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CLASS - VIII (SCIENCE)

Chemistry
Metals & Non-Metals

(For CBSE & Foundation)

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 Chapter
METALS & NON-METALS

Chapter Outline

 Occurrence of Metals & Non-metals

 Physical Properties of Metals

& Non-metals

 Chemical Properties of Metals

 Reactivity series of Metals

 Chemical Properties of Non-metals

Uses of Metals
 Uses of Metals & Non-metals

Graphite conducts
electric current Carbon Fibres

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 MIND MAP

ELEMENTS

Metals Non metals

Physical properties of metals

Physical properties of non metals

Chemical properties of metals

Chemical properties of non metals

Uses of metals Uses of non metals

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 METALS & NON-METALS
Introduction
 Every substance on this earth is made of one or more elements. Oxygen and Nitrogen gases have
elements oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) respectively. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen.
Similarly, sugar has carbon, hydrogen and oxygen as basic elements.
  There are about 118 different known elements till date, of which majority of them are metals and
the rest are non-metals or metalloids. The elements which have properties of both metals and non-
metals are called metalloids.
  A majority of the known elements are metals. All the metals are solid at room temperature, except
mercury, which is a liquid metal. There are 22 non-metals, out of which, 10 non-metals are solid,
one non-metal (bromine) is a liquid and the remaining 11 non-metals are gases.

 Metals
Metals are the electropositive elements which possess tendency of losing one or more of their valence
electrons attaining octet and thereby forming cations.

 Non-Metals
Non-metals are the electronegative elements which possess tendency to form anion (negative ions) by
gaining one or more electrons.

Occurrence of Metals & Non-Metals

Metals and non-metals occur in nature in free state as well as in combined state. The metals like gold,
platinum, copper, silver are not affected by water and air and so these are found in free state. Most of
the metals and non-metals are found in the form of compounds. These are associated with different
types of impurities. The metals occur as oxides, sulphides, carbonates, halides, sulphates, silicates and
phosphates.
Occurrence of Metals

S. No. Compounds Minerals

1. Oxides Bauxite (Al2O3. 2H2O), Magnetite

(Fe3O4)
2. Sulphides Copper Pyrites (CuFeS2),
Cinnabar (HgS)
3. Carbonates Magnesite (MgCO3), Limestone
(CaCO3),
Calamine (ZnCO3)
4. Halides Common salt (NaCl), Horn silver
(AgCl)
5. Sulphates Gypsum (CaSO4 . 2H2O),
Epsom salt (MgSO4. 7H2O)
6. Phosphates Rock Phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]

7. Silicates China clay (Al2O3 . 2SiO2 . 2H2O)

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 Occurrence of Non-metals

1. Oxygen Air (21%) Water, earth's crust

Animal and plant

2. Nitrogen Air (78%) kingdom, nitre,
chile salt petre.

Water, cells of plants

and animals, natural
3. Hydrogen Coal gas
gas, petroleum,
coal.

Rocks, bones, teeth,

4. Phosphorus –
blood.

5. Diamond, graphite, Air (0.03%), natural

Carbon
coal gas, marsh gas, rocks.

Rocks near active

6. Sulphur and dormant Metallic ores
volcanoes

Sand, flint, quartz,

7. Silicon –
opal, mica, feldspar

Physical Properties of Metals

The important physical properties of metals are discussed below:
(i) Physical state: All metals (except mercury) are solids at room temperature. Mercury is liquid at
room temperature and gallium, caesium and francium occur in liquid state in nature slightly
above room temperature.
(ii) Metals are hard: Most of the metals are hard, but all metals are not equally hard.Metals like
iron, copper, aluminium etc. are quite hard. They cannot be cut with a knife. Sodium and
potassium are common exceptions which are soft and can be easily cut with a knife.
(iii) Metals are malleable: Metals are generally malleable. This means that the metals can be
beaten with a hammer into very thin sheets without breaking. This property of metals is called
malleability. Gold and silver are among the best malleable metals. Aluminium and copper are
also highly malleable metals. All metals are not malleable.
e.g.: sodium, potassium & calcium are not malleable

Aluminium foil

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 (iv) Metals are ductile: It means that metals can be drawn (stretched) into thin wires. This
property of metals is called ductility. Gold and silver are the most ductile metals. Copper,
aluminium and tungsten are also very ductile, and therefore, these can be drawn into thin wires
which are used in electrical wiring. Metals like Na, K, Ca etc. are not ductile, while metals like
Sn, Pb etc. are less ductile.
(v) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity: Generally metals are good conductors of
heat and electricity. The ability of metals due to which they allow electric current and heat to
pass through them is called electrical and thermal conductivity respectively. Silver is the best
conductor of heat. Copper and aluminium are also good conductors of heat and therefore, they are
used for making household utensils. Lead is the poorest conductor of heat. Mercury metal is also
a poor conductor of heat.
The electrical and thermal conductivities of metals are due to the presence of free electrons in
them. Among all the metals, silver is the best conductor of electricity. Copper and aluminium are
the next best conductors of electricity. Since silver is expensive, therefore, copper and aluminium
are commonly used for making electric wires.
(vi) Metals are lustrous and can be polished: Most of the metals have metallic lustre (shine) and
they can be polished. The shining appearance of metals is also known as metallic lustre. For
example, gold, silver and copper metals have metallic lustre.
(vii) Metals have high densities: Most of the metals are heavy and have high densities. For example,
the density of mercury metal is very high (13.6 g cm –3). However, there are some exception.
Sodium, potassium, magnesium and aluminium have low densities. Densities of metals are
generally proportional to their atomic masses.

Osmium has maximum density (22 g cm–3) among all elements.

(viii) Metals have high melting and boiling points: Most of the metals (except sodium and
potassium) have high melting and boiling points.
Among metals Tungsten has the highest melting point (3410°C) and Mercury has the lowest
melting point (– 39ºC).
(ix) Metals are rigid: Most of the metals are rigid and they have high tensile strength.
(x) Metals are sonorous: Most of the metals are sonorous i.e., they make ringing sound when hit
with an object.
(xi) Colour: Usually metals are white or silvery-grey in colour. But some metals have different
colour for example gold is yellow (yellow metal) and copper is reddish-brown.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL
 The most expensive metal is rhodium, which sells for more than $ 176,000 per kilogram. Platinum
and gold, numbers two and three.
 Alumininum is mostly used in making beverage cans and recycling one aluminium can save enough
energy to run a TV for three hours.

