B )θ = Aθ + Bθ third order.
θ θ

(kA) = KA , K being any number
The cofactor of an element = (−1)r + c × minor, where r and c

( AB)θ = Bθ Aθ denote the number of the row and the column respectively
to which the element belongs.
Ad-joint of a Matrix a b c
Let A = [aij ] be a square matrix of order n and let C ij be
In the determinant d e f , the cofactor of a = ( −1)1+1 .
g h i
cofactor of aij in A. Then the transpose of the matrix of
e f a b
cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is ; the cofactor of f (−1) 2 + 3 . .
denoted by adj A h i g h

Thus, adj A = [Cij ]T ⇒ (adj A)ij = C ji = cofactor of a ji in A.
The cofactor of an element is denoted by the corresponding
T capital letters. G = cofactor of g = ( −1)3+1 . |be cf | . Similarly, we
 a11 a12 a13   C11 C12 C13 
If A =  a21 a22 a23  , then adj A = C21 C22 C23  get the cofactor of an element in case of determinants of
 a31 a32 a33  C31 C32 C33 
fourth or higher order.

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70 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Inverse of a Matrix
Two consecutive rows (or columns) can be interchanged by
A non-singular square matrix of order n is invertible if there multiplying the changed determinant by (–1). Symbolically,
exists a square matrix B of the same order such that D = DRi ⇌ R j +1 (or – DC j ⇌ C j +1 )
AB = I n = BA . In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B
If a factor is common in all elements of a row (or column),
and we write A −1 = B the factor can be taken outside the determinant.
1 Symbolically, ∆ = m·∆ 1
The inverse of A is given by A−1 = .adj A , where | A | ≠ 0 Ri →
m
Ri
| A|

m times of the element of a row (or column) can be added to
Expansion of a Determinant the corresponding element of another row (or column).
a b Symbolically, ∆ = ∆ Ri → Ri + mR j (or ∆ Ci → Ci + mC j )

= ad − bc ( = value of the determinant).
c d
The value of a determinant reduces to zero in any one the
a b c following cases.

∆= d e f = aA + bB + cC
The value is zero if all the element in a row (or column) are
g h i zeros.
e f d f d e
The value is zero if any two rows (or column) are identical.
=a −b +c Symbolically, ∆ Ri ≡ R j = 0 or ∆ Ci ≡ C j = 0
h i g i g h
= a (ei − fh) − b(di − fg ) + c(dh − eg ) Properties of Cofactors of a Determinant
b c a c a b
The sum of the products of element of a row (or column)
Similarly, ∆ = dD + eE + fF = − d +e −f with their corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of
h i g i g h
the determinant.
U+
d e a b a b
∆ = cC + fF + iI = c −f +i , etc.
The sum of the products of elements of a row (or column)
g h g h d e with the cofactors of the corresponding elements of another
row (or column) is equal to 0.
Note: A determinant having all element in a row (or column) equal
ED

to 0, has the value zero. Sum of Determinants, a Determinant as sum of Determinants

a1 b1 c1 d1 a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 d2
Let ∆1 = a2 b2 c2 , ∆ 2 = d 2 b2 c2

∆= = a1 A1 + b1 B1 + c1C1 + d1 D1 a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3 d3
a4 b4 c4 d4 be two third order determinants which have 3–1 (one less
than the common order) columns identical. Then their
b2 c2 d2 a2 c2 d2 a2 b2 d2 a2 b2 c2
addition is also a determinant of the third order given by
∆ = a1 b3 c3 d 3 − b1 a3 c3 d 3 + c1 a3 b3 d 3 − d1 a3 b3 c 3
b4 c4 d4 a4 c4 d4 a4 b4 d4 a4 b4 c4 a1 + d1 b1 c1
∆ 1 + ∆ 2 = a2 + d 2 b2 c2
where each of the third order determinant is to be expanded.
a3 + d 3 b3 c3
Reduction and Increase of Order of a Determinant
a1 b1 c

If all the element in a row (or a column), except one
element, are zeros the determinant reduces to a determinant Similarly, if ∆3 = a2 e2 f 2 then
of an order less by one. a3 b3 c3

A determinant can be replaced by a determinant of a higher a1 b1 c1
order by one. ∆1 + ∆3 = a2 + d 2 b2 + e2 c2 + f 2
Properties of Determinants a3 b3 c3
A determinant can be transformed without changing value by But ∆2 + ∆3 cannot be found like this.
any one of the following properties (these properties hold for
A determinant having two or more terms in the element of a
determinants of all orders):
row (or column) can be written as the sum of two or more

Corresponding rows and columns can be interchanged.
determinants as follows :
Symbolically, ∆ = ∆ R =C .

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Matrices and Determinants 71
a1 + b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 d1 b1 c1 d1 u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x )
a2 + b2 c2 d 2 = a2 c2 d 2 + b2 c2 d2 ,
If ∆ ( x ) = p ( x ) q ( x ) r ( x ) then
a3 + b3 c3 d3 a3 c3 d3 b3 c3 d3 λ ( x ) µ( x ) ν ( x )
decomposing along the first column. u ′( x ) v ′( x ) w′( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w
a1 b1 c1 ∆ ′( x ) = p ( x ) q ( x ) r ( x ) + p ′( x ) q ′( x ) r ′( x ) + p ( x ) q ( x ) r (
a2 b2 c2 λ ( x ) µ( x ) ν ( x) λ ( x ) µ( x ) ν ( x ) λ ( x ) µ ( x ) ν
d1 + d 2 + d3 e1 + e2 + e3 f1 + fu2 (+x )f 3 v ( x ) w ( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x )
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1∆ ( x )a1= pb1( x ) c1 q ( x ) r ( x) + p ( x) q ( x) r ( x) + p( x) q( x) r ( x)
= a2 b2 c2 + a 2 b2 c2 + a2 λb2( x ) c2 µ, ( x ) ν ( x) λ ( x ) µ( x ) ν ( x ) λ ′( x ) µ′( x ) ν ′( x )
d1 e1 f1 d2 e2 f2 d3 e3 f3 This differentiation can also be done column wise.
decomposing along the third row.
Cremer’s Rule for Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations
Product of two Determinants
The solution of the linear equations

Two determinants of the same order can be multiplied and a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 

the product is also a determinant of the same order. a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0  ...(A) is given by
a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1 a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0 

If ∆1 = a2 b2 c2 and ∆ 2 = x2 y2 z2 x −y z −1
= = =
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3 b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 d1 a1 b1 d1 a1 b1 c1
b2 c2 d2 a2 c2 d2 a2 b2 d2 a2 b2 c2
then ∆1 .∆ 2 can be found if any one of the two ways given
U+
b3 c3 d3 a3 c3 d3 a3 b3 d3 a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1

Denoting the determinants in the denominators by
below. ∆1·∆ 2 = a2 b2 c2 . x2 y2 z2
∆ x , ∆ y , ∆ z and ∆ respectively,
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3
ED

x −y z −1 −∆ x ∆y −∆ z
a1 x1 + b1 x2 + c1 x3 a1 y1 + b1 y2 + c1 y3 a1 z1 + b1 z2 + c1 z3 = = = ; x= ,y= =z=
∆x ∆ y ∆z ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
= a2 x1 + b2 x2 + c2 x3 a2 y1 + b2 y2 + c2 y3 a2 z1 + b2 z2 + c2 z3
For the above system of linear equations (A),
a3 x1 + b3 x2 + c3 x3 a3 y1 + b3 y2 + c3 y3 a3 z1 + b3 z2 + c3 z3

∆ ≠ 0 ⇒ the system has unique solution (independent
is obtained by using sum of products of element in rows of system)
the first and the column of the second, pattern being as
∆ = 0 but at least one of ∆ x , ∆ y , ∆ z ≠ 0 ⇒ The system has
follows :
no solution (unsolvable or inconsistent system)
1 2 3

∆ = 0 = ∆ x = ∆ y = ∆ z ⇒ the system has infinite solution
1 x 1 x 1 x
(dependent system)
a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1
Condition for Consistency and Existence of Nontrivial
∆1·∆ 2 = a2 b2 c2 · x2 y2 z2 =
Solution
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3

The system of linear equation arx + bry + cr = 0; r = 1,2,3are
a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 z1 a1 x2 + b1 y2 + c1 z2 a1 x3 + b1 y3 + c1 z3 consistent if
a2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 z1 a2 x2 + b2 y2 + c2 z2 a3 x3 + b3 y3 + c3 z3 a1 b1 c1
a3 x1 + b3 y1 + c3 z1 a3 x2 + b3 y2 + c3 z2 a3 x3 + b3 y3 + c3 z3 a2 b2 c2 = 0 . . .(i)
This is also obtained by interchanging rows and columns of a3 b3 c3
the post-multiplier in (i) and then multiplying as in (i).
The system of homogeneous linear equations arx + bry + crz
Derivative of a Determinant = 0; r = 1,2,3 will have nontrivial (at least one non-zero)
A determinant can be differentiated in any one of the two ways solutions if the above condition is satisfied.
given below.
If arx + bry + crz = 0; r = 1,2,3 have a non-trivial solution

Expand the determinant and then differentiate the expression. then it will have infinite number of solutions.

