DRAWING 0111

MRS. CONSOLACION T. SANTOS

ASST. PROFESSOR
 Course Policy
The following policies are to be observed and implemented inside the classroom and online by both
the Professor and Students.
•
Attendance and punctuality must be strictly observed.
• Maintain respect and discipline.
• Active participation in the discussion through sharing of ideas and
experiences is encouraged.
• Observe tranquility so as to maintain an environment of focus
learning.
• Always check the shared folder/s for relevant readings.
• Be prompt in submitting reports and other requirements.
• Follow house rules in online meetings via Zoom or Google Meet.
• Keep posted in learning management system of the class.
 Class Standing Percentage

Class Attendance 10%

Class Standing 20%

Periodical Examination 30%

Laboratory (PLATE) 40%

TOTAL 100%

Midterm Final

Class Standing - 70% Class Standing - 70%

Term Exam - 30% Term Exam - 30%

Final Rating
Midterm Grade (50%) + Final Grade (50%) = Final Rating
 What is Drawing?

Drawing is an art of representing objects or ideas on a

plain surface (such as sheet of paper) by means of lines,
marks, or symbols.
 Importance of Drawing

1. Drawing is a valuable means of expression to

everyone.
2. Drawing is an effective aid to verbal language.
3. Drawing helps to get idea across when words fail.
 Two Types of Drawing

1. Free-hand Drawing- drawing made without the

aid of drawing instrument.
2. Mechanical Drawing- drawing made using drawing
instruments (triangles, ruler, compass, t-squre,
etc.)
 What are the 3 draftsman's Tools?

1. Pencil

2. Paper

3. Eraser
 What is Pencil?

Pencil is a slender, rod shape drawing instrument

made of wood or any other composition with a
center stick of graphite (kaolin clay) added in
varying amounts to make 18 grades from 9H (the
hardest) & 7B (the softest)
 The 3 pencil grades:
1) Hard Pencil (9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H)
- Used in drawings requiring a high degree of
accuracy such as charts, diagrams, & graphical
computations.
2) Medium Pencil (3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B)
- Used for drawing straight line works & other
freehand drawings.
3) Soft Pencil (2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B)
- Used for rendering or in artworks of various
kinds.
 The 3 pencil points:
1) Conical Point
- Used for general purposes. Pencil is sharpened
in the shape of a cone.
 The 3 pencil points:
2) Chisel or Wedge Point
- Used for drawing thick lines. Both end or sides
of the lead is sharpened into the shape of chisel.
 The 3 pencil points:
3) Elliptical Point
- Used for compass works. One side of the lead is
cut or sharpened.
 Uses of pencil:
1) For marking
2) For drawing or sketching
3) For lettering
How to sharpen a pencil?
 What is a line?

Line is a path of moving a point.

 Two types of line?
1) Straight Line –
is the shortest distance between two
points.

2) Curve Line-
line of which no point is straight
 Kinds of straight line:
1) Horizontal Line –
line drawn from left to right.
2) Vertical Line-
line drawn from top to bottom (if drawn
mechanically, from bottom to top)
3) Inclined Line (slanting line/diagonal line)-
line which is neither horizontal nor
vertical.
 Other Kinds of straight line:
4) Parallel Lines –
lines lying on the same plane & are equally
distant to one another.
5) Intersecting Lines-
lines that cut across each other.
6) Perpendicular Lines-
lines forming two right angles (90°)
 What is Circle?
Circle is a closed-curved geometrical figure
bounded by a curve line called
circumference, wherein every point of which
is equidistant to its center.
 Two types of Circle:
1) Concentric Circles-
-circles with different radius but drawn
from a common center.