Physical Properties of Non-Metals

Non-metals are present on the right hand side of the periodic table (except Hydrogen). The important
physical properties of non-metals are listed below:
(i) Physical state: Non-metals may be solid, liquid, or gases at room temperature.
Solids: Carbon, sulphur, iodine etc..
Gases: Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen etc.
Bromine is the only non-metal which exists as a liquid at room temperature.
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 (ii) Non-metals are soft: Non-metals are generally soft.
Exception: Diamond (an allotropic form of non-metal Carbon) is the hardest natural substance
known.
(iii) Non-metals are not malleable: Non-metals are not malleable i.e. sheets cannot be made from
non-metals.
(iv) Non-metals are not ductile: Non-metals are not ductile. It means that non-metals cannot be
drawn (stretched) into thin wires.
(v) Non-metals are bad conductor of heat and electricity: Non-metals are generally bad
conductor of heat and electricity.
Exception: Graphite is a good conductor because of the presence of a free electrons. It is used as
positive electrode in dry cells.

Graphite conducts electric current

(vi) Non-metals are not lustrous: Non-metals are not lustrous and cannot be poslihed.
Exception: Graphite and Iodine are lustrous non-metals.
(vii) Non-metals have low densities: Generally non-metals have low densities.
Exception: Iodine has high density and diamond which is almost as heavy as Al.
(viii) Non-metals have low melting and boiling points: Generally non-metals have generally low
melting and boiling points.
Exception: Graphite, another allotropic form of Carbon, has a melting point of about 3730°C.
Other exceptions are C, B, Si which have high melting and boiling points.
(ix) Tensile strength: Non-metals have low tensile strength.
Exception: Carbon fibre is as tensile as steel.
(x) Sonorous: Non-metals are non-sonorous, i.e., when struck with a hammer they do not produce
sound.
(xi) Colour: Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas, while bromine is brown in colour. Iodine is violet in
colour , while oxygen and nitrogen are colourless gases.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL 
  Coming up too fast from deep sea diving gives the "bends" which is nitrogen bubbles in your blood.
  The sound you hear when you crack your knuckles is actually nitrogen gas bubbles popping.

 Carbon-A special element

Carbon, a non-metal is one of the most important and widely distributed elements on earth. It occurs
both in free and combined state. In free state, it is found as diamond, graphite and coal. In combined
state, it is found in the earth's crust in the form of limestone. In living system like animals and plants, it
is found in combined state as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. In the atmosphere, it is found in combined
form as carbon dioxide. About 85 % of all known compounds have carbon, a fact due to which a separate
branch of chemistry is devoted to the study of carbon compounds and is known as organic chemistry.

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 (a) Coal (d) Diamond

(c) Graphite
Different forms of Carbon

Comparision of Physical Properties of Metals & Non-Metals

S.No. Characteristics Metals Non-metals
(i) Physical state Generally solid, mercury which is Solid – Carbon, sulphur, iodine
liquid at room temperature is an Liqiud – Bromine
exception. Gas – Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine
(ii) Lustre Shiny Dull except for iodine and graphite which show lustre

(iii) Hardness Generally hard, except for sodium Generally soft, except for diamond
and potassium
(iv) Density High Low
(v) Malleability and ductility Malleable and ductile Brittle
(vi) Thermal conductivity Generally good conductors Generally bad conductors
(vii) Electrical conductivity Generally good conductors Generally bad conductors, except for graphite which
conducts electricity through it.
(viii) Sonority Sonorous Non sonorous
(ix) Tensile strength High Low
Melting and boiling points High, except for sodium and Low, except for graphite
(x)
potassium

Chemical Properties of Metals

The atoms of the metals have usually 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outermost shells. These outermost
electrons are loosely held by their nuclei. Therefore, the metal atoms can easily lose their outermost
electrons to form positively charged ions. For example, sodium metal can lose one electron from
its outermost shell to form positively charged ion, Na+. After losing the outermost electron, it gets stable
electronic configuration of the noble gas (Ne: 2, 8). Similarly, magnesium can lose two electrons from its
outermost shell to form Mg2+ ion and aluminium can lose its three outermost electrons to form Al3+ ion.

Na  Na+ + e–

(2,8,1)  (2,8)
Mg Mg2+ + 2e–

(2,8,2)  (2,8)

Al  Al3+ + 3e–
(2,8,3) (2,8)

Since the metal atoms lose electrons and form positively charged ions, therefore, the metals are called
electropositive elements.

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 Some of the important chemical properties of metals are discussed below:
(1) Reaction with Oxygen: Metals react with oxygen to form oxides. These oxides are basic or
amphoteric in nature.
(i) Basic oxide: When these oxides are dissolved in water, they give alkaline solutions. For
example, sodium metal reacts with oxygen of the air and form sodium oxide.
4 Na + O2  2 Na2O
(Sodium oxide)

 Sodium oxide reacts with water to form an alkali called sodium hydroxide. Therefore, sodium
oxide is a basic oxide.
Na2O + H2O  2NaOH
(Sodium hydroxide)

Due to the formation of sodium hydroxide (which is an alkali), the solution of sodium oxide in
water turns red litmus blue (common property of all alkaline solutions).
 Similarly, magnesium is a metal and it reacts on heating with oxygen, catches fire and burns
with a brilliant white flame to form magnesium oxide.
2Mg + O2  2 MgO
(Magnesium oxide)

 The magnesium oxide reacts with acids (say sulphuric acid) to form magnesium sulphate
(a salt) and water as the only products. Thus, magnesium oxide is a basic oxide in nature.
MgO + H2SO4 (dil.)  MgSO4 + H 2O
(Magnesium (Sulphuric acid) (Magnesium (Water)
Oxide) sulphate)

COMPETITIVE LEVEL
(ii) Amphoteric Nature: Aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, Beryullium oxide etc. are amphoteric and
show both acidic as well as basic behaviour. These react with both acids and bases to form
salts. For example.

