WHY DO WE DRAW?

To communicate!!!

 In the beginning of recorded history, people have used drawings to represent the design of objects to be built or constructed.

They used drawings to convey and express their ideas.

Everybody can understand drawing, and it is very important source of their information.

Although people around the world speaks different languages, a universal graphic language has existed in the earliest of times- drawing.

Drawing is a graphic representation of a real thing, an idea, or a proposed design for later manufacture or construction. -the act of creating blueprints and designs.

Drawing (Drafting) is said to be the universal language. Drafting develops both manipulative(hands-on) intellectual (creativity)abilities. your and

TWO TYPES OF DRAWING

Freehand Drawing a type of drawing which does not use any tool or equipment.
Mechanical Drawing a type of drawing which uses drawing tools and instruments.

 Most people who think they cant never learn to draw has a usual apology of I cant even draw a straight line.. This is a sense true, no one can draw a real straight line without a guiding edge. It is made in precision drawing instruments and require no artistic and special ability. Any intelligent person can learn to execute good mechanical drawing rapidly and skilfully.

OBJECTIVES IN DRAWING

1. Accuracy 2. Speed 3. Legibility 4. Neatness

Typical Drawing Equipment

ACCURACY
No drawing is of maximum usefulness if it is not accurate.

SPEED
Slow drafters will soon find themselves looking for another while the fast drafter is usually mentally alert.

LEGIBILITY
Drawing student should realized that he/she is a means of communication to others and that his/her work must be clear and legible in order to serve its purpose well.

Wrong

Correct

NEATNESS
Ones work should be clean and free from any kind of dirt.

Wrong

Very Wrong

DRAFTING

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT:

Prepared By: ABEGAIL V. DELA FUENTE

DRAWING TABLE

With inclined, flat and smooth surface.

DRAWING BOARDS
The left edge and right edge of a drawing board has a true straight edge. For right-handed people, the left-hand edge of the board is called the working edge because the T-square head slides against it. For left-handed people, the right-hand edge of the board is called the working edge because the T-square head slides against it.

T- SQUARE
The T-square is made of a long strip called the blade, fastened at right angles to a shorter piece called the head. The drawing paper should be placed close to the working edge of the board to reduce any error resulting from the bending of the blade of the T-square. The paper should also be placed close enough to the upper edge of the board to permit space at the bottom of the sheet for using the T-square. Drafting tape is used to fasten the drawing paper to the drawing board.

DRAWING PENCILS
High-quality drawing pencils should be used in technical drawing, never ordinary writing pencils.

Many makes of mechanical pencils are available together with refill leads in all grades. Choose a mechanical pencil that feels comfortable in your hand.

DRAWING LEADS
The first consideration in the selection of a grade of lead is the type of line work required. For light construction lines and guide lines for lettering use a hard lead. For all other line work, the lines should be BLACK. The lead chosen should be soft enough to produce jet black lines but hard enough