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If you are going to write an inclined or italicized letters, the inclined guide lines should be
about 67 ½ degrees from the horizontal guide lines.
COMPOSITION IN LETTERING
In lettering, composition pertains to the selection, arrangement including the size and
styles of letters. This also applies to proper selection of appropriate types of letters to be used
in doing letterings (Example: When you are going to write a book. You need to choose a type
of letter that can be used in writing the title as well its size should also bigger than the size of
its contents). In engineering drawing, composition of lettering is usually limited to the
vertical or inclined position of letters.
Spacing between letters -Spacing are placed between letters visually or mechanically.
Visual Spacing – space between letters which may not be the same in length.
Mechanical Spacing – space between letter which space length in all letters are equal.
Centering of Titles
Usually writing a title is one of the most common problem in composition of lettering.
It is done on a trial-and-error basis as the letters should fit on a given space with an equal
amount of spacing letters from left to right, as its common that the title is written on center of
the given space.
When writing a title usually one needs to identify the amount of space that needs to be
utilized and the number and size of the letters to be written on the space given. The trial-and-
error process is done by doing a lettering using a light pencil. The most common method use
for centering a title is called the centerfold method, this is done by folding the paper in half to
identify the center of the paper.
Orthographic drawing is a type of drawing that refers to the representation of the exact shape
of an object in two or more views as they are seen perpendicularly from its surfaces. The term
orthographic is derived from two Greek words, orthos means to write and graphos means to
draw. Although an object can be viewed in 6 different views (top, bottom, left, right, front,
and rear). The principal projections of orthographic drawing are front, top and right-side
view.
The top face is above to the front face and the front
face is hinged to the right, left, and bottom face of
the box.
These faces or planes are also called the projection
planes. This can be seen if you will open a box and
layout its sides on a flat surface.
When sketching an orthographic drawing, the positions of the top, front, and right side views
are arranged in L shape.
Principles of Orthographic Drawing
10. All edges of an object cannot be projected longer than its true size.
ALPHABET OF LINES
In sketching orthographic drawings, we use different lines that has specific purpose and
functions. These lines are commonly called Alphabet of Lines or sometimes refer as line
symbols and must be drawn or sketch properly so as not to be misinterpreted. The alphabet of
lines are critical component of sketching. Each of this lines have their different shapes and
thicknesses. With the use of different pencils ,this lines can be distinguished from one
another.
Leader Line - it is a thin line with an arrowhead at one end. This line is also used to indicate
the measurement or the label of the part that it is point at.
_________________1. This refers to the selection, arrangement of styles and sizes of letters
_________________2. This is the type of spacing that are always equal in length
between letters
_________________3. This is the type of spacing that the length of spaces between letters
may not be equal
_________________4. This process is used to identify the amount of space needs to be
utilized when writing a letter on a given amount of space
_________________5. D-1 to D-6 pen styles is commonly called?
Activity 6: ENUMERATION
Directions: Write your answer in another sheet of paper
_____1. The term orthographic came from the Greek word orthos and graphos which
means___________________.
A. draw and graph B. write and draw C. lines and shapes D. projection and lines
_____2. No line of the object can be projected longer than its true .
A. height B. length C. width D. volume
_____3. A surface to the plane of projection will be shown in its exact shape and size.
A. angled B. inclined C. parallel D. perpendicular
_____4. The top view is directly above the .
A. bottom view B. front view C. rear view D. side view
_____5. The of the top view is equal to the width of the side views.
A. length B. height C. width D. volume
_____6. Which among the given lines is used to indicate the measurements of objects?
A. Border Line B. Dimension Line C. Extension Line D. Object Line
_____7.What line is often used to label the parts?
A. Center Line B. Limiting Line C. Object Line D. Reference Line
_____8.This line is used for indicating the measurement and name of a part.
A. Extension Line B. Leader Line C. Object Line D. Reference Line
_____9.Which line represents the visible edges of an object.
A. Center Line B. Hidden Line C. Object Line D. Reference Line
_____10.What line is used to represent the hidden edges of an object?
A. Dimension Line B. Extension Line C. Hidden Line D. Limiting Line
_____11. Which line is used for limiting the length of an elongated object?
A. Extension Line B. Leader Line C. Limiting Line D. Object Line
Hello, learner! Congratulations, you did great for accomplishing all the tasks
It’s time for you to make a reflection about the topic.
Closure/ Reflection
As a draftsman, it is necessary to learn how to use guidelines in doing lettering as it gives us
ease in writing or even in drawing and lessen the chances of getting an incorrect output. Just
like the popular draftsmen quote:
“A good draftsman never letter without guide lines” As a student what do you think is the
importance of learning the construction of guidelines before writing a lettering?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
A two-dimensional drawing like orthographic views help to describe an object in detailed
showing the construction of each side.
What are the most preferred views in orthographic? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
As a student, how will this lesson helps you as you proceed in studying drafting?
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
The alphabet of lines are useful in technical drawings. They were used according to their
functions in a drawing.
As a student how will this lesson help you as you proceed in studying drafting?
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
References:
Manaois, German M. “Orthographic Sketching” Drafting Volume 1 pp.56-58, Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 1983
Anderson, William “Technical Drawing: Alphabet of Line” 2019
J. W. Giachino, “Drafting and Graphics, 2nd ed”, American Technical Society, 1966
Online References:
https://www.umasd.org/cms/lib7/PA01000379/Centricity/Domain/
325/The_Alphabet_of_Lines.pdf
https://schoolworkhelper.net/technical-drawing-alphabet-of-line/
https://careertrend.com/info-8656561-principles-orthographicdrawing-dimensioning.html