Basic Nature Al 2 O3 (s)  6HCl(aq.)  2AlCl 3 (aq )  3H 2 O(  )

Aluminium chloride
( salt )
Acidic Nature Al 2 O3 (s)  2NaOH(aq.)  2NaAlO2 (aq )  H 2 O(  )
Sod . aluminium ( salt )
Basic Nature ZnO(s)  2HCl(aq.)  ZnCl 2 (aq.) H 2 O(  )
Zinc oxide Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride
( acting as basic oxide ) ( an acid ) ( salt )
Acidic Nature ZnO(s)  2NaOH(aq.)  Na 2 ZnO2 (aq.)  H 2 O(  )
Zinc oxide Sod . hydroxide Sodium zincate
( acting as an acidic oxide ) ( base ) ( salt )

(2) Reaction with Water: Different metals behave differently in their chemical reaction with water.
(i) Metals like sodium and potassium react with water as follows-
When a small piece of sodium or potassium is dropped in cold water -
 It floats and at the same time melts to form a silvery ball of metal.
 The silvery ball of the metal darts over the surface of water with a hissing noise producing
tiny bubbles of the hydrogen gas.
 The silvery ball becomes smaller in size and catches fire.
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 In case of sodium, it burns with a golden yellow flame, whereas in case of potassium, it
burns with a lilac flame.

2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

(Sodium) (Cold water) (Sodium (Hydrogen)

Hydroxide)

2K + 2H2O  2KOH + H2

(Potassium) (Water) (Potassium (Hydrogen)

Hydroxide)
When calcium metal is dropped in water, the following observations are made:

 It sinks in water and reacts vigorously to liberate tiny bubbles of hydrogen.

 It gradually dissolves in water and the colour of water becomes milky due to the formation
of partially soluble calcium hydroxide.

Ca + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2

(Calcium) (Water) (Calcium (Hydrogen)

Hydroxide)
(ii) Magnesium reacts mildly with cold water, but reacts vigorously with boiling water or steam so
as to form magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
(iii)Hot zinc and iron, mildly react with steam to form their respective oxides and hydrogen gas.

Zn + H2O 
 ZnO + H2
Heat

(Zinc) (Steam) (Zinc oxide) (Hydrogen)

3 Fe + 4 H2
O Fe3O4 + 4 H2
Heat

(Red hot iron) (Steam) (Ferro-ferric (Hydrogen)

oxide or iron
(II , III) oxide)

Activity
Aim: To observe the reaction of sodium with water.
Procedure:
(i) Take a 250 mL beaker containing about 200 mL of water.
 (ii) Put a small piece (of wheat grain size) of sodium into it and observe what happens.
Do you see a vigorous reaction with the evolution of fumes in the beaker? Why does the piece of
sodium catch fire sometimes?
(iii) Dip a red litmus paper into the solution in the beaker. Why did the red litmus turn blue? Why does
the solution become basic?
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 Reaction of sodium with water

Conclusion: Sodium is highly reactive. On reaction with water, it produces sodium hydroxide
(basic) and hydrogen gas which catches fire. It is due to this sodium hydroxide that the litmus
paper changes its colour.

Caution: Do this activity only in the presence of your teacher.

(3) Reaction with Dilute acids (Displacement reactions):

 Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid are called mineral acids. These acids in dilute
form react with metals to form their respective salts and hydrogen gas.

 Many metals react with dilute acids and liberate hydrogen gas. Only less reactive metals such
as copper, silver, gold etc. do not liberate hydrogen from dilute acids.

   The reactions of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) and dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
are similar. With dil. HCl, they give metal chlorides and hydrogen, whereas with dil. H 2SO4,
they give metal sulphates and hydrogen.

Displacement reaction: A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its salt
solution.

For example:

(i) Sodium, magnesium and calcium react violently with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) or
dilute sulphuric acid liberating hydrogen gas and corresponding metal salt.

2Na(s) + 2HCl (aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)

(Sodium) (Sodium Chloride)

2Na(s) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4 (aq) + H2(g)

(Sodium) (Sodium Sulphate)

Similarly,

Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(Magnesium) (Magnesium Chloride)

Mg(s) + H2SO4 (aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + H2(g)

(Magnesium Sulphate)

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 (ii) Iron reacts slowly with dilute HCl or dil. H 2SO4 and therefore, it is less reactive than zinc
and aluminium.

Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq)  FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(Iron) (Ferrous Chloride)

Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)

(Ferrous Sulphate)

COMPETITIVE LEVEL
 Reaction of Metals with dilute Nitric acid: Metals on reacting with dilute nitric acid do not
give hydrogen gas due to strong oxidizing nature of nitric acid which oxidizes the hydrogen (H 2)
produced in the reaction to water (H2O). Nitric acid itself gets reduced to an oxide of nitrogen
such as nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) or nitrogen dioxide (NO 2).

4Zn(s) + 10HNO3 (aq.)  4Zn(NO3 ) 2 (aq.) + N 2 O(g ) + 5H2O()

Zinc Nitric acid Zinc nitrate Nitrous oxide
( dilute, 20%)

Note: Copper does not react with dilute HCl or dil. H 2SO4

Cu(s) + HCl (aq)  No reaction

Cu(s) + H2SO4(aq)  No reaction

Therefore copper is even less reactive than iron.

(4) Reactions of Metals with Bases:

Some metals react with alkalies -

2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 2H2O  2NaAlO2(aq) + 3H2(g)

(Aluminium) (Sodium (water) (sodium (Hydrogen)

Hydroxide) meta aluminate)

Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)

(Zinc) (Sodium (Sodium zincate) (Hydrogen)

Hydroxide)
(5) Displacement Reactions of Metals with Salt Solutions:

 When a more reactive metal is placed in a salt solution of less reactive metal, then the more
reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution.
 For example: When a strip of zinc metal is put in the blue colour solution of copper sulphate, it
is observed that the blue colour of the solution fades gradually and copper metal is deposited on
the zinc strip. This means that the following reaction occurs:

Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

(Zinc) (Copper Zinc sulphate) (Copper)

Sulphate) (Colourless solution) Blue solution)

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 In other words, we can say that zinc displaces copper from its solution.

Zinc
Zinc

Solution
solution
becomes
becomes
colourless
colourless

Copper sulphate
Copper sulphate Depositof
Deposit of
Solution
solution (blue)
(blue) copper
copper

However, if we take zinc sulphate solution and put a strip of copper metal in this solution, no
reaction occurs.
ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)  No reaction

 This means that copper cannot displace zinc metal from its solution. Thus, we can conclude that zinc is
more reactive than copper. However, if we put gold or platinum strip in the copper sulphate solution,
then copper is not displaced by gold or platinum. Thus, gold and platinum are less reactive than copper.