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72 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Transpose and Determinant of a Matrix
Matrix and Types of Matrices 8. If A and B are square matrices of same order then:
1. A square matrix A = [aij ] in which aij = 0 for i ≠ j and a. ( AB )′ = A′B′
b. ( AB )′ = B′A′
aij = k (constant) for i = j is called a:
c. AB = 0, if | A |= 0 or | B |= 0
a. Unit matrix b. Scalar matrix
c. Null matrix d. Diagonal matrix d. AB = 0, if | A |= I or B = I

2. In an upper triangular matrix n × n, minimum number of

Special Types of Matrices
zeros is:
0 5 −7 
n(n − 1) n(n + 1) 9. The matrix  −5 0 11  is known as:
a. b.
2 2  7 −11 0 
2n(n − 1) a. Upper triangular matrix b. Skew-symmetric matrix
c. d. None of these
2 c. Symmetric matrix d. Diagonal matrix

3. If A = [aij ] is a scalar matrix then trace of A is: 10. If A and B are square matrices of order n×n, then
( A − B ) 2 is equal to :
a. ∑∑ aij b. ∑ aij
i j i a. A2 − B 2 b. A2 − 2 AB + B 2
c. ∑a
j
ij d. ∑a
i
ii
c. A2 + 2 AB + B 2 d. A2 − AB − BA + B 2

11. If A = cos θ − sin θ  , then which of the following

 sin θ cos θ 
U+
Matrix Algebra
statement is not correct:
If A =  −cos α sin α  a. A is orthogonal matrix b. AT is orthogonal matrix
cos α  , then A = ?
2
4.
 sin α c. Determinant A = 1 d. A is not invertible
ED

a. cos 2α sin 2α  b.  cos 2α − sin 2α 

 sin 2α cos 2α   sin 2α cos 2α  12. Matrix A is such that A2 = 2 A − I where I is the identity
2α sin 2α  2α sin 2α  matrix. Then for n ≥ 2, An = ?
c.  −cos d.  −− cos
 sin 2α cos 2α   sin 2α − cos 2α 
a. nA − ( n − 1) I b. nA − I
b  and A2 = α β c. 2n −1 A − (n − 1) I d. 2n−1 A − I
5. If A =  a α  then:
 b a   β
a. α = a 2 + b2 , β = ab b. α = a 2 + b2 , β = 2ab Ad-joint and Inverse of a Matrix
c. α = a 2 + b2 , β = a 2 − b2 d. α = 2ab, β = a 2 + b2 4 2
13. If A =   , then | adj A | is equal to:
3 4
cos α − sin α 0
Let F (α ) =  sin α 0  .Then F (α ).F (α ') is equal
a. 16 b. 10
6. cos α
c. 6 d. 11
 0 0 1 
to: 1 −1 1   4 2 2
14. Let A =  2 1 −3 and 10.B =  −5 0 α  . If B is the
a. F (αα ') b. F (α / α ') 1 1 1   1 −2 3 
c. F (α + α ') d. F (α − α ') inverse of matrix A, then α is:
a. 5 b. –1
1 1 0  c. 2 d. –2
7. For the matrix A =  1 2 1  , which of the following is
 2 1 0  1 0 −K 
correct: 15. Matrix A =  2 1 3  is invertible for:
 K 0 1 
a. A3 + 3 A2 − I = 0 b. A3 − 3 A2 − I = 0
a. K = 1 b. K = −1
c. A3 + 2 A2 − I = 0 d. A3 − A2 + I = 0 c. K = 0 d. All real K

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Matrices and Determinants 73
2 n
16. Let p be a non-singular matrix, 1 + p + p +. . .p = 0 (0 Geometrical Transformations and Matrices of Rotation of Axes
−1
denotes the null matrix), then p = ? 24. If one of the Eigen values of a square matrix A order 3×3
is zero, then prove that det A = 0?
a. p n b. − p n
a. A = 0 b. A ≠ 0 c. A < 2 d. K = 0
c. −(1 + p + ..... + p n ) d. None of these
Properties of Determinants
 cos α − sin α 0 25. If n ≠ 3k and 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity, then
17. Let f (α ) =  sin α cos α 0 , where α∈R, then [ f (α )]−1
 0 0 1  1 ωn ω 2n
is equal to: ∆ = ω 2n 1 ω n has the value:
ωn ω 2n 1
a. f (−α ) b. f (α −1 ) c. f (2α ) d. None
a. 0 b. ω
18. Inverse of diagonal matrix (if it exists) is a: c. ω2 d. 1
a. Skew-symmetric matrix b. Diagonal matrix 26. If x, y, z are integers in A.P. lying between 1 and 9 and
c. Non invertible matrix d. None of these x51, y41 and z31 are three digit numbers then the value of
5 4 3
Elementary Matrix
x 51 y 41 z 31 is:
19. Using elementary row transformation find the inverse of x y z
 3 −1 −2
the matrix A =  2 0 −1 ? a. x + y + z b. x − y + z
 3 −5 0  c. 0 d. None of these
 −5/ 8 5/ 4 1/ 8  1 5 −5 1
27. If a ≠ b ≠ c , the value of x which satisfies the equation
a.  −3/ 8 3/ 4 −1/ 8  b.  3 −3 1
U+
 −5 / 4 3/ 2 1/ 4 8 0 3 1 0 x−a x −b
15 5 1 x+a 0 x − c = 0 is:
c.  3 6 −1  d. None of these
8 10 −12 2  x+b x+c 0
ED

a. x = 0 b. x = a c. x = b d. x = c
Echelon Form of a Matrix a −b b−c c−a
2 3 1 4  28. x− y y−z z−x =?
20. The rank of the matrix A =  0 1 2 −1 is:
 0 −2 −4 2  p−q q−r r − p
a. 2 b. 3 c. 1 d. 4 a. a ( x + y + z ) + b( p + q + r ) + c b. 0
− 1 2 5  c. abc + xyz + pqr d. None of these
21. The rank of the matrix  2 −4

a − 4  is:
1 a a2
 1 −2 a + 1 
29. 1 b b2 = ?
a. 1 if a = 6 b. 2 if a =1
1 c c2
c. 3 if a = 2 d. 1 if a = – 6
a. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 b. (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Solution of a Non Homogeneous System of Linear Equations c. (a − b)(b − c)(c − a ) d. None of these

22. If  xx + y 2 x + z  =  4 7  then values of x, y, z , w are: 30. If a + b + c = 0 , then the solution of the equation
 − y 2 z + w  0 10 
a−x c b
a. 2, 2, 3, 4 b. 2, 3, 1, 2
c b−x a = 0 is:
c. 3, 3, 0, 1 d. None of these
b a c−x
23. The system of linear equation x+ y + z = 2 , 2 x + y − z = 3, 3
a. 0 b. ± (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
3 x + 2 y + kz = 4 has unique solution if: 2
a. K ≠ 0 b. –1 < K < 1 3 2
c. 0, ± (a + b 2 + c 2 ) d. 0, ± a 2 + b 2 + c 2
c. –2 < K < 2 d. K = 0 2

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74 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1+ x 1 1 38. The minors of – 4 and 9 and the co-factors of – 4 and 9 in
31. The roots of the equation 1 1+ x 1 = 0 are: −1 −2 3
1 1 1+ x determinant −4 −5 −6 are respectively:
−7 8 9
a. 0, – 3 b. 0, 0, – 3
c. 0, 0, 0, – 3 d. None of these a. 42, 3 ; – 42, 3 b. –42, –3 ; 42, –3
c. 42, 3 ; – 42, – 3 d. 42, 3; 42, 3
1 a b
32. −a 1 c =? Summation of Determinants
−b −c 1 N n 1 5
a. 1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 b. 1 − a 2 + b 2 + c 2 39. The value of ∑U n , if U n = n 2 2 N + 1 2 N + 1 is:
n =1 n3 3N 2 3N
c. 1 + a 2 + b 2 − c 2 d. 1 + a 2 − b 2 + c 2
a. 0 b. 1
c. –1 d. 2
Minors and Co-factors, Product of determinants
a1 b1 c1
33. If ∆ = a2 b2 c2 and A1,B1,C1 denote the cofactors of Differentiation and Integration of Determinants
a3 b3 c3 x b b
x b
a1, b1, c1 respectively, then the value of the determinant 40. If ∆1 = a x b and ∆ 2 = are the given
a x
A1 B1 C1 a a x
A2 B2 C2 is:
A3 B3 C3 determinants, then:
a. ∆ b. ∆2 d
a. ∆1 = 3(∆ 2 ) 2 b. (∆1 ) = 3∆ 2
U+
dx
c. ∆3 d. 0
d
34. If the value of a third order determinant is 11, then the c. (∆1 ) = 2(∆ 2 ) 2 d. ∆1 = 3∆3/2 2
dx
value of the square of the determinant formed by the 1 cos x 1 − cos x
ED

cofactors will be: π /2

41. If ∆(x) = 1 + sin x cos x 1 + sin x − cos x , then ∫ ∆ (x)dx
a. 11 b. 121 0
sin x sin x 1
c. 1331 d. 14641
is equal to:
35. For all values of A, B, C and P, Q, R the value of
a. 1/4 b. 1/2
cos( A − P) cos( A − Q ) cos( A − R ) c. 0 d. –1/2
cos( B − P) cos( B − Q ) cos( B − R ) is:
cos( C − P) cos( C − Q) cos( C − R ) Application of Determinants in Solving a System of Linear
a. 0 b. cos A cos B cos C Equations
c. sin A sin B sin C d. cos P cos Q cos R 42. If the system of linear equations x + 2ay + az = 0 x + 3by
+ bz = 0, x +3cy + cz = 0 has a non-zero solution, then
36. The cofactor of the element '4' in the determinant
a,b,c ?
1 3 5 1
a. Are in A.P. b. Are in G.P.
2 3 4 2 c. Are in H.P. d. Satisfy
is:
8 0 1 1
43. If the system of equations x + 2 y − 3 z = 1, (k + 3) z = 3,
0 2 1 1
(2k + 1) x + z = 0 is inconsistent, then the value of k is:
a. 4 b. 10
c. – 10 d. – 4 a. –3 b. 1/2
c. 0 d. 2
1 2ω
37. If ω is a cube root of unity and ∆ = , then ∆2 is 44. The equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2 y + 3z = 10, x + 2 y + mz = n
ω ω2
equal to: give infinite number of values of the triplet (x, y, z) if:
a. −ω b. ω a. m = 3, n ∈ R b. m = 3, n ≠ 10
c. 1 d. ω 2 c. m = 3, n = 10 d. None of these

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Matrices and Determinants 75
Application of Determinants in Co-ordinate Geometry 51. Let ω be a complex cube root of unity with ω ≠ 1 and
45. The three lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0, P = [ pij ] be a n × n matrix with pij = ω i + j . Then, p2 ≠ 0
cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent only when: when n is equal to:
a. a + b + c = 0 a. 57 b. 55
b. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = ab + bc + ca c. 58 d. 56
c. a + b + c = ab + bc + ca
3 3 3
52. Let M and N be two 3×3 matrices such that MN = NM.
d. None of these Further, if M ≠ N2 and M 2 = N4 , then:
Some Special Determinants a. determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
1 a a2 b. there is a 3×3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)
46. 1 b b2 = ? U is zero matrix
1 c c2
c. determinant of (M2 + MN2)≥1
a. a + b + c
2 2 2
b. ( a + b )(b + c )(c + a ) d. for a 3×3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2) U equals the zero
c. ( a − b )(b − c )(c − a ) d. None of these matrix, then U is the zero matrix.

53. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.

NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
Then, M is invertible, if:
More than One Answer
a. the first column of M is the transpose of the second row
a b aα + b of M
47. The determinant b c bα + c is equal to zero, b. the second row of M is the transpose of the first column
aα + b bα + c 0
U+
of M
then: c. M is a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the main
a. a, b, c are in AP diagonal
b. a, b, c are in GP
ED

d. the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not

c. a, b, c are in HP the square of an integer
d. (x – α) is a factor of ax2 + 2bx + c
48. Let M and N be two 3×3 non-singular skew-symmetric Assertion and Reason
matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the transpose
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
of P, then M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) −1 ( MN −1 )T is equal to: the correct option out of the options given below:
a. M2 b. –N2 c. –M2 d. MN a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
1 4 4 correct explanation of the assertion.
49. If the ad-joint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is  2 1 7  , then the b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
 1 1 3  correct explanation of the assertion.
c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
possible value(s) of the determinant of P is/are:
a. –2 b. –1 d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
c. 1 d. 2 e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
50. For 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following
54. Let A be a 2×2matrix
statement(s) is (are) not correct ?
Assertion: adj(adjA) = A
a. N T M N is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as
Reason: |adjA| = |A|
M is symmetric or skew-symmetric
b. MN – NM is is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M 55. Let A be a 2×2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 =I
and N where I is 2×2 identity matrix. Define Tr (A) = sum of
c. M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A:
d. (adj M) (adj N) = adj (MN) for all invertible matrices M Assertion: Tr (A) =0
and N Reason: |A|=1.

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76 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
 cos θ + sin θ 2 sin θ  an an + 3 an + 6
56. Let A(θ ) =  
 − 2 sin θ cos θ − sin θ  64. Let ∆ n = an +1 aa + 4 an +7

an + 2 aa +5 aa +8
Assertion: A(π / 3)3 = − I
Assertion: If ak > 0∀k ≥ 1 and a1,a2,a3,... are in G.P. then
Reason: R A(θ ) A(ϕ ) = A(θ + ϕ )
∆ n = 0∀n ≥ 1.
a b
57. Suppose X =  2
 satisfies the equation X – 4X + 3I = O Reason: If a1,a2,a3, . . . . are in A.P. then ∆ n = 0∀n ≥ 1.
c d
Assertion: If a + d ≠ 4, then there are just two such matrices X. 65. Suppose x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 and
Reason: There is infinite number of matrices X, satisfying x log 2 3 15 + log(a x )
X2 – 4X + 3I = 0. ∆(a, b, c) = y log 3 5 25 + log(b y )
z log 5 7 35 + log(c z )
a a12   x1   y1 
58. Let A =  11 , X = x Y =  y 
a
 21 a 22   2  2 Assertion: ∆(8, 27, 125) = 0
Assertion: If X ′AX = O for each X, then A must be a 1 1 1
Reason: ∆  , ,  = 0
skew-symmetric matrix.  2 3 5
Reason: If A is symmetric and X ′AX = O for each X, a b c
then A = O 66. Let a ≠ 0, p ≠ 0 and ∆ = 0 p q
59. Assertion: If A and B are two 3×3 matrices such that AB p q 0
=O , then A = O or B = O. Assertion: If the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and px + q = 0
Reason: If A, B and X are three 3×3 matrices such that have a common root, then ∆ = 0.
U+
AX = B,| A | ≠ 0, then X = A−1 B. Reason: If ∆ = 0 then the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
px + q = 0 have a common root.
1 π  1 100π 
60. Assertion: If A =   , then A100 =  .
1  sin π cos( x + π / 4) tan( x − π / 4)
ED

0 1  0
Reason: If B is a 2 × 2 matrix such that B2 = O, then 67. Assertion: ∆ sin( x − π / 4) − cos(π / 2) log( z / y ) = 0
cot(π / 4 + x) log( y / x) tan x
( I + B ) n = I + nB for each n∈N.
Reason: A skew symmetric determinant of odd order equals 0.
2 1 1 68. Assertion: Let p < 0 and α1,α2,… α9 be the nine roots x9 = p,
61. Assertion: As A =  0 1 0  satisfies the equation
 1 1 2  α1 α 2 α 3
x3 − 5 x 2 + 7 x − 3 = 0, then A is invertible. of then ∆ = α 4 α 5 α 6 = 0
Reason: If a square matrix A satises the equation α 7 α8 α 9
n −1
a0 x + a1 x
n
+ . . . + an −1 x + an = 0, and an ≠ 0, then A is Reason: If two rows of a determinant are identical, then
invertible. determinant equals zero.

62. Assertion: If a, b, c are in A.P. the system of equations 6 2i 3 + 6i

3x + 4 y + 5 z = a . . .(i) 69. Assertion: w = 12 3 + 8i 3 2 + 6i is a purely
4x + 5 y + 6z = b . . .(ii) 18 2 + 12i 27 + 2i
5x + 6 y + 7 z = c . . .(iii) imaginary number.
is consistent. Reason: | z |=| z | for each complex number z.
Reason: If |A| ≠ 0, the system of equations AX =B is 70. Assertion: If ai , bi ∈ N , for i = 1,2,3 and
consistent
(1 + x) a1 b1 (1 + x) a1 b2 (1 + x )a1 b3
63. Assertion: If A∈Mn(R), A ≠ O with det ( A) = 0, then det ∆ ( x) = (1 + x) a2 b1 (1 + x) a2 b2 (1 + x) a2 b3 , then coefficient
(Adj A) = 0 (1 + x) a3 b1 (1 + x) a3 b2 (1 + x) a3 b3
Reason: For A ∈ M n (R), det (Adj A) = (det A) n −1 of x in expansion of ∆(x) is 0.

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Matrices and Determinants 77
Reason: If P( x) = (1 + x) , n ∈ N then coefficient of x in
n
1
77. If λ = 3, then (tr ( AB ) + tr ( BA)) is equal to:
the expansion of P(x) is P'(0). 7
a. 34 b. 42
71. Consider the system of equations x − 2 y + 3 z = −1, c. 84 d. 63
x − 3 y + 4 z = 1 and − x + y − 2 z = k
λ + 2 3 1 4 2 3
Assertion: The system of equation has no solution for k ≠ 0    
78. If A =  8 4 2  and B =  5 2 3  , if tr(A –2B) =
and  10 5 3  4 5 2
   
1 3 −1
0, then the value of λ is:
Reason: The determinant −1 −2 k ≠ 0, for k ≠ 0.
a. 3 b. 5
1 4 1 c. 7 d. 9

Comprehension Based 79. The correct statement is:

a. ( A + B )( A − B ) = A2 + B 2 − 2 AB
Paragraph-I
b. ( A + B ) 2 = A2 + B 2 + AB + BA
Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of
c. ( A + B ) 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB
 a b  
2 × 2 matrices Tp =  A =   ; a, b, c ∈ {0,1, 2,... p − 1} d. none of above
 c a 

72. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or Paragraph-III

skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) is divisible by p is: Let ∆ ≠ 0 and ∆e denotes the determinants of cofactors, then ∆e
2
= ∆n–1, where n(>0) is the order of ∆.
U+
a. (p – 1) b. 2(p – 1)
c. (p – 1)2+1 d. 2p – 1
80. If a, b, c are the roots of the equations x3 − px 2 + r = 0,
73. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2
ED

divisible by p but det(A) is divisible by p is: then the value of ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 is:

[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b 2
entries.] a. p2 b. p4
a. (p – 1) (p2 – p + 1) b. p3 – (p – 1)2 c. p6 d. p9
c. (p – 1)2 d. (p – 1) (p2 – 2)
81. If l1 , m1 , n1 ; l2 , m2 , n2 ; l3 , m3 , n3 are real quantities satisfying
74. The number of A in Tp such that det( A) is not divisible by p is:
the six relations l12 + m12 + n12 = l22 + m22 + n22 = l32 + m32 + n32 = 1
a. 2p2 b. p3 – 5p
l2l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 = l3l1 + m3 m1 + n3 n1
c. p3 – 3p d. p3 – p2
= l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, then the value of
Paragraph-II l1 m1 n1
l2 m2 n2 is:
Let A and B are two matrices of same order 3×3 where
l3 m3 n3
1 3 λ + 2 3 2 4
    a. 0 b. ±1
A = 2 4 8 , B =  3 2 5
 3 5 10  2 1 4 c. ±2 d. ±3
   
82. If a,b,c are the roots of the equation x3 − 3x 2 + 3 x + 7 = 0,
75. If A is singular matrix, then tr(A + B)is equal to:
a. 6 b. 12 2bc − a 2 c2 b2
c. 24 d. 17 then the value of c2 2ac − b2 a2 is:
b 2
a 2
2ab − c 2

76. If matrix 2A + 3B is singular, then the value of 2λ is:

a. 11 b. 13 a. 9 b. 27
c. 15 d. 17 c. 81 d. 0

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78 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
83. If a + b + c = λ , then the value of
2 2 2 2 86. Match the following
Column I Column II
a2 + λ 2 ab + cλ ca − bλ λ c −b
1 a a − bc 2 1. 0
ab − cλ b 2 + λ 2 bc + aλ × −c λ a is:
ac + bλ bc − aλ c 2 + λ 2 b −a λ (A) 1 b b 2 − ca
1 c c 2 − ab
a. 8λ6 b. 27λ9 c. 8λ9 d. 27λ6
2r −1 2(3r −1 ) 4(5r −1 ) 2. 1
84. Suppose a,b,c∈R ,a = b + c > 0, A = bc – a2 , B = ca – b2, and
(B)If x y z
A B C a b c
2n − 1 3n − 1 5n − 1
C = ab – c2 and B C A = 49, then b c a equals:
n
C A B c a b then ∑ Dr = ...
r =1
a. – 7 b. 7
c. – 2401 d. 2401 (C) In an H.P., 3. 2
Tp = a,Tq = b, Tr = c, then
Match the Column
bc ca ab
85. Match the entries of Column I and Column II ∆= p q r = ...
Column I Column II 1 1 1
2 0 7 1. Skew symmetric
  (D) In a,b,c be in A.P. 4. 3
(A) If  0 1 0  then
 1 −2 1 
x +1 x + 2 x + a
 −λ 14λ 7λ  ∆= x + 2 x +3 x +b =...
U+
0 6  =I3
 1 x +3 x + 4 x + c
 λ −4λ −2λ  a. A→1; B→1; C→1; D→1
ED

then λ =. . . b. A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2

(B) Classify the type of 1  d −b  c. A→3; B→1; C→2; D→4
matrix (ad − bc)  −c a  d. A→1; B→3; C→4; D→2
2. 87. Consider the following linear equations
0 5 −7 
 −5 0 11  Column I Column II
 