2) Eccentric Circles-
-circles with different radius and drawn
from a different center.
How to draw concentric and eccentric circle
 Parts of a Circle
1) Circumference–
the outline of a circle, equidistant from the
center.
2) Vertex-
other term for center.
3) Diameter-
line touching the circumference at two
points and passing through center.
 Parts of a Circle
4) Radius–
equals to ½ of the diameter, line from the
center to any point of the circumference.
5) Arc-
any portion of the circumference.
6) Semi-Circle -
equals to ½ of circle, semi-circle is also an
arc.
 Parts of a Circle
7) Tangent Line–
line outside the circle, touching the
circumference at one point.
8) Quadrant-
refers to ¼ of a circle.
9) Chord-
line touching the circumference at two
points without passing through the center.
 Parts of a Circle
10)Segment–
refers to the inner portion when a chord
and arc are bounded together.
11) Sector-
refers to the inner portion when two radii
& an arc are bounded together.
12) Secant-
a straight line that cut across/ intersects
the circle at 2 points.
Parts of a Circle
Vertex
 What is Lettering?
Lettering is the art of writing or printing
letters by hand either freehand or with the
use of drawing instruments.
 Importance of Letters:
1) They are the written language of
industry.
2) They record ideas.
3) They add information in a drawing which
the regular orthographic or pictorial drawing
cannot show.
 Development of Letters:
1) Egyptian’s Hieroglyphics- more on
symbols
 Development of Letters:
2) Phoenician’s Cuneiform Writing
 Development of Letters:
3) Greek’s Boustrophedon – Greek Alphabet
 Development of Letters:
4) Roman Alphabet/Letters- called the “present
day letters” because most letters in the alphabet that we are
using today came from the Roman Letters.
 Development of Letters:
4) Roman Alphabet/Letters- called the “present
day letters” because most letters in the alphabet that we are
using today came from the Roman Letters.
 4 Commonly used styles of letter:
1) Gothic Letters- all single strokes letters
are classified as gothic
*Classification of Gothic Letters:
a) Vertical upper case Gothic Letters.
b) Vertical lower case Gothic Letters.
c) Inclined upper case Gothic Letters.
d) Inclined lower case Gothic Letters.
 Classification of Gothic Letters:
a) Vertical upper case Gothic Letters.
 Classification of Gothic Letters:
b) Vertical lower case Gothic Letters.
 Classification of Gothic Letters:
c) Inclined upper case Gothic Letters.
 Classification of Gothic Letters:
d) Inclined lower case Gothic Letters.
 4 Commonly used styles of letter:
2) Italic Letters- all slanting letters are considered
italic letters. The degree of inclination is 67.5° or
68°
 4 Commonly used styles of letter:
3) Roman Letters- letters having strokes accented or
consisting of thin & thick strokes
 4 Commonly used styles of letter:
4) Text Letters- are commonly used in diplomas,
certificates, wedding invitations, etc. They include all
styles of Old-English Text, German Text, Bradley Text, etc.
If done freehand, speedball pens are used.
 General Proportion of Letters (spacing of letters)
1) Normal Letters- used when the space is
ample.
2) Compressed Letters- used when space is
narrow.
3) Extended Letters- used when the space is
wide.
General Proportion of Letters (spacing of letters)
 Guidelines used in Lettering:
1) Horizontal Guidelines- maintains the
straightness of letters.
2) Vertical Guidelines- keep the letters
uniformly vertical.
3) Inclined Guidelines- keep the letters
uniformly inclined.
 Guidelines used for lowercase letters:

1) Capline- the uppermost horizontal guideline and

limit the strokes of the ascenders (b, d, k, h, f, l, t)
2) Waistline- maintains the straightness of the body of
letters.
3) Base Line- keep the base of letters uniformly
straight.
4) Drop Line- the lowermost horizontal guideline and
limit the strokes of the descenders (g, j, p, q, y)
Guidelines used for lowercase letters:
 Unit of Letters: (The height of letters & numbers
are 6-units, they vary in width
1) T, O, M, Q, V, A, X, Y = six-unit letters
2) W = the widest letter w/c is 8-unit
3) I = has no width
4) The remaining letters not mentioned above are 5-
units
5) All numbers are 5 units except no.1 w/c has no
width
 This single stroke vertical upper case gothic
letters can be used in UNIT OF LETTERS, because
the units are shown in each letter, the graph
guidelines, each square equals 1 unit
 Rule of Stability in Letters and Numbers:
The rule of stability states that the upper portion of
some letters & numbers are slightly reduced in size to
correct the optical illusion that those letters and
numbers are drawn top-heavy if their upper & lower
portion are made equal.
This refers to the letters: B, E, F, H, K, S, X, & Z and
the numbers: 2, 3, 5, and 8.
 Alphabet of Lines
Certain conventional symbols covering all the lines with
various thicknesses & make-ups used for technical
drawing purposes.
 A. Thick Line (Use 0.5, 0.6, or thicker point
technical pen)
1) Visible Line- refers to the contour profile or outline
of an object
2) Cutting Plane Line- imaginary cut made through an
object for the purpose of showing the inside detail or
portion
3) Short-break Line- a portion of the object is
imaginary cut or slice to show the inner portion
 B. Medium Line (Use 0.3 or 0.4 technical pen)

4) Hidden Line- is used to show clarity, indicating that

some part or parts are hidden.
 C. Thin Line (Use 0.2 or 0.1 technical pen)
5) Center Line- used to indicate center points or axis,
usually used to show centers of holes, circles etc.
6) Section Line- evenly spaced slanting lines usually 30°
or 60° use to show the portion been cut away by the cutting
plane line & to show the type of material the object is made of.
7) Leader Line- a broken line with arrowhead at one end,
usually drawn at 60° with a horizontal bar, used to indicate
notes, name of parts, & to show diameter or radius of holes,
arcs, and circles.
 C. Thin Line (Use 0.2 or 0.1 technical pen)
8) Reference Line- similar to leader line but drawn with
curves, & usually used to indicate notes & name of
parts.
9) Long Break-Line- consisting of straight lines with
zigzag & used to cut a portion of the object to give
emphasis to another detail or part.
10) Phantom Line- long straight lines with two short
dashes drawn alternately, used to save drawing time by
simply not drawing some part or portion of drawing &
replaces it with phantom line
 C. Thin Line (Use 0.2 or 0.1 technical pen)
11) Ditto Lines- used to show repeated forms or
movements
12) Extension Line- use to show the limit or extent of
dimension line & can also be used to project one view
to another. * the end of the extension line should not
touch the object line, there is a gap of about 1/16” or
3mm.
13) Dimension Line- is partnered with extension line,
& used to indicate measurements or sizes of obeject.
Application of Alphabet of Lines
Application of Alphabet of Lines
 Orthographic Projection
is the process of showing the true size and shape of
an object in two or more views by extending
perpendiculars from the object to the plane.
 Projection Plane or Plane of Projection
A projection plane, or plane of projection, is a type of
view in which graphical projections from an object
intersect. Projection planes are used often in descriptive
geometry and graphical representation. A picture plane in
perspective drawing is a type of projection plane.
Projection Plane or Plane of Projection
 3 Planes of Projection
1) Horizontal Plane- projected from the top view & will show the top
view of object.
2) Frontal Plane- projected from the front view & will show the front
view of object.
3) Profile Plane- projected from the side view (either side) & will show
the side view of object.
3 Planes of Projection
 3 Principal Views:
1) Top View
2) Front View
3) Right Side View
 6 Principal Views:
1) Top View
2) Front View
3) Right Side View
4) Left Side View
5) Rear View
6) Bottom View
 Principles of Orthographic Projection:
1) The Top View is directly above the Front View.
2) The Side Views are in line horizontally with the Front View.
3) The depth or width of the Top View is equal to the depth or width of the Side Views.
4) A line parallel to the plane of projection will be projected as a line or in its true length.
5) A line perpendicular to the plane of projection will be projected as a point.
6) A line inclined to the plane of projection will be projected shorter than its true length.
7) A surface parallel to the plane of projection will be projected in its true size and shape.
8) A surface perpendicular to the plane of projection will be projected as a line.
9) A surface inclined to the plane of projection will be projected as a fore-shortened surface or shorter than
its true area.
10) No line can be projected on the picture plane longer than its true length.
11) No surface can be projected on the picture plane greater than its true length area.