Activity
Aim: To observe displacement reaction.
Procedure:
 (i) Take five beakers with about 50 cc of water in each and label them as I, II, III, IV and V.
 (ii) Now dissolve about 2 g of each substance (given below) in the beakers as shown in figure.
 (iii) Stir the contents in each beaker and record your observation.
Beaker I: Iron nails/filings + Copper sulphate.
Beaker II: Iron nails/filing + Zinc sulphate.
Beaker III: Copper turnings + Iron sulphate.
Beaker IV: Copper turnings + Magnesium sulphate.
Beaker V: Zinc granules + Copper sulphate.
Why do you see no change in beakers II, III and IV, while copper precipitates in beakers I and V
with the formation of iron sulphate and zinc sulphate respectively?
In the process the blue colour of copper sulphate disappears in beaker I and V.

Displacement reaction

Conclusion: More reactive zinc and iron displace less reactive copper from its salt.

Reactivity Series of Metals

 The more reactive metals always displace less reactive metals in chemical reactions. If a metal
loses electrons easily to form positive ions, it will readily react with other substances. On the other
hand if a metal loses electrons less rapidly to form a positive ion, it will react slowly with the other
substances. Such a metal will be less reactive.
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  The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivities is called the reactivity series or
activity series of metals.
Most
Li Lithium reactive
K Potassium
Na Sodium
Ca Calcium

Reactivity of metals decreases

Mg Magnesium

1. Tendency to Lose Valence Electrons

3. Reducing Power of metal increases

Al Aluminium
Zn Zinc
Cr Chormium
2. Electropositive character

Fe Iron
Ni Nickel
Sn Tin
Pb Lead
[H] [Hydrogen]
Cu Copper
Hg Mercury
Ag Silver
Au Gold
Pt Platinum Least
Reactive
 It may be noted that hydrogen is not a metal, but even then it has been placed in the reactivity
series. This is due to the fact that:
(i) Hydrogen can also lose electron and form positive ion, H +.
(ii) Hydrogen has also been included in the series to compare the reactivities of metals with respect
to it.
 The more reactive nature of iron as compared to copper can be easily shown by dipping some iron
nails in the solution of copper suphate. The iron nails get covered with copper layer and the blue
colour of copper sulphate solution change to greenish colour of ferrous sulphate.
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq)  Cu(s) + FeSO4 (aq)

(Blue) (Green)
 Similarly copper displaces silver from silver nitrate solution.
2AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

 Magnesium displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.

Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

(Blue) (White)
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 Utility of Activity Series
 The activity series is very useful and it gives the following information:

(i) The metal which is higher in the activity series is more reactive than the metals which are placed
below it. Lithium is the most reactive and platinum is the least reactive metal.

(ii) The metals which have been placed above hydrogen are more reactive than hydrogen and can
displace hydrogen from its compounds like water and acids to liberate hydrogen gas.

(iii) The metals which are placed below hydrogen are less reactive than hydrogen and cannot displace
hydrogen from its compounds like water and acids.

(iv) A more reactive metal (placed higher in the activity series) can displace the less reactive metal
from the solution of its salt.

(v) Metals at the top of the series are very reactive and, therefore, they do not occur free in nature,
while the metals at the bottom of the series are least reactive and, therefore, they normally occur
free in nature.

Note:Metals more reactive than hydrogen lose electrons more readily than hydrogen and metals less
reactive than hydrogen lose electrons less readily than hydrogen.

Chemical Properties of Non-Metals

(1) Reaction with oxygen: Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic or neutral oxides. The acidic
oxides dissolve in water to give acids.

(i) Acidic Oxides: The oxides of Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus etc. are acidic and they turn blue
litmus solution red.

For example:

 Carbon reacts with oxygen of air to form carbon dioxide gas which dissolves in water to
form an acid called carbonic acid.

C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)

(Carbon) (Oxygen) (Carbon dioxide)

CO2 (g) + H2O ()  H2CO3 (aq)

(Carbon (Water) (Carbonic acid)

Dioxide)

 Sulphur burns in air to form sulphur dioxide gas which dissolves in water to form an acid
called sulphurous acid.

S(s) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)

(Sulphur) (Oxygen) (Sulphur dioxide)

SO2 (g) + H2O ()  H2SO3 (aq)

(Sulphur (Water) (Sulphurous acid)

Dioxide)

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  When phosphorus is burnt in air, it reacts with oxygen of air to form phosphorus pentoxide
which dissolves in water to form phosphoric acid.
P4 (s) + 5O2 (g)  2P2O5 (s)

(Phosphorus) (Oxygen) (Phosphorus Pentaoxide)

P2O5 (s) + 3H2O () 2H3PO4 (aq)

(Phosphorus (Water) (Phosphoric acid)

Pentaoxide)

Note:  White phosphorus has been extensively used in bombs, artillery, short-range missiles and
mortars since world war II.
 Pure phosphorus exists in several forms called allotropes – white, red, violet and black
phosphorus. All the allotropes have different physical properties.

COMPETITIVE LEVEL
(ii) Neutral oxides: Some oxides of non-metals are neutral. For example, carbon monoxide (CO), nitric
oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), water (H2O), etc. These oxides do not turn blue litmus solution
red.
Non-metal oxides are covalent in nature and are formed by the sharing of electrons.

Activity
Aim: To observe the action of oxygen on sulphur.
Procedure:

(i) Take a small amount of sulphur powder in a deflagrating spoon and heat it as shown in figure.

Burning sulphur in deflagrating spoon

and transferring the fumes into the jar.

 (ii) Heat the sulphur powder on a low flame. When sulphur starts burning, introduce the spoon into a
glass jar and cover it with a lid. Do not expose yourself to the fumes as they are toxic.
(iii) Now put a small amount of water into the jar and shake it.
Test the solution with a blue litmus paper. What do you observe? Does the blue litmus turn red?
Why?
Conclusion: Sulphur reacts with oxygen in the air to form sulphur dioxide, which when dissolved in
water forms sulphurous acid that turns blue litmus red.