 7 −11 0  (A) A If x,y,z are all different 1. 1
x x2 1 + x3
a b  1
(C) If A =   such 3. and y y 1 + y 3 = 0 then xyz =
2

c d  5
z z 2 1 + z3
that
...
ad –bc≠0, then A–1 =. . .
(D) If A = diag [d1,d2,d3] 4. (i) F(α + β) cos( A − P) cos( A − Q) 2. –1
then An =. . . (ii) F(–α) (B ∆ = cos( B − P ) cos( B − Q)
(E) If 5. diag [d1n , d 2n , d3n ] cos(C − P )cos(C − Q)
cosα − sin α 0 cos( A − R)
F (α ) =  sin α cosα 0 , cos( B − R) = …
 0 0 1 cos(C − R )
then (i) F(α)F(β)=. . . x2 − 5x + 3 2x − 5 3 3. 0
(ii) [ F(–α) =. . .]
–1
(C)If ∆ = 3x2 + x + 4 6x +1 9 then
a. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2; D→ 5, E→ 4 7x2 − 6x + 9 14x − 6 21
b. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2; D→ 4, E→ 5
c. A→ 1; B→ 3; C→ 2; D→ 5, E→ 4 d
(∆) = …
d. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 5; D→ 2, E→ 4 dx

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Matrices and Determinants 79
(D) If system of equations x = a(y + z), 4. 0 90. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying
y = b(z + x), z = c(x + y) have a 0   −1  1  1 1  0 
non-trivial solution and (a,b,c ≠ – M 1  =  2  , M
 −1 =  1  , and
    M 1 =  0  .
a
1) then+
b
+
c
=… 0   3 
 0   −1 1 12 
1 + a 1 + b 1+ c Then, the sum of the diagonal entries of M is:
a. A→2; B→4; C→3; D→1 b. A→1; B→3; C→4; D→2
91. If M = 
1 2 λ
 and M –λM – I2 = O, then 6 must be:
2
c. A→2; B→3; C→4; D→1 d. A→2; B→3; C→1; D→4
 2 3
88. Consider the following linear equations ax + by + cz = 0,
2 4 5 
bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0: 92. If A =  4 8 10  the rank of A is:
Column I Column II  −6 −12 −15
 
(A) a+b+c ≠ 0 and 1. the equations
93. Let ar = r(7Cr), br = (7 – r)(7Cr) and Ar =  ar 0  If
.
a 2 + b2 + c 2 represents planes
0 br 
meeting only at a
= ab + bc + ca 7
 a 2  then the value of a + b must be:
single point A = ∑ Ar =  ,
r =0 0 b
(B) a + b + c = 0 and 2. the equations
 2a b c 
a +b +c represents the line 94. Suppose a, b, c ∈ R and abc = 1 If A =  b 2c a  is
2 2 2

x= y=z  c a 2b 
≠ ab + bc + ca 
such that AA' = 4I and |A|>0, then the value of (a3 + b3 + c3)4
(C) a+b+c ≠ 0 and 3. the equations
must be:
U+
a 2 + b2 + c 2 represents identical
planes 95. Suppose a matrix A satisfied A2 – 5A + 7I = O. If A5 =aA + bI,
≠ ab + bc + ca
then the value of 2a – 3b must be:
(D) a+b+c =0 and 4. the equations
ED

represents the whole x2 + x x +1 x − 2

a 2 + b2 + c 2
96. If 2 x + 3x − 1 3x
2
3x − 2 = Ax − 12, then the value of
of the three
= ab + bc + ca x2 + 2x + 3 2x −1 2x −1
dimensional space
A2 must be:
a. A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2
b. A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2 (b + c ) 2 a2 a2
c. A→3; B→2; C→1; D→4 97. If b2 (c + a ) 2 b2 = λ abc(a + b + c)3 then the
d. A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2 c2 c2 ( a + b) 2

10

Integer
value of ∑λ
r =1
r
must be:

89. Let k be a positive real number and let 98. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and

 2k − 1 2 k 2 k 1 + a 2 x (1 + b 2 ) x (1 + c 2 ) x
  f ( x ) = (1 + a 2 ) x 1 + b2 x (1 + c 2 ) x , then f(x) is a
A = 2 k 1 − 2k  and
  (1 + a 2 ) x (1 + b 2 ) x 1 + c 2 x
 −2 k 2k − 1 
polynomial of degree:
0 2k − 1 k 
  log 3 512 log 4 3 log 2 3 log 8 3
99. The value of × is:
B = 1 − 2k 0 2 k log 3 8 log 4 9 log 3 4 log 3 4
 
 − k −2 k 0 
1 3cosθ 1
If det(adjA) + det(adjB)=106 then [k] is equal to …… 100. If ∆ = sin θ 1 3cosθ , then the |Maximum value
1 sin θ 1
[Note: adjM denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and
[k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k]. of ∆– Minimum value of ∆|3 is equal to:

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80 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER cos α − sin α 0
6. (c) We have F (α ) =  sin α cos α 0 ,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
 0 0 1 
b a d c b c b b b d
 cos α ′ − sin α ′ 0 
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. F (α ′) =  sin α ′ cos α ′ 0 
d a b a d a a b a a  0 0 1 
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.  cos α − sin α 0   cos α ′ − sin α ′ 0 
b,d a a a a c a b c c F (α ).F (α ′) =  sin α cos α 0   sin α ′ cos α ′ 0 
 0 0 1   0 0 1 
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
b a b d a b b b a b cos(α + α ′) − sin(α + α ′) 0 
=  sin(α + α ′) cos(α + α ′) 0  = F (α + α ′)
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.  0 0 1 
d c a c a,b c a,d c a,d c,d
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
1 1 0 1 1 0  2 3 1 
b,c,d a,b c,d b b a b b d a 7. (b) A2 = A. A =  1 2 1  1 2 1  = 5 6 2 ,
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.  2 1 0   2 1 0   3 4 1 
a b a b b b a d a a
2 3 1 1 1 0   7 9 3
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. A3 = A.2 A =  5 6 2   1 2 1  = 15 19 6 
a d c d c d a c b c  3 4 1   2 1 0   9 12 4 
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.  7 9 3   6 9 3  1 0 0 
A3 − 3. A2 = 15 19 6  − 15 18 6  = 0 1 0  = I
b d c b a a c c 4 9  9 12 4   9 12 3  0 0 1 
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
⇒ A3 − 3 A2 − I = 0
1296 1 896 256 1453 576 2046 2 10 1000
U+
SOLUTION 8. (b) A = [aij ]n×n , B = [b jk ]n×n ,

Multiple Choice Questions AB = [aij ]n×n [b jk ]n×n = [cik ]n×n , where cik = aij b jk
( AB) ′ = [cik ]n′×n = [cki ]n×n = [bkj ]n×n [a ji ]n× n = B ′ A′
ED

1. (b) When aij = 0 for i ≠ j and aij is constant for i = j then

the matrix [aij ]n×n is called a scalar matrix Alternatively, Let A = 13 42  ,B = 10 43  AB = 13 11 
  2×2   2×2  25
2. (a) As we know a square matrix A = [aij ] is called an
( AB )' = 111 3 . . .(i)
upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i>j  25

 a11 a12 a13 a14 .... a1( n −2) 

a1( n −1) a1n and B ' A' = 13 04  12 43  = 11
1 3 . . .(ii)
0 a22 a23 a24 .... a2( n −2) 
a2( n −1) a2 n      25
0 0 a33 a34 .... a3( n −2) 
a3( n −1) a3 n From (i) and (ii), ( AB) = B′A′
 
A= 0 0 0 a44 .... a4( n −2) a4( n −1)

a4 n
− − − − − − − −
− − − − − −  − − 9. (b) In a skew-symmetric matrix, aij = − a ji ∀ i, j = 1, 2, 3
0 0 0 0 .... a( n −1) n 
0 a( n −1)( n −1)
0 0 0 0 .... 0 ann  0 and j = i, aii = − aii ⇒ each aii =0

(n − 1)n Hence the given matrix is skew-symmetric matrix [∵AT =− A]
Number of zeros = (n − 1) + (n − 2) + ... + 2 + 1 =
2 10. (d) Given A and B are square matrices of order n×n we
n
3. (d) The trace of A = ∑ aii = Sum of diagonal elements. know that ( A − B ) 2 = ( A − B )( A − B ) = A2 − AB − BA + B2
i =1

α sin α   cos α sin α  11. (d) | A | = 1 ≠ 0, therefore A is invertible. Thus (d) is not
4. (c) Since A2 = A. A =  −cos
 sin α cos α   − sin α cos α  correct
=  −cos 2α sin 2α 
 sin 2α cos 2α  12. (a) we have A2 = 2 A − I ⇒ A2 . A = (2 A − I ) A ;

α β   a b   a b   a 2 + b 2 2ab  A3 = 2 A2 − IA = 2[2 A − I ] − IA
5. (b) A2 =  =   = .
 β α   b a   b a   2ab a + b2 
2
⇒ A3 = 3 A − 2 I
On comparing, we get, α = a 2 + b 2 , β = 2ab Similarly A4 = 4 A − 3I and hence An = nA − (n − 1) I

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Matrices and Determinants 81

13. (b) adj A =  −43 −42  =

1
[d1 , d 2 , d 3 ....., d i −1 , d i , di +1 ....., d n ] =
| A|
  di di
| adj A |= −43 −42 = 16 − 6 = 10 1 1 1 1 
A−1 = (adj A) = diag  , .......,  ,
| A|  d1 d2 dn 
 1 −1 1 
14. (a) we have, A =  −2 1 −3 , which is a diagonal matrix
 1 1 1 
19. (a) We have A=IA
 4 2 2
∴ | A | = 1(4) + 1(5) + 1(1) = 10 and adj ( A) =  −5 0 5   3 −1 −2  1 0 0
 1 −2 3  ⇒  2 0 −1 = 0 1 0 A
 3 −5 0  0 0 1 
1  4 2 2 1 −1 −1 1 − 1 0
Then A−1 =  −5 0 5 
10  1 −2 3  Applying ( R1 → R1 − R2 )  2 0 −1 = 0 1 0 A
 3 −5 0  0 0 1 
According to question, B is the inverse of matrix A. Hence α = 5
Applying R2 → R2 – 2R1 and R3 → R3 – 3R1
1 0 −K 1 −1 −1  1 − 1 0
15. (d) For invertible, | A | ≠ 0 i.e., 2 1 3 ≠0 0 2 −1 =  −2 3 0 A
K 0 1 0 −2 3  −3 3 1 
⇒ 1(1) − K (− K ) ≠ 0 ⇒ | A | = K 2 + 1≠ 0 , 1 −1 −1   1 − 1 0
Applying R2 → R2 / 2,  0 1 1/ 2  =  −1 3/ 2 0 A
which is true for all real K.  0 −2 3   −3 3 1 
16. (a) We have, 1 + p + p 2 + − − − + p n = 0 Applying R1 → R1 + 2R2 and R3 → R3 + 2R2.
Multiplying both sides by p −1 , 1 0 −1 / 2   0 1/ 2 0
0 1 1 / 2  =  −1 3/ 2 0 A
U+
p −1 + I + Ip + ... + p n −1 I = 0. p −1  0 0 4   −5 6 1 

