Bridge Course Introduction TO ENGINEERING ( MECHANICAL ENGINEERING )

Lecture No . 1 , 2 and 3

Introduction

Engineering Graphics is a language of communication between engineers on international basis.

The beauty of this tool of communication is that it transfers 100% information between technical peoples. Graphical presentation is more than an essay for describing the same thing.

Lecture -4 Drawing Instruments and simple geometry

Instruments for Drawing

Following drawing instruments are required for preparing a neat and correct drawing.

Basic Instruments.
Drawing board (iii) Drawing pencil (v) Eraser
(i)

(ii) (iv) (vi)

Drawing sheet Drawing clips Eraser shield

Instruments for Drawing Straight Lines.

(i)
(i) (iii) (i) (iii) (i)

T- square.
Large size compass French curve Large size divider Scales Protractors

(ii)
(ii)

Set- squares
Small bow

Instruments for Drawing Curved Lines. Instruments for Measuring Distance.

(ii) Small bow divider

Instruments for Measuring Angles.

(ii) Mini drafter Set-squares

Special Tool.

Drawing Board
Fig. 1 The top surface of the board is perfectly smooth and level. Fig. 2 Bottom of the drawing board. A drawing board is rectangular in shape and is made of well seasoned soft wood such as oak or pine. A straight ebony edge is fitted on the left side on the board against which the head of the T- square moves

Fig. 1 Drawing Board (Top)

Fig. 2 Drawing Board (Bottom)

T- Square
It is composed of a long strip called blade, which is screwed rigidly at right angle to a shorter piece called head or stock. It is made of mahogany or pear wood, which is harder than the board wood. The head also has an ebony edge which slides against the working edge of the board. T- Square is used for making horizontal, vertical, inclined or parallel lines on the drawing sheet.

How to Clamp Paper to Drafting Board Using Clips

1. Place the paper close to the tables left edge. 2. Move the paper until its lower edge place about the top edge of Tsquare. 3. Align the top edge of the paper with T-square blade. 4. Attach the papers corners with tape/clips . 5. Move T-square down to smooth the paper. 6. Attach the remaining papers corners with tape/clips.

Clips

Drawing Pencil.
(a) (b) (c) Hard Medium Soft : : : 9H to 4H 3H to B (3H, 2H, H, F, HB and B) 2B to 7B

Neatness, quality and accuracy of the drawing greatly depends upon the type and conditions of the pencil used for drawing.

Following pencils should be used for drawing work in class:

2H Pencil - For drawing outlines, Centre lines, Break lines, etc.

H Pencil - For dimensioning, arrowheads, hatching lines, lettering, sketching, circles, arcs, etc. Micro tip pencil - 0.5mm for drawing outlines and 0.8mm for shading and sketching

Sizes of drawing sheet typically comply with either of two different standards, ISO (World Standard) or ANSI/ASME Y14 (American), according to the following tables:

ISO paper sizes

ISO A Drawing Sizes (mm) A4
A3 A2 A1 A0

210 X 297
297 X 420 420 X 594 594 X 841 841 X 1189

Using the Compass

1. Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle, holding compass handle between thumb and index fingers. 2. Complete circle. Revolve handle clockwise.

Using a Circle Template

1. Draw two perpendicular lines that pass through center of a circle to be drawn. 2. Place the template till all marking coincide with center lines. 3. Tracing the circle. (Hold the pencil normal to the paper.)

Center of a circle to be drawn

Draw a Horizontal Line

1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the table. 2. Smooth the blade to the right.

Draw a Horizontal Line

3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60o with the paper in the

direction of the line and slightly toed in.

4. Draw the line from left to right while rotating the pencil slowly.

Draw a line at 45o with horizontal

1. Place 45o triangle on the T-square edge and press them firmly against the paper.

2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

Draw the line passing through two given points

1. Place the pencil tip at one of the points. 2. Place the triangle against the pencil tip. 3. Swing the triangle around the pencil tip until its edge align with the second point. 4. Draw a line.
Given

To Bisect a Line
1. Swing two arcs of any radius greater than half-length of the line with the centers at the ends of the line. 2. Join the intersection points of the arcs with a line. 3. Locate the midpoint.
Given

A r1

A
B

r1

(not to scale)

To Bisect an Angle
1. Swing an arc of any radius whose centers at the vertex. 2. Swing the arcs of any radius from the intersection points between the previous arc and the lines.

3. Draw the line.

A
Given

(not to scale)

A r1 B C C r2 r2

PROBLEM : To make 12 equal parts of circle.

PROBLEM : To make 08 equal parts of circle.

6
7 8

4 5
5 4 6 3

3 2 11 12

10 1

7 8

PROBLEM : To make 12 equal parts of line.

10

11

12

9 10

11 12

How to Keep Your Drawing Clean

Do Dont

Lecture - 5 Dimensioning and geometrical construction

Dimensioning components
Extension lines Dimension lines
(with arrowheads) Drawn with 4H pencil

Leader lines Dimension figures

Notes : - local note - general note
Lettered with 2H pencil.

Extension lines
indicate the location on the objects features that are dimensioned.

Dimension lines
indicate the direction and extent of a dimension, and inscribe dimension figures.

10

27

43

13

Leader lines
indicate details of the feature with a local note.

10

27

10 Drill, 2 Holes R16

43

13

EXAMPLE : Dimension

of length using aligned method. 30

30

30

30

EXAMPLE : Dimension

of length using unidirectional method.

30

30

30

30

30

30 30

30

DRAWING LINES

To draw a regular hexagon given the distance across corners, draw a circle having a diameter equal to the distance across corners Step off the radius round it to give six equally spaced points. Join these points to form the hexagon.

Introduction to Orthographic Projection

Lecture - 6

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE PROJECTION METHODS

Projection systems
1.

First angle system

- European country - ISO standard India First Quadrant

2.

Third angle system

- Canada, USA, Japan, Thailand

Third Quadrant

Orthographic projection
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Orthographic views
1st angle system
Folding line

3rd angle system

Folding line Folding line

Folding line

Orthographic views
1st angle system
3rd angle system

Right Side View

Front View

Top View

Top View

Front View Right Side View

Projection symbols
First angle system

Third angle system

prepare Orthographic views (First angle method) for the parallel key from the isometric drawing as below
Given Iso. view

prepare Orthographic views (First angle method) from the isometric drawing as below
Orthographic views

Given Iso. view

prepare Orthographic views (First angle method) from the isometric drawing as below

Given Iso. view