S + O2  SO2 (Sulphur dioxide)

SO2 + H2O  H2SO3 (Sulphurous acid)

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Uses of Metals
(i) Mercury is used in used in thermometers, barometers and to prepare amalgams.
(ii) Gold, platinum and silver are used in making jewellery.
(iii) Zinc is used for galvanization of iron to protect it from rusting and for making alloys.
(iv) Platinum is used to make electrodes and crucibles. It is used in making jewellery.
(v) Iron is used in making machines, heavy duty parts, factory equipments, utensils and for
construction purposes.
(vi) Copper is used in making electric wires, cables, utensils, boilers, calorimeters, coins, statues,
electroplating and in alloys.
(vii) Aluminium is used in making electric wires, cables, utensils, wrapping materials, aeroplanes,
ships, cars buses, trains and thermite process.

(a) Copper items

(b) Aluminium items

Uses of metals

(viii) Some metals play an important role in the functioning of living systems in animals and human
beings. Iron is a constituent of haemoglobin in blood which carries oxygen in various parts of the
body. Copper and zinc are constituents of enzymes. Sodium and potassium take part in electrical
activity in nerves and in contraction of muscles.
(ix) Zinc is used in making dry cells.
(x) Lead is used in making automobile batteries, type metal, bullets, protective screens for X-rays
and sanitary fittings.

Note: Thermite, a mixture of iron oxide and fine aluminium powder, is used for welding of rails together
when they are broken.
Fe2O3 + Al  Al2O3 + Fe

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Uses of Non-Metals
 Oxygen
(i) All living beings (plants and animals) use oxygen for respiration which is a continuous process.
(ii) All combustion processes need oxygen.
(iii) Oxygen is used to burn fossil fuels. It is needed for the extraction of metals from their ores. It is
also useful in the preparation of a wide variety of chemicals.

 Sulphur
(i) It is used in many medicines as a germicide. It is also used in skin ointments as an antiseptic.
(ii) Sulphur is used in the vulcanization of rubber.
The process of heating rubber with sulphur or sulphur compounds under heat and pressure to improve
elasticity and strength or to produce a hard substance is known as vulcanization

 Phosphorous
(i) It makes an alloy with bronze which can resist corrosion.
(ii) It is used in the preparation of matchsticks, fireworks and smoke screens.

 Nitrogen
(i) Plants use nitrogen to prepare protein, an essential ingredient of our food.
(ii) Nitrogen is inert in nature, so liquid nitrogen is used to preserve blood and other donated organs. It
is also used in food packaging as food does not spoil easily in an inert medium.

Note:  Nitrogen is used in the preparation of ammonia by Haber's process. Ammonia is used to prepare
nitrogenous fertilizer.
Haber's Process: It is the commercial method of producing ammonia. It was invented by a
German chemist Fritz Haber.
500ºC, 200atm
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Fe, Mo

 Silicon
(i) Silicon is used to make silicon-steel alloy and in the preparation of silicones, which have a wide
variety of uses.
(ii) Silicon is used in making semiconductor devices such as transistors.
Chlorine:
(iii) It is used as a bleaching agent in paper and textile industries. It is also used in the preparation of
bleaching powder.
Ca (OH) 2 + Cl 2  CaOCl 2 + H 2 O
(Slaked lime ) ( Chlorine ) ( Bleaching powder ) Water

(iv) It is used to disinfect water in municipal water treatment plants.

 Iodine
(i) It is used as an antiseptic. Its solution in alcohol with some potassium iodide is called tincture of
iodine which is applied on cuts. Its paste in petroleum jelly is used to relieve pain.
(ii) It is used in the preparation of iodized salt to prevent a disease called goitre.

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 Noble Gases
Gases like helium, neon, argon, etc, are non-reactive and are called noble or inert gases.
(i) Helium is used in balloons as it is lighter than air. Deep sea divers use a helium-oxygen mixture
for respiration under water.
(ii) Neon is used in special electric tubes called neon-sign tubes or neon-sign boards and glows with a
orange-red colour.
(iii) Argon is used as a filling in electric bulbs. It glows green when mixed with a small quantity of
mercury and the mixture is used in fluorescent lamps and advertisement signs.

Corrosion
Most of the metals get degraded when kept exposed to moist air.
The process of slowly eating up of metals due to this conversion into oxides, carbonates, sulphide, etc.,
by the action of atmospheric gases and moisture is called corrosion.
For example,
 Corrosion of Iron (Called Rusting): Iron when exposed to moist air for a long time acquires a
coating of a brown flaky substance called rust. Rust in mainly hydrated ferric oxide, Fe2O3. xH2O.

3
2Fe + O2 + xH2O  Fe 2 O3 . xH 2 O
Iron 2 Hydrated ferric oxdie
( Rust )

The corrosion of iron is called rusting.

 Conditions Necessary for Rusting: The two conditions which are necessary for rusting are:
(i) Presence of air (or oxygen) and
(ii) Presence of water vapour (moisture).
 Prevention of Rusting: We have seen that both air and water are needed for rusting. In order to
check it, precautions must be taken so that they may not come in contact with the surface of the
metal.
Galvanization: Articles that are exposed to extreme moisture such as roof sheets and pipes are
protected from rusting by galvanizing. Galvanization is a method of protecting steel and iron from
rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc. The iron coated with zinc is called galvanized
iron.

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 EXERCISE-1
 Very Short Answer Type Questions  Fill in the Blanks

Q.1 Which Non-metal is used in vulcanization Q.16 (i) All metals are hard except …………….
of rubber? and ………………… .
Q.2 Write one use of nitrogen.
(ii) …………………. is the only non-metal
Q.3 Name the gas that burns with a pop sound which is liquid at room temperature.

Q.4 The elements which show the properties of (iii) …………………. is the best conductor of
both metals and non-metals. electricity.

Q.5 What is corrosion of iron in the presence of

(iv) Non metals react with oxygen to form
moist air known as?
……………….. oxides. These oxides
when dissolved in water form
 Short Answer Type Questions ………………… .

Q.6 Name the Non-metal used in the (v) ………………………. is the only non-
preparation of Ammonia? Also write the metal, which is a good conductor of
chemical reaction. heat and electricity.

Q.7 In how many forms does carbon exists?  True or False

Q.8 Write 3 uses of Iodine. Q.17 (i) Iodine is a non-metal, still it shows
lustre.
Q.9 Write 3 displacement reactions.
(ii) Mercury metal is less reactive than
Q.10 What happens when magnesium ribbon is
silver.
burnt in air?
(iii) Copper is more reactive than iron.
 Long Answer Type Questions
(iv) White phosphorus is stored under
Q.11 What will happen when ash of magnesium water.
is dissolved in water? Is the solution acidic
or basic? What effect does litmus show in (v) Helium is used in balloons as it is
lighter than air.
case of oxides of metals?