p −1 + I (1 + p + .... + p n −1 ) = 0 Applying R3 → R3 / 4
1 0 −1/ 2   0 0 
ED

⇒ p −1 = − I (1 + p + p 2 + .... + p n −1 ) = − (− p n ) = p n . 1/ 2
0 1 1/ 2  =  −1 3/ 2 0 A
0 0 1  5 / 4 6/ 4 1/ 4
cos α − sin α 0
17. (a) | f (α ) |= sin α cos α 0 = 1 , adj of 1 1
0 0 1 Applying R1 → R1 + R3 and R2 → R2 − R3 ,
2 2
cos α sin α 0 1 0 0   −5 / 8 5/ 4 1 / 8
f (α ) = − sin α cos α 0 0 1 0  =  −3 / 8 3/ 4 − 1 / 8 A
0 0 1 1  −5 / 4
 0 0 3/ 2 1 / 4 
cos α sin α 0  −5 / 8 5/4 1 / 8
[ f (α )]−1 = − sin α cos α 0 . . .(i) A−1 =  −3 / 8 3/ 4 − 1 / 8
 −5 / 4 3/ 2 1 / 4 
0 0 1
2 3 1 4 
cos α sin α 0 20. (a) We have A =  0 1 2 −1
and f (−α ) = − sin α cos α 0 . . .(ii)  0 −2 −4 2  3×4
0 0 1
2 3 1
From (i) and (ii), [ f (α )]−1 = f [−α ] Considering3×3minor  0 1 2  its determinant is 0.
 0 −2 −4  3×3
18. (b) Let A = diag( d1 , d 2 , d3 ......, d n )
2 3 4  2 1 4
As A is invertible, therefore det( A) ≠ 0 Similarly considering,  0 1 − 1  , 0 2 − 1 and
 0 −2 2   0 −4 2 
⇒ d1 , d 2 , d 3 ..., d n ≠ 0
 3 1 4
⇒ d i ≠ 0 for i = 1, 2, 3…..n  1 2 − 1 , their determinant is 0 each rank cannot be 3
 −2 −4 2 
Here, cofactor of each non diagonal entry is 0 and cofactor of aii
= (−1)i +1 det[diag (d1 , d 2 , d3 ....., di −1 , di +1....., d n )] Then again considering a 2×2 minor,  02 −32  , which is
 
= d1 , d 2 , d3 .....d i −1.di +1 ,......, d n non zero. Thus, rank =2

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82 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

 −1 2 5  26. (c) x 51 = 100 x + 50 + 1 , y 41 = 100 y + 40 + 1

21. (b, d) Let A =  2 −4 a − 4
−2 a + 1  z 31 = 100 z + 30 + 1
 1
0 0 a+6 0 0 0 5 4 3
= 0 0 − a − 6 = 0 0 −a − 6 ∴ ∆ = 100 x + 50 + 1 100 y + 40 + 1 100 z + 30 + 1
1 −2 a +1 1 −2 a +1 x y z

0 0 0 Applying R2 → R2 − 100 R3 − 10 R1
When a = −6 , A = 0 0 0 , ∴ r( A ) = 1
1 −2 −5 5 4 3
∆ = 1 1 1 = x − 2y + z
0 0 0 x y z
When a = 1 , A = 0 0 −7 , ∴r ( A) = 2 ∵ x, y, z are in A.P. , ∴ x − 2 y + z = 0 , ∴ ∆ = 0
1 −2 2
0 0 0 27. (a) Expanding determinant,
When a = 6 , A = 0 0 −12 , ∴ r( A ) = 2 we get, ∆ = −( x − a )[−( x + b)( x − c)]
1 −2 7
+( x + b)[( x + a )( x + c)] = 0
0 0 0
When a = 2 , A = 0 0 −8 , ∴ r( A ) = 2 ⇒ 2 x 3 − (2 Σab) x = 0
1 −2 3
⇒ Either x = 0 or x 2 = Σab .
22. (a) we have  xx + y 2x + z  = 4 7 
 − y 2 z + w  0 10  Since x = 0 satisfies the given equation.
On putting x = 0, we observe that the determinant
x + y = 4, 2 x + z = 7 ,
x− y =0 0 − a −b
becomes ∆ x = 0 = a 0 −c = 0
and 2 z + ω = 10 b c 0
U+
⇒ x=2 ∴ x = 0 is a root of the given equation.
and y = 2, z = 3, w = 4
a −b b−c c−a 0 b−c c−a
23. (a) The given system of equation has a unique solution if 28. (b) x − y y−z z−x = 0 y−z z−x =0
ED

1 1 1 p−q q−r r− p 0 q−r r− p

2 1 −1 ≠ 0 ⇒ K ≠ 0
3 2 k [by C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
 a1 b1 c1 
24. (a) Let A =  a2 b2 c2  1 a a2 0 a − b a2 − b2
 a3 b3 c3  R →R −R
29. (c) 1 b b = 0 b − c
2
b 2 − c 2 , by R1 → R1 − R2
2 2 3
 a1 − λ b1 c1  1 c c2 1 c c2
⇒ A − λ I =  a2 b2 − λ c2 
 a3 b3 c3 − λ  0 1 a+b
( A − λ I ) = (a1 − λ )[(b2 − λ )(c3 − λ ) − b3 c2 ] = (a − b) (b − c) 0 1 b + c
−b1[a2 (c3 − λ ) − c2 a3 ] + c1[a2b3 − a3 (b2 − λ )] 1 c c2

New if one of the eigen values is zero, one root of λ 0 0 a−c

should be zero. = (a − b) (b − c) 0 1 b + c , by R1 → R1 − R2
Therefore, constant term in the above polynomial is zero. 1 c c2
⇒ a1b2 c3 − a1b3c2 − b1a2 c3 + b1c2 a3 + a1a2 a3 − c1a3b2 = 0
0 0 1
But above is the value of determinant of A. = (a − b) (b − c)(a − c) 0 1 b + c
Hence, det A=0
1 c c2
25. (a) Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get
= (a − b) (b − c)(a − c).( −1) = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a) .
1 + ω n + ω 2n ωn ω 2n 0 ωn ω 2n
∆ = 1 + ω n + ω 2n 1 ωn = 0 1 ωn = 0 a−x c b
1 + ω n + ω 2n ω 2n 1 0 ω 2n 1 30. (c) c b−x a =0
b a c−x
(∵ 1 + ω n + ω 2 n = 0 if n is not multiple of 3)

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Matrices and Determinants 83
a+b+c− x c b Obviously the equation is of degree three, therefore it
⇒ a+b+c− x b− x a =0 must have three solutions. So check for option (b).
a+b+c− x a c−x 1 a b
1 c b 32. (a) − a 1 c = 1(1 + c 2 ) − a(− a + bc) + b(ac + b)
⇒ ( x − ∑ a) 1 b − x a =0 −b −c 1
1 a c−x = 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 .
⇒ x = ∑ a = 0 (by hypothesis) a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
33. (b) We know that ∆.∆ ' = a2 b2 c2 . A2 B2 C2
or 1 {(b − x ) (c − x ) − a } − c{c − x − a} + b{a − b + x} = 0 by
2
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3
expanding the determinant.
Σa1 A1 0 0 ∆ 0 0
or x 2 − (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + (ab + bc + ca ) = 0 = 0 Σa2 A2 0 = 0 ∆ 0 = ∆3
0 0 Σa3 A3 0 0 ∆
x2 − ( ∑ a2 ) − ( ∑ a2 ) = 0
1
or ⇒ ∆ ' = ∆2
2
{∵a + b + c = 0 ⇒ (a + b + c) 2 = 0 According to property of cofactors ∆ ' = ∆ n−1 = ∆ 2
(∵ Hence n = 3)
1 
⇒ ∑a 2
+ 2∑ ab = 0 ⇒ ∑ ab = −
2
∑ a 2 
34. (d) ∆ ' = ∆ n −1 = ∆3−1 = ∆ 2 = (11) 2 = 121 .
3 But we have to find the value of the square of the
or x=±
2
∑ a2
determinant, so required value is (121) 2 = 14641 .
3
∴ The solution is x = 0 or ± ∑ a2 . 35. (a) The determinant can be expanded as
U+
2
cos A cos P + sin A sin P cos A cos Q + sin A sin Q cos A cos R + sin A
Put a = 1, b = −1 and c = 0 so that they satisfy the condition cos B cos P + sin B sin P cos B cos Q + sin B sin Q cos B cos R + sin B
cos C cos P + sin C sin P cos C cos Q + sin C sin Q cos C cos R + sin C
a + b + c = 0. Now the determinant becomes
ED

1− x 0 A cos P +
−1cos B cos P + sin B sin P cos B cos Q
cos sin A sin P cos A cos + sin A sin Q cos A cos R + sin A sin R
Q + sin B sin Q cos B cos R + sin B sin R
0 −1 − x 1cos=C0cos P + sin C sin P cos C cos Q + sin C sin Q cos C cos R + sin C sin R
−1 1 −x cos A sin A 0 cos P sin P 0
= cos B sin B 0 × cos Q sin Q 0 = 0
⇒ (1 − x){x(1 + x) − 1} + 1(1 + x) = 0 cos C sin C 0 cos R sin R 0
⇒ (1 − x){x 2 + x − 1} + x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x( x 2 − 3) = 0
36. (b) The cofactor of element 4, in the 2nd row and 3rd
Now putting these in the options, we find that option c.
column is
gives the same values i.e., 0, ± 3 . 1 3 1
1+ x 1 1 = (−1) 2+3
8 0 1
31. (b) 1 1+ x 1 =0 0 2 1
1 1 1+ x
= – {1(– 2) – 3 (8 – 0)+ 1.16}= 10.
3+x 0 1
C → C1 + C2 + C3 
⇒ 3+x x 1 = 0 ,  1  37. (b) Since ∆ = ω 2 − 2ω 2 = −ω 2 .
 C2 → C2 − C3  Therefore ∆ 2 = ω 4 = ω .
3+x −x 1+ x

1 0 1 −2 3
38. (b) Minor of – 4 = = −42
⇒ ( x + 3) 1 x 1 =0 8 9
1 −x 1+ x −1 −2
9= = −3
1 0 1 −4 −5
⇒ ( x + 3) 0 x 0 = 0 ,  R2 → R2 − R1  and cofactor of – 4
R → R −R 
 3 3 1 
= (−1) 2 +1 (−42) = 42
0 −x x
⇒ ( x + 3) x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0,0, − 3 . cofactor of 9= (−1)3+ 3 (−3) = −3 .

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84 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
43. (a) For the equations to be inconsistent D = 0
N ( N + 1)
1 5
2 1 2 −3
N
N ( N + 1)(2 N + 1) ∴ D= 0 0 k +3 = 0
39. (a) ∑ U n = 2N + 1 2N + 1 2k + 1 0 1
n =1 6 2
 N ( N + 1)  ⇒ k = −3
  3N 2 3N
 2 
1 2 −3
6 1 5 and D1 = 3 0 0 ≠ 0
N ( N + 1) 0 0 1
= 4N + 2 2N + 1 2N + 1
12 3 N ( N + 1) 3 N 2 3N
Hence system is inconsistent for k = −3 .
Applying C3 → C3 + C2
44. (c) Each of the first three options contains m = 3 . When
N ( N + 1) 6 1 6
= 4N + 2 2N + 1 4N + 2 =0 m = 3 , the last two equations become x + 2 y + 3 z = 10
12 3 N ( N + 1) 3 N 2
3 N ( N + 1) and x + 2 y + 3 z = n.
[∵ C1 and C3 are identical] Obviously, when n = 10 these equations become the same.
x b b So we are left with only two independent equations to find
40. (b) ∆1 = a x b = x3 − 3abx the values of the three unknowns. Consequently, there will
a a x
be infinite solutions.
d
⇒ ( ∆1 ) = 3( x 2 − ab) and ∆ 2 = ax bx = x − ab
2

dx a b c
45. (a, b) Three lines are concurrent if b c a = 0
d c a b
∴ (∆1 ) = 3( x 2 − ab) = 3∆ 2
dx
or, 3abc − a 3 − b 3 − c 3 = 0
U+
41. (d) Applying C 3 → C 3 + C 2 − C1 ⇒ a 3 + b3 + c 3 = 3abc

1 cos x 0 Also, a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = 0

∆(x ) = 1 + sin x ⇒ (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca) = 0
ED

cos x 0
sin x sin x 1
⇒ (a + b + c) = 0
= cos x − cos x (1 + sin x ) = − sin x cos x
or a 2 + b2 + c 2 = ab + bc + ca .
π /2 1 π /2
∴ ∫0
∆( x)dx = − ∫ sin 2 xdx
2 0 1 a a2
π /2 46. (c) ∆ = 1 b b 2
1  cos 2 x  1 1 1 c c2
= − − = (cos π − cos 0) = −
2 2  0 4 2
Applying R1 → R1 − R2 & R2 → R2 − R3
42. (c) System of linear equations has a non-zero solution,
1 2a a 0 a − b a 2 − b2
= 0 b − c b2 − c2
then 1 3 b b = 0 1 c c2
1 4c c
0 1 a+b
1 0 a = (a − b)(b − c) 0 1 b + c ;
Applying C 2 → C 2 − 2C 3 ; 1 b b = 0 1 c c2
1 2c c
Applying R1 → R1 − R 2
Applying R3 → R3 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R1
0 0 ( a − c)
1 0 a = (a − b)(b − c) 0 1 b + c
0 b b−a = 0 1 c c2
0 2c − b c − b
0 0 1
⇒ b(c − b) − (b − a )(2c − b) = 0 . = (a − b)(b − c)( a − c) 0 1 b + c
1 c c2
2 1 1
On simplification = + ; = (a − b)(b − c)(a − c)( −1)
b a c
∴ a, b, c are in H.P. = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a )

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Matrices and Determinants 85
T T T T T T T
NCERT Exemplar Problems 50. (c, d) (a)(N MN) =N M (N) =N M N is symmetric is M
More than One Answer is symmetric and skew–symmetric is M is skew-
symmetric
a b aα + b
(b) ( MN − NM )T = ( MN )T − ( NM )T = NM − MN
47. (a, d) Given, b c bα + c = 0
aα + b bα + c 0 = −( MN − NM )
∴ Skew-symmetric, when M and N are symmetric.
Applying C3 → C3 − (α C1 + C2 )
(c) ( MN )T = N T M T = NM ≠ MN
a b 0
∴ not correct
b c 0 =0
(d) (adj MN ) = (adj N ) ⋅ (adj M )
aα + b bα + c −( aα 2 + 2bα + c)
∴ not correct.
⇒ −(aα 2 + 2bα + c) (ac − b 2 ) = 0
51. (b, c, d) Here, P = [ pij ]n × n with pij = wi + j
⇒ aα + 2bα + c = 0
2

∴ when n = 1 P = [ pij ]1×1 = [ w2 ] ⇒ P 2 = [ w4 ] ≠ 0

Or b = ac
2

∴ when n = 2
⇒ x − α is a factor of ax 2 + 2bx + c.
Or a, b, c are in GP. p p12   w2 w3   w2 1 
P = [ pij ]2 × 2 =  11 = = 
 p21 p22   w3 w4  1 w
48. (c) Given, M T = −M , N T = − N
 w2 1   w 2 1   w4 + 1 w2 + w 
and MN = NM . . .(i) P2 =  ⇒P = 2
2
≠0
 2 
1 w  1 w  w + w 1 + w 
∴ M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) −1 ( MN −1 )T
⇒ M 2 N 2 N −1 ( M T ) −1 ( N −1 )T ⋅ M T  w2 w3 w4   w2 1 w 
U+
   
when n = 3 P = [ pij ]3× 3 =  w3 w4 w5  =  1 w w2 
⇒ M 2 N ( NN −1 )(− M ) −1 ( N T ) −1 (− M )
 w4 w5 w6   w w2 1 
⇒ M 2 NI (− M −1 )(− N ) −1 (− M )    
ED

 w2 1 w   w2 1 w   0 0 0 
⇒ − M 2 NM −1 N −1 M   
P 2 =  1 w w2   1 w w2  = 0 0 0  = 0
⇒ − M ⋅ ( MN ) M −1 N −1 M
 w w2 1   w w 2 1   0 0 0 
⇒ − M ( NM ) M −1 N −1 M     
∴ P 2 = 0, when n is multiple of 3.
⇒ − MN ( NM −1 ) N −1 M
P 2 ≠ 0, when n is not a multiple of 3.
⇒ − M ( NN −1 ) M
⇒ n = 57 is not possible
⇒ −M 2 ∴ n = 55,58,56 is possible
Here, non-singular word should not be used, since there is 52. (a, b) Plan (i) If A and B are two non-zero matrices and
no non-singular 3 × 3 skew-symmetric matrix. AB = BA, then ( A − B )( A + B ) = A2 − B 2 .
49. (a, d) Concept Involved | An × n |= ∆, (ii) The determinant of the product of the matrices is equal
to product of their individual determinants i.e.,
then | adj A |= ∆ n −1
| AB |=| A || B | .
1 4 4
Given, M 2 = N 2
Here, adj P3× 3 =  2 1 7 
⇒ M 2 − N4 = 0
1 1 3 
⇒ ( M − N 2 )( M + N 2 ) = 0 (as MN = NM )
⇒ | adj P | = | P |2
Also, M ≠ N 2 ⇒ M + N 2 = 0 ⇒ Det ( M + N 2 ) = 0
1 4 4
∴ | adj P |= 2 1 7 = 1(3 − 7) − 4(6 − 7) + 4(2 − 1) Also, Det (M 2 + MN 2 ) = (Det M )(Det(M + N 2 ) = (DetM )(0) = 0
1 1 3 As, Det ( M 2 + MN 2 ) = 0
= −4 + 4 + 4 = 4 Thus, there exists non-zero matrix U such that
⇒ | P |= ± 2 ( M 2 + MN 2 ) U = 0

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86 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
53. (c, d) Plan A square matrix M is invertible if f det(M) or Thus, Reason is true implies Assertion is false However if
|M| ≠ 0. | A |= −1, then A = A −1
a b a b   d −b 
Let M = 
b c 
⇒   = − ⇒a+d =0
c d  −c a 
 a  b  ∴ | A |= −1
(a) Given that   =   ⇒ a = b = c = α
b c ⇒ Tr ( A) = 0.
α α 
⇒ M =  ⇒| M |= 0 ⇒ M
α α   a b
56. (a) A(θ ) A(ϕ ) =   where
(b) Given that [bc] = [ab]  −b c 
a(cosθ + sin θ )(cos ϕ + sin ϕ ) − 2sin θ sin ϕ
⇒ a = b = c = α (let )
= (cosθ cos ϕ − sin θ sin ϕ ) + (sin θ cos ϕ + cosθ sin ϕ )
Again | M |= 0 ⇒ M is non-invertible.
= cos(θ + ϕ ) + sin(θ + ϕ );
a 0
(c) As given M =   ⇒ | M |= ac ≠ 0
0 c  b = 2[sin ϕ (cosθ + sin θ ) + sin θ (sin ϕ − cos φ )]
( ∵ a and c are non-zero) = 2 sin(θ + ϕ )
⇒ M is invertible. and c = −2sin θ sin ϕ + (cosθ − sin θ )(cos ϕ − sin ϕ )
a b = cosθ cos ϕ − sin θ sin ϕ − (sin θ cos ϕ + cos ϕ sin θ )
(d) M =   ⇒| M |= ac − b ≠ 0
2

 b c 
= cos(θ + ϕ ) − sin(θ + ϕ )
∵ ac is not equal to square of an integer.
∴ M is invertible. Thus, A(θ ) A(ϕ ) = A(θ + ϕ ) ; A(θ ) 2 = A(2θ )
U+
A(θ )3 = A(2θ ) A(θ ) = A(3θ ).
Assertion and Reason ∴ A(π / 3)3 = A(π ) = − I .
a b   d −b 
ED

54. (b) Let A =   then adj A =   Assertion is

c d   −c d  57. (b) X 2 − 4 X + 3I = O
true. Also, Reason is true But Reason is not a correct ⇒ ( x − I )( X − 3I ) = O
explanation for Assertion.  (a − 1)(a − 3) + bc b(a + d − 4)   0 0 
⇒  = 
 c ( a + d − 4) ( d − 1)(d − 3) + bc   0 0 
a b 
55. (b) Let A =   If a + d ≠ 4, then b = 0, c = 0
c d 
Now, A2 = I (a − 1)(a − 3) = 0,( d − 1)(d − 3) = 0.