Q.12 (i) Why lemon pickle cannot be stored in  Match the Column
an aluminium foil?
(ii) Why gold is preferred in making jewellery ? Q.18
Column-A Column-B
Q.13 Explain the following terms (a) Gold (i) Liquid metal
(i) Sonorous (b) Mercury (ii) Sodium oxide
(ii) Lustrous (c) Acidic oxide (iii) Iron oxide
(iii) Metalloids. (d) Basic oxide (iv) Noble metal
(e) Rust (v) Sulphur dioxide
Q.14 Diffentiate between metal & Non-metals

Q.15 Give three chemical properties of metals.

Also write one chemical equation for each.

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 EXERCISE-2
Q.1 Which gas is produced when metals react Q.11 Iron nail dipped in a copper sulphate
with acids? solution, changes the solution from blue to
(A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen (A) green. (B) dark blue.
(C) Hydrogen (D) CO2 (C) red. (D) black.

Q.2 What is the chemical formula of hydrated Q.12 The solution of ash of magnesium ribbon
copper sulphate? is -
(A) CuSO4 . 5H2O (B) CuSO4 . 7H2O (A) Acid (B) Basic
(C) CuS (D) Cu2S (C) Neutral (D) All of these

Q.3 Which non-metals catches fire if exposed to Q.13 Which metal is found in liquid state at
air? room temperature?
(A) Sodium (B) Phosphorus (A) Fe (B) Zn (C) Hg (D) Al
(C) Calcium (D) Uranium
Q.14 Which among the following is the poorest
conductor of heat?
Q.4 Which metal is present in Haemoglobin?
(A) Silver (B) Gold
(A) C (B) O (C) Fe (D) H
(C) Copper (D) Lead
Q.5 Which one of the following metals reacts
Q.15 Solid fuel is –
vigorously with oxygen and water?
(A) Petrol (B) Diesel
(A) Sodium (B) Aluminium
(C) Coke (D) Alcohol
(C) Calcium (D) Magnesium
Q.16 Iron is galvanized by coating it with –
Q.6 Sodium metal is stored in –
(A) Nickel (B) Chromium
(A) Water (B) Alcohol (C) Manganese (D) Zinc
(C) Kerosene (D) Ether
Q.17 Diamond is measure in which unit?
Q.7 Oxides of Non metals are ……………….. in (A) carat (B) grams
nature – (C) ponds (D) Micrograms
(A) Basic (B) acidic
(C) neutral (D) All of these Q.18 22 carat gold is mixture of?
(A) Cu and Au (B) Zn and Au
Q.8 Sulphuric acid turns blue litmus paper (C) Al and Au (D) Mg and Au
into –
(A) Red (B) Green Q.19 Which metal is use to wrap food items?
(C) yellow (D) dark blue (A) Iron (B) Zinc
(C) Aluminium (D) Calcium
Q.9 The form of carbon used for cutting rocks is
(A) diamond. (B) graphite. Q.20 Argon, krypton and xenon are known as
(C) lampblack. (D) charcoal. (A) free gases.
(B) inert gases.
Q.10 When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water (C) reactive gases.
what is formed? (D) atmospheric gases.
(A) Sulphur (B) Sulphur trioxide
(C) Sulphuric acid (D) Sulphurous acid

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 EXERCISE-3
(Previous Year Questions – NSO)

Q.1 When a cooper vessel is exposed to moist Q.5 Bromine is a

air for long, it acquires a dull green (A) non-metal
coating. The retain can be represented as (B) metal
2Cu + WXY – Cu (OH)2 + Z (C) metalloid
moist air
(D) none of these
W, X, Y and Z are respectively
(A) N2, CO2, O2 and CuO Q.6 Read the given statements and mark the
(B) H2O, N2, CO2 and O2 correct option.
(C) H2O, CO2, O2 and CuCO3 Statement 1: Metals are sonorous.
(D) H2O, CO2, O2 and CuO Statement 2: Metals are generally brittle
in the solid state, they break into pieces
Q.2 Neha, a class VIII student arranged the
when hammered.
following experimental set-up and observed
(A) Both statements 1 and 2 are true and
the changes carefully.
statement 2 is the correct explanation
On the basis of her observations identify
of statement 1.
the correct order of reactivity.
(B) Both statements 1 and 2 are true but
Fe Cu
statement 2 is not the correct
explanation of statement 1.
CuSO4 ZnSO4 (C) Statement 1 is true but statement 2 is
solution solution
false.
Blue coloured solution No colour (D) Both statements 1 and 2 false.
changed to green change observed
Q.7 Some materials like magnesium ribbon,
Zn
aluminium foil, copper wire and charcoal
(powder) were taken in different test tubes
FeSO4 labeled as P, Q, R and S. 5 mL of dilute
solution hydrochloric acid was added to each test
Green coloured solution tube. When a burning match-stick is
changed to colourless brought near the mouth of each test tube,
(A) Zn > Cu > Fe (B) Zn > Fe > Cu in which cases pop sound would be heard?
(C) Fe > Zn > Cu (D) Cu > Fe > Zn (A) only P (B) P and Q
(C) Q and S (D) P, Q and R
Q.3 Which of the following metals is the most
reactive? Q.8 Rusting cannot be prevented by ____.
(A) Na (B) Ca (A) Oiling
(C) H (D) Zn (B) Glvanisation
(C) Alloying
Q.4 You are given a solution of AgNO 3. Which (D) Wrapping iron object with paper
of the following do you think cannot
displace Ag from AgNO3 solution? Q.9 Which of the following can be beaten into
(A) Magnesium (B) Zinc sheets?
(C) Gold (D) Copper (A) Zinc (B) Phosphorus
(C) Sulphur (D) Oxygen

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Q.10 Match the column I with column II and (C) 1. Cu(OH)2, CuCO3, basic
choose the correct option using the codes 2. H2; neutral
given below. 3. Fe2O3; acidic
4. SO2; basic
Column I Column II (D) 1. Cu; basic
(a) Used in (i) Iodine 2. H2O; neutral
thermomenters 3. FeO; basic
(b) Present in fertilisers (ii) Mercury 4. SO3; basic
(c) Used to disinfect (iii) Phosphorus
Q.12 Namita categorized the different elements
water
as shown below:
(d) Used as an (iv) Chlorine
Characteristic Na Al S Fe Cu P
antiseptic
a. Metal      
(A) (a)-(iii); (b)-(i); (c)-(ii); (d)-(iv) b. Hardness      
(B) (a)-(ii); (b)-(iii); (c)-(iv); (d)-(i) c. Malleability      
(C) (a)-(i); (b)-(ii); (c)-(iii); (d)-(iv) d. Ductility      
(D) (a)-(iv); (b)-(ii); (c)-(i); (d)-(iii) e. Conductor of      
electricity
Q.11 Read the table carefully. Which of the characteristics is not correctly
matched by Namita?
S. Reaction Product Characteristic (A) a, c and e (B) a, b, d and e
No. formed test (C) b, c and d (D) All are correct
1. Copper Green Turns red
Q.13 Read the given passage and fill in the
vessel coating litmus solution blanks by choosing an appropriate option.
exposed to blue. Metals have high densities except –––(i)–––
moist air.
which can even float on water. Metals are
2. Aluminium Colourless, Burns with a malleable and ductile. –––(ii)––– are the most
foil dipped odourless pop sound malleable and ductile metals. All metals
in fresh gas
conduct heat and electricity –––(iii)––– is the
solution of
best conductor while –––(iv)––– is a poor
sodium
conductor.
hydroxide.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
3. Rusting of Reddish Turns red (A) K and Ca Fe and Cu Al Ag
iron. brown litumus (B) Cu and Pb Cu and Al Cu Au
deposit solution blue. (C) Na and K Au and Ag Ag Hg
4. Burning of Colourless, Turns blue (D) Na and Mg Zn and Cu Zn Na
sulphur suffocating litmus solution Q.14 Four experimental set-ups are shown in
powder. gas red. the given figure

Identify the products formed and their

nature.
(A) 1. Cu(OH)2, CuCO3, basic
2. H2; neutral
3. Fe2O3; basic
4. SO2; acidic
(B) 1. CuO, basic
2. O2; neutral No reaction will take place in beaker (s)
3. Fe2O4; basic (A) II only (B) I and IV only
(C) I and II only (D) III and IV only.
4. H2S; acidic

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 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1
 Fill in the Blanks:
16. (i). Sodium, Potassium
(ii). Bromine
(iii). Silver
(iv). acidic, acid
(v). graphite

 True & False:

17. (i). True
(ii). False
(iii). False
(iv). True
(v). True

 Match the Column:

18. [a(iv); b(i); c(v); d(ii); e(iii)]

EXERCISE - 2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C A A C A C B A A D A B C D C
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D A A C B

EXERCISE - 3
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans. C B A C A C B D A B A C C C

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 EXERCISE-1
 Very Short Answer Type Questions Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(Zinc) (Copper sulphate) (Zinc sulphate) (Copper)
Sol.1 Sulphur (Colourless (Blue
solution) solution)

Sol.2 Nitrogen is used in the preparation of

2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
ammonia by Haber’s Process. Ammonia is
(Sodium) (Sodium Chloride)
used to prepare nitrogeneous fertilizers.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Sol.3 Hydrogen gas (Magnesium) (Magnesium
Chloride)
Sol.4 Some elements show the properties of both
metals and non- metals like silicon, Sol.10 When magnesium ribbon is burnt in air,
germanium etc falls under the category of magnesium reacts with the oxygen present
the metalloid. in the air to form magnesium oxide.
The reaction occurs as follows:
Sol.5 Corrosion of iron is known as Rusting. 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO.

 Short Answer Type Questions

 Long Answer Type Questions
Sol.6 Nitrogen is used in the preparation of
ammonia by Haber's process. Ammonia is Sol.11 When ash of magnesium is dissolved in
used to prepare nitrogenous fertilizer. water then magnesium hydroxide is
Haber's Process: It is the commercial formed. The oxides of magnesium are basic
method of producing ammonia. It was in nature. So the red litmus will turn to
invented by a German chemist Fritz Haber. blue color.
500°C, 200 atm
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Fe, Mo Sol.12 (i) When aluminium comes in contact with
lemon, which is acidic, would react to
Sol.7 Carbon is an element that exists in more give hydrogen and the pickles will be
than one form. These different forms of one
spoiled.
element are called allotropes.
(ii) Gold is one of the least reactive metals.
Carbon has three allotropes.
So, graphite, diamond and buck minster It generally does not react with oxygen,
fullerene are three different forms of carbon. water or acids and loses its lustre. Gold
is also very ductile and malleable.
Sol.8 Uses of Iodine :-
That’s why we prefer gold in making
1. It is used in the pharmaceutical
jewellery.
industry, printing industry and in the
manufacturing of animal feed.
Sol.13 (i) Sonorous :- Metals make a ringing
2. It is also used as a water purifier.
sound when we strike them. The
3. This element is used in almost all
property by virtue of which metals
medicines that aid in cleaning wounds.
make a ringing sound is called
Sol.9 Displacement reaction: A more reactive sonority.
metal can displace a less reactive metal
from its salt solution.
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 (ii) Lustrous :- Luster is an optical Sol.15 Chemical properties of metals :
property of metals. Metals have the 1. Metals react with oxygen to form
oxides. eg. Cu + O2 CuO
quality of reflecting light from their
2. Metals react with water to form metal
surface. This property of metal is hydroxide.
known as lustrous. Metals are lustrous, eg. 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
which means they have a shiny 3. Metals react with acids and give off
hydrogen gas.
surface. Some non-metals like carbon
eg. 2Na + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2
in the form of diamond are also
lustrous in nature.  Fill in the Blanks
(iii) Metalloids :- Metalloids can be defined
as chemical elements whose physical Sol.16 (i) All metals are hard except Sodium
and Potassium.
and chemical properties fall in between They can be easily cutted by knife.
the metal and non-metal categories. (ii) Bromine is the only non - metal which
Boron, germanium, silicon, antimony, is liquid at room temperature.
arsenic, tellurium and pollanium are (iii) Silver is the best conductor of electricity.
(iv) Non-metals react with oxygen to form
the seven most widely recognized acidic oxides. These oxides when
metalloids. dissolved in water form acid.
(v) Graphite is the only non-metal, which
Sol.14 is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Metals Non-metals Because of the presence of free electron.
Metals are good Non-metals are bad
conductors of heat and conductors of heat and  True or False
electricity. electricity. Sol.17 (i) True, Iodine is a non-metal, still it
Metals are malleable Non-metals are not shows lustre.
that is they can be malleable. (ii) False, Mercury metal is more reactive
beaten into sheets. than silver.
Metals are ductile that Non-metals are non- (iii) False, Copper is less reactive than iron
is they can be drawn ductile. (iv) True, White phosphorus is stored under
into wires. water. It is very reactive non-metal
which does not react with water.
Metals are sonorous. Non-metals are not
(v) True, Helium is used in balloons as it
sonorous.
is lighter than air.
Metals have high Non-metals have low
tensile strength due to tensile strength due to
 Match the Column
high attraction low attraction between
between molecules. molecules. Sol.18 (i). Gold :- Noble metal
Metals have high Non-metals have low Because gold is least reactive metal.
density. density. (ii). Mercury :- Liquid metal
Metals have high Metals have low Only liquid metal.
melting and boiling melting and boiling (iii). Acidic oxide :- Sulphur dioxide
Because non metal oxide are acidic in
points. points.
nature.
Metals combine with Non-metals combine (iv) Basic oxide :- Sodium oxide
oxygen and forms with oxygen and form Because metal oxide are basic in nature.
basic oxides. acidic oxides. (v). Rust :- Iron oxide
Corrosion of iron is called rusting.