⇒ | A2 | = | I | ⇒ a = 1,3, d = 1,3
As a + d ≠ 4, a = 1, d = 1 or a = 3, d = 3.
⇒ | A |2 = 1
⇒ | A | = ±1. 1  0 
58. (b) Let E1 =   , E2 =   .
Suppose | A | = 1. 0 1 
In this case, A2 = I As X ′AX = O ∀ X ,
⇒ A = A−1 E1' AE1 = O ⇒ a1 = 0
a b  d −b  E2' AE2 = O ⇒ a22 = 0.
⇒  = 
c d   −c a 
Next, ( E1 + E2 )' A( E1 + E2 ) = O
⇒ a = d , b = 0, c = 0
 0 a12 
Thus, A =  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Tr ( A) = 0
 − a12 0 
⇒ a + d = 0 ⇒ 2a = 0 ⇒ a = 0 In case A is symmetric, a12 = a21
0 0
In this case, A =   ∴ 2a12 = 0 ⇒ a12 = 0.
0 0
Thus, A = O, in this case.

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Matrices and Determinants 87
−1
59. (d) Reason is true since | A | ≠ 0, implies A exists. 63. (a) As det (Adj A)
= (det A)n–1
∴ AX = B
= O if det A = O
⇒ A−1 ( AX ) = A−1 B
Thus, Assertion is true and Reason is correct reason for it.
⇒ ( A−1 A) X = A−1 B
⇒ IX = A−1 B 64. (b) Let ak = ar k −1 ∀ k ≥ 1, then
⇒ X = A−1 B 1 1 1
That Assertion is false can be seen by the following ∆ n = an an + 3 an + 6 r r r =0
example. r2 r2 r2
0 0 1 0 1 0 Next, if ak = b + (k − 1)d , then using C2 → C3 − C1 and
Let A =  0 0 0  and B =  0 0 0  then
C2 → C2 − C1 , we get
 0 0 0   0 0 0 
an 3d 3d
AB = O but neither A = O nor B = O
∆ n = an +1 3d 3d = 0
60. (a) Since B commutes with I, we can use binomial an + 2 3d 3d
theorem to obtain
[∵ C2 and C3 are identical]
n n n
( I + B) = I +   B +   B 2 + . . . +   B n
n

1  2 n 65. (b) Using log(bc ) = c log b and applying C3 → C3 − 5C2
Since B 2 = O, we get B r = O ∀ r ≥ 2. we get
Thus, ( I + B) n = I + nB x log 2 3 x log a
∆(a, b, c ) = y log 3 5 y log b
U+
1 π 
Now, A = I + B where B =   z log 5 7 z log c
0 0 
∆(8, 27,125) = ∆(23 ,33 , 53 ) = 0 as in this C1 and C3 are
1 100π 
ED

Since B = O, we get A
2 100
= I + 100 B = 
0 1  proportional.
Similarly, ∆(1/ 2,1/ 3,1/ 5) = ∆(2−1 ,3−1 ,5−1 ) = 0
n −1
61. (a) Since a0 A + a1 A
n
+ . . . + an −1 A + an I = O and
66. (b) If λ is a common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and px + q =
an ≠ 0, we get AB = I where
0 then aλ2 + bλ + c = 0, pλ + q = 0 and pλ2 + qλ = 0
a0 n −1 a1 n −2 a
B=− A − A − . . . − n −1 I Eliminating λ we obtained ∆ = 0 For Reason, expanding ∆
an an an
along C1 we obtain −aq 2 + p(bq − cp) = 0
−1
⇒ B= A . 2
 q  q
62. (b) If | A | ≠ 0, A is invertible and we can write AX = B as Or a −  + b −  + c = 0
 p  p
X = A−1B.
Thus, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and px + q = 0 have a common root.
∴ AX = B has a unique solution and hence is consistent.
Subtracting (ii) from (iii) (i) and (ii), we get the system of π π π  π π
equations as 67. (a) cos  x +  = cos  −  − x   = sin  − x  = − sin  x −  ;
 4   2  4   4   4
3x + 4 y + 5 z = a . . . (iv)
 π π  π  π   π
x+ y+ z =b−a cos  x +  =. .cos
. (v)2 −  4 − x   = sin  4 − x  = − sin  x − 4  ;
 4        
x + y + z = c −b . . . (vi)
π  π  π  π   π
As a, b, c are in A.P. b − a = c − b cot  + x  = cot  −  − x   = tan  − x  = − tan  x −  ,
4  2  4  4   4
∴ the last two equations are identical.
π  π  π  π   π
From (iv) and (v) we obtain x = 4b −cot 5a+ k + x  = cot  −  − x   = tan  − x  = − tan  x −  ,
4  2  4  4   4
y = 4b − 3b − 2k z = k
and log( x / y ) = − log( y − x)
where k is an arbitrary complex number. Thus, the system
we find ∆ is a skew symmetric determinant of odd order.
of equations in Assertion is consistent.

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 88 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
68. (d) Reason is true, The roots of x = p are p ω 9 1/ 9 r 71. (a) The given system of equations can be expressed as
2π 2π  1 − 2 3   x   −1
where ω = cos + i sin .  1 − 3 4  y  =  1 
9 9     
value of determinant ∆ depends on α1 ,α 2 , . . .α 9 . If we put  −1 1 − 2   z   k 
α k = p1/ 9ω k , then Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 + R1

1 ω8 ω 7 1 − 2 3  x   − 1  1 − 2 3   x   − 1 
∆ = (p ) 1 ω
1/ 9 3
ω =0 2 ∼ 0 − 1 1   y  =  2  ∼ 0 − 1 1   y  =  2 
1 ω ω2 0 − 1 1   z   k − 1  0 0 0   z   k − 3

However, if R3 → R3 − R2
α1 = p ,α 2 = p ω , a3 = p ω ,α 4 = p ω ,α 5 = p ω
1/ 9 1/ 9 8 1/ 9 7 1/ 9 1/ 9 5
When k ≠ 3, the given system of equations has no
α 6 = p ω ,α 7 = p ω ,α8 = p ω ,α 9 = p ω ,
1/ 9 4 1/ 9 2 1/ 9 3 1/ 9 6 solution.
⇒ Statement I is true. Clearly, Statement II is also true as it
1 ω8 ω7
 1 − 2 3
Then ∆ = ( p1/ 9 )3 ω ω5 ω 4
is rearrangement of rows and columns of  1 − 3 4 
ω2 ω3 ω6  
 −1 1 − 2 
= p1/ 3 (2ω 2 − ω 7 − ω 6 ) ≠ 0.
Comprehension Based
69. (a) Reason is true. a b 
72. (d) Given, A =   , a , b, c ∈ {0,1, 2,...., p − 1}
Using R2 → R2 − 2 R1 c a
U+
and R3 → R3 − 3R1 , we get If A is skew-symmetric matrix, then a = 0, b = − c

6 2i 3 + 6i ∴ | A |= −b 2 .

w= 0 3 ( 6 − 2 3)i Thus, P divides | A | only when b= 0 . . .(i)

ED

0 2 (2 − 3 2)i Again, if A is symmetric matrix, then b = c and

| A |= a 2 − b 2 .
= 6  2 3 − 3 6 − 2 3 + 2 6  i = −6i
Thus, p divides | A | if either p divides (a – b)or p
70. (a) We first show Reason is true. divides (a + b).
n n n p divides (a − b), only when a = b
P( x) = 1 +   x +   x 2 + . . . +   x n
1
  2
  n i.e., a = b ∈ {0,1, 2,...., ( p − 1)}
n n n i.e., p choice . . .(ii)
⇒ P '( x ) =   + 2   x + . . . +   x n −1
1
  2
  n ⇒ p choices, including a = b = 0 included in (i)
n ∴ Total number of choices are ( p + p − 1) = 2 p − 1.
⇒ P '(0) =   = coefficient of x in the expansion of P ( x )
1 73. (c) Trace of A = 2a, will be divisible by p iff a = 0.
∴ Reason is true.
|A| = a2 – bc, to be divisible by p. There are exactly (p – 1)
Note that ∆( x) consists of 6 terms of the form (1 + x) . n
ordered pairs (b,c) for any value of a.
Thus, coefficients of x in ∆( x) = ∆ '(0) ∴ Required number is (p – 1)2.
a1b1 a1b2 a1b3 1 1 1 1 1 174. (d) The number of matrices for which p does not divide
But ∆ '(0) = 1 1 1 + a2b1 a2b2 a2b3 + 1 1 1 = 0Tr ( A) = ( p − 1) p 2 of these (p – 1)2 are such that p divides
1 1 1 1 1 1 | A | . The number of matrices for which p divides
1 1 1 1 1 1 Tr ( A) and p does not divides |A| are (p – 1)2
b a2b2 a2b3 + 1 1 1 =0
2 1
∴ Required number = ( p − 1) p 2 − ( p − 1) 2 + ( p − 1)2
1 1 1 a3b1 a3b2 a3b3
= p3 – p2

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Matrices and Determinants 89
75. (c) A is singular. a b c
∴ | A |= 0 If ∆= b c a
1 3 λ+2 c a b
⇒ 2 4 8 =0 bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2
3 5 10 ∴ ∆ = ca − b
c 2
ab − c 2
bc − a 2 = ∆ 3−1
⇒ 1(40 − 40) − 3(20 − 24) + (λ + 2)(10 − 12) = 0 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b 2
⇒ 12 − 2λ − 4 = 0 2
a b c a b c a b c
⇒ λ=4
=∆ = b c a = b c a×b c a
2

 4 5 10 
  c a b c a b c a b
∴ A + B =  5 6 13 
 5 6 14  a +b +c
2 2 2
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
 
= ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca
⇒ tr ( A + B) = 4 + 6 + 14 = 24
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2
 11 12 2λ + 16  p2 0 0
 
76. (d) 2 A + 3B =  13 14 31  = 0 p2 0 = p6
12 13 32 
 0 0 p2
∵ | 2 A + 3B |= 0
l1 m1 n1 l1 m1 n1
17
we get λ = 81. (b) l2 m2 n2 × l2 m2 n2
2
U+
⇒ 2λ = 17 l3 m3 n3 l3 m3 n3

77. (a) For λ = 3 l12 + m12 + n12 l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 l1l3 + m1m3 + n1n3
= l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 l22 + m22 + n22 l2l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3
1 3 5   3 2 4
ED

    l3l1 + m3 m1 + n3n1 l2l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 l32 + m32 + n32