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 EXERCISE-2
Sol.1 [C]
When metal react with acid hydrogen gas
is produced.
Sol.2 [A]
Five water molecules are present in one
formula unit of copper sulphate. The
chemical formula for hydrated copper
sulphate is CuSO4. 5H2O.
Sol.3 [B]
Phosphorus is very reactive. It catches fire
spontaneously when exposed to air.
Sol.4 [C]
Iron (Fe)
Sol.5 [A]
Sodium reacts vigorously with oxygen and
even with water.
Sol.6 [C]
Sodium is a highly reactive element. If it is
kept in open it can explosively react with
oxygen to catch fire. Hence to prevent
accidental damage sodium is immersed in
kerosene oil.
Sol.7 [B]
Oxides of Non-Metals are acidic in nature.
When a Non-Metal reacts with Oxygen, it
gives Oxide which on dissolution with
water gives an acid. Non-Metal Oxides are
usually gaseous at room temperature.
Sol.8 [A]
Acids turn blue litmus red, whereas Bases
turn red litmus blue.
Sol.9 [A]
Diamond:- It is a crystalline form of
carbon and is used for cutting and drilling
rocks because it is the most hardest
naturally occurring substance.
Sol.10 [D]
Sulphur dioxide reacts with water to form
sulphurous acid (H2SO3) as the product.
The chemical reaction is as follows,
SO2(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO3(l)
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Sol.11 [A]
Iron nail, when dipped in a blue-coloured
copper sulphate solution, reacts with it.
The reaction causes a change in the colour
of the solution from blue to green due to
the formation of iron sulphate. A brownish
deposit of copper is deposited on the iron
nail.
Sol.12 [B]
Magnesium Burns in presence of oxygen to
produce Magnesium Oxide.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide
When this magnesium oxide dissolves in
water gives Magnesium Hydroxide
MgO(s) + H2O(g) → Mg(OH)2(s)
Magnesium oxide Water Magnesium Hydroxide
BASIC
Sol.13 [C]
Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at
normal temperatures.
Sol.14 [D]
Lead is a non-metal which show poor effect
of conduction of heat.
Sol.15 [C]
Coke is a solid fuel because it is made from
coal.
Sol.16 [D]
Galvanization is the process of applying a
protective zinc coating to steel or iron in
order to prevent it from rusting.
Sol.17 [A]
Carat is the unit of measurement for the
physical weight of diamonds. One carat
equals 0.200 grams or 1/5 gram.
Sol.18 [A]
22-carat gold is an alloy of gold containing
a small amount of copper or silver.
Therefore, it is hard and more ductile as
compared to pure gold.
Sol.19 [C]
Aluminium foils are used to wrap food
items because aluminium being a soft
malleable metal it can be beaten to in
sheets to form thin wrapping sheets.
Moreover it does not react with food items.

Sol.20 [B]
Noble gases or Inert gases, the name comes
from the fact that these elements are
virtually unreactive towards other elements
or compounds.

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 EXERCISE-3
(Previous Year Questions – NSO)

Sol.1 [C] Brittle elements are the ones which break

Copper metal when exposed to air turns
green in colour due to corrosion.
 When the copper vessel is exposed to air
in the rainy season, the metal reacts
with gases and moisture and atmospheric
gases to form a mixture of copper
carbonate and copper hydroxide.
 This gives a green colour to the surface
of copper metal.
The reaction is:
2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 → Cu(OH)2 + CuCO2
It forms a mixture of copper carbonate
and copper hydroxide, which gives a
green colour to the surface of the copper
vessel.
Sol.2 [B]
Because Zn is more reactive metal than Fe
and Fe is more rective metal than Cu.
Displacement reaction takes place in the
above experiment in which more reactive
metal displace less reactive metal from its
salt solution.
Sol.3 [A]
Sodium is the most reactive metal in the
following.
Sol.4 [C]
Gold is less reactive metal than silver so it
cannot displace Ag from AgNO3 Solution.
easily on being hit by force. Metals are not
brittle in nature.
They are rather malleable that is they can
be shaped easily.
Sol.7 [B]
As per reactivity of metals Mg & Al are
more reactive metals so they can release
Hydrogen gas when they react with HCl.
Sol.8 [D]
Wrapping iron object with paper
Sol.9 [A]
Zinc, because metals have the malleable
property which helps to make thin sheets.
Sol.10 [B]
(a)-(ii); (b)-(iii); (c)-(iv); (d)-(i)
Sol.11 [A]
Sol.12 [C]
Sol.13 [C]
Na & K have low density, Gold and Silver
are most malleable and ductile, Silver is
the best conductor of heat and electricity
while Mercury is a poor conductor of heat
and electricity.
Sol.14 [C]
In (I) Cu is less reactive than Mg so, no
displacement reaction takes places & in (II)
Fe is less reactive than Al so, no
displacement reaction takes place.

Sol.5 [A]
Bromine is a non-metal which exists as a
liquid at room temperature.

Sol.6 [C]
Metals are sonorous which means metals
produce ringing sound on being hit. This
happens due to high delocalisation of
electrons in metals.

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