A =  2 4 8  and B =  3 2 5 
 3 5 10   2 1 4 1 0 0
   
= 0 1 0 =1
∵ tr ( AB ) + tr ( BA) = 2tr ( AB )
0 0 1
∵ tr ( AB) = C11 + C22 + C33 = 119
2
1 1 l1 m1 n1
∴ (tr + ( AB) + tr ( BA)) = (238) = 34 ∴ l2 m2 n2 = 1
7 7
l3 m3 n3
 λ − 6 −1 −5 
  l1 m1 n1
78. (c) A − 2 B =  −2 0 −4 
 2 −5 −1  ∴ l2 m2 n2 = ±1

l3 m3 n3
∵ tr(A – 2B) = 0
∴ λ – 6 + 0 – 1= 0 82. (d) x3 − 3x 2 + 3x + 7 = 0
⇒ λ=7 ⇒ ( x − 1)3 + 8 = 0

79. (b) ( A + B ) 2 = ( A + B )( A + B ) ⇒ ( x − 1)3 = (−2)3

3
= A2 + AB + BA + B 2  x −1 
⇒   =1
= A2 + B 2 + AB + BA  −2 
x −1 1

80. (c) a + b + c = p, ab + bc + ca = 0 ⇒ = (1) 3 = 1, ω , ω 2

−2
∴ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = (a + b + c ) 2 − 2(ab + bc + ca ) ⇒ x − 1 = −2, −2ω , −2ω 2
= p2 − 0 = p2 or x = −1, 1 − 2ω ,1 − 2ω 2

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90 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
∴ a = −1, b = 1 − 2ω , c = 1 − 2ω 2 Match the Column
2 85. (a)
a b c a b c a b c
∵ b c a = b c a×b c a 86. (a)
c a b c a b c a b
87. (c)
a b c −a c b a b c
= b c a × −b a c 88. (c) ∆ = b c a = −( a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc)
c a b −c b a c a b
(row by row)
∆ = −(a + b + c)[ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ]
2
2bc − a 2
c 2
b 2
a b c
1
= c2 2ac − b 2 a2 = b c a = −(a + b + c). [(a − b) 2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a) 2 ]
2
b2 a2 c2 c a b
1
a ⇒ [(a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2 ] = 0
= (a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc) 2 2
⇒ a – b= 0, b – c
= {(a + b + c)( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )}2
= 0, c – a = 0
1
= (a + b + c)2{(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 }2 ⇒ a=b=c
4
Hence the equation represent identical planes
9
= {−12(1 + ω + ω 2 )} = 0 ∴ a→r
4
b ⇒ ∆= 0 as a + b + c = 0 and hence the equations have
U+
λ c −b
infinitely many solutions.
83. (c) Let ∆ = −c λ a
∴ ax + by = −cz = ( a + b) z . . .(i)
b −a λ
bx + cy = −az = (b + c) z
ED

. . .(ii)
a2 + λ 2 ab + cλ ca − bλ
Multiply (i) by (b) and (ii) by (a) and subtract
∴ ∆ c = ab + cλ b 2 + λ 2 bc + aλ = ∆ 2
∴ (b 2 − c 2 ) y = (b 2 − c 2 ) z
ac + bλ bc − aλ c 2 + λ 2
∴ y = z Similarly x = z
a2 + λ 2 ab + cλ ca − bλ λ c −b
∴ x = y = z which represents the equation of a line.
⇒ ab − cλ b 2 + λ 2 bc + aλ × −c λ a = ∆ 2 × ∆ = ∆3
c→p
ac + bλ bc − aλ c 2 + λ 2 b −a λ
∵ ∆≠0d→s
2
= ∆ = λ (λ + a + b + c )
3 3 2 2 2 3
∴ Here a = 0
= λ (2λ ) = 8λ
3 2 3 9 b=0
c=0
A B C bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2 Hence the equations represent the whole of three
84. (b) B C A = ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 dimensional space.
C A B ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b2

a b c
2 Integer
= b c a = 49 89. (4) | A |= (2k + 1)3 ,| B |= 0
c a b But det det (adj A) = det (adj B) = 106
a b c ⇒ (2k + 1)6 = 106
∴ b c a =7
9
c a b ⇒ k=
2
(∵ a + b + c > 0) ⇒ [k]=4

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Matrices and Determinants 91

 a1 a2 a3  94. (256) A′ = A
 
90. (9) Let M = b1 b2 b3  A = 8abc + 2 ⋅ abc − (2a)a 2 − 2c (c 2 ) − 2b(b2 ) = 10abc − 2(a 3 + b3 + c 3 )
 c1 c2 c3 
A = 8abc + 2 ⋅ abc − (2a)a 2 − 2c(c 2 ) − 2b(b 2 ) = 10abc − 2(a3 + b3 + c3 ) . . .(i)
   
0 − 1    1
1
Also, AA′ = 4 I
∴ M 1  =  2  , M  −1 =  1  ,
⇒ A2 = 4 I
0   3   0   −1
2
1  0  ∴ A =4I =4
M ⋅ 1 =  0  ⇒ A =2
1 12 
From equation (i) 2 = 10 − 2(a 3 + b3 + c3 ) (∵ abc = 1)
 a2   −1  a1 − a2   1   a1 + a2 + c3   0  ⇒ a3 + b3 + c3 = 4
b  =  2  ,  b − b  =  1  ,  a + b + b  =  0 
⇒  2    1 2     1 2 3   ∴ (a3 + b3 + c3) = 256
 c2   3   c1 − c2   −1  c1 + c2 + c3  12 
95. (1453) A3 = A ⋅ A2 = A (5 A − 7 I ) (∵ A2 = 5 A − 7 I )
⇒ a2 = −1, b2 = 2, c2 = 3, a1 − a2 = 1,
b1 − b2 = 1, c1 − c2 = −1 = 5 A2 − 7 A = 5(5 A − 7 I ) − 7 A

a1 + a2 + a3 = 0, b1 + b2 + b3 = 0, = 25 A − 35I − 7 A
=18A – 35I
c1 + c2 + c3 = 12
Now, A4 = A ⋅ A3 = A (18 A − 35 I )
∴ a1 = 0, b2 = 2, c3 = 7
⇒ Sum of diagonal elements =0 + 2 + 7 = 9 = 18 A2 − 35 A
U+

2
= 18(5 A − 7 I ) − 35 A
91. (1296) 
1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0
 − λ  2 3 − 0 1 = 0 0 = 55 A − 126 I
 2 3      
ED

5 8   λ 2λ   1 0   0 0  Finally, A5 = A ⋅ A4 = A (55 A − 126 I )

⇒  8 13  −  2λ − =
3λ   0 1   0 0 
   = 55 A2 − 126 A
 4 − λ 8 − 2λ   0 0  = 55(5 A − 7 I ) − 126 A
⇒  8 − 2λ 12 − 3λ  =  0 0  on comparing, we get
   
= 149 A − 385 I = aA + bI (given)
4 − λ = 0,8 − 2λ = 0, 8 − 2λ = 0, 12 − 3λ = 0
∴ a = 149 and b = –385
∴ λ=4
⇒ 2a – 3b
∴ 6λ = 64 = 1296
= 2 × 149 – 3 × –385

2 4 5  R2 → R2 − 2 R1  2 4 5 = 298 + 1155 = 1453

92. (1) A =  4 8 10  ~ 0 0 0
 −6 −12 −15 R → R + 3R 0 0 0 96. (576) Put x = 1,
  3 3 1  
2 2 −1
∴ ρ ( A) = 1
then we get 4 3 0 = A − 12
6 1 1
7 7
 ar 0  a 0
93. (896) ∑ A = ∑  0
r =0
r
r =0
=
br   0 b  or, −1(4 − 18) − 0 + 1(6 − 8) = A − 12
7 7 ⇒ 14 − 2 = A − 12
∴ a = ∑ ar = ∑ r ⋅ (7 Cr )
r =0 r =0 ∴ A =24
7 7 ∴ A2 = (24) = 576
and b = ∑ br = ∑ (7 − r ) ⋅ (7 Cr )
r =0 r =0
97. (2046) Applying C2 → C2 – C2
7
⇒ a + b = 7∑ Cr = 7(2 ) = 7 × 128 = 896
7 7 and C3 → C3 – C1 and take out
r =0 a + b + c from C2 as well as form C3 to get

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 92 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Let ∆ = (a + b + c) 2
(∵ a + b + c + 2 = 0 )
2 2 2

(b + c) 2 a −b−c a −b−c Now, applying R2 → R2 − R1

b2 c + a −b 0 And R3 → R3 − R1
c2 0 a+b−c
1 (1 + b 2 ) x (1 + c 2 ) x
Applying R1 → R1 − ( R2 + R3 ) f ( x) = 0 1− x 0 = (1 − x) 2
2bc −2c −2b 0 0 1+ x
∆ = (a + b + c) b 2
c+a−b
2
0 Hence, degree of f(x) = 2.
c2 0 a +b−c
log 3 512 log 4 3 log 2 3 log 8 3
1 1 99. (10) ∆ = ×
Now, applying C2 → C2 + C1 and C3 → C3 + C1 log 3 8 log 4 9 log 3 4 log 3 4
b c
log 3 29 log 22 3 log 2 3 log 23 3
2ab … 0… 0 = ×
⋮ log 3 23 log 22 32 log 3 2 2 log 3 22
⋮
Then, ∆ = (a + b + c) 2 b 2 c + a b2 / c
1
⋮ 9log 3 2 log 2 3 1
2 log 2 3 log 2 3
⋮ = × 3
2
c2 c2 / b a + b 3log 3 2 log 2 3 2log 3 2 2log 3 2
2
= 2bc(a + b + c)2{(c + a)(a + b) − bc}  3  2  15 4
=  9 × 1 −  ×  2 −  = × = 10
= 2abc(a + b + c) 3
 2   3 2 3
U+
10 10
100. (1000)
∴ λ = 2, then ∑λ = ∑2
r =1
r

r =1
r
= 21 + 22 + 23 + … + 210 = = 2(1023) = 2046
∵ ∆ = 1(1 − 3sin θ cosθ ) − 3cosθ (sin θ − 3cosθ ) + 1(sin 2 θ − 1)
2(210 − 1) = 1 − 6sin θ cosθ + 9cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ − 1 = (sin θ − 3cos θ ) 2
22 + 23 + + 210 = = 2(1023) = 2046
ED

2 −1
∵ − 10 ≤ sin θ − 3cos θ ≤ 10
98. (2) Applying C1 → C1 − C2 + C3 ,
∴ 0 ≤ (sin θ − 3cos θ ) 2 ≤ 10
1 (1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x
2 2
⇒ 0 ≤ ∆ ≤ 10
Then f ( x) = 1 1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 ) x
|Maximum value of ∆ − Minimum value of ∆ |3
1 (1 + b2 ) x 1 + c 2 x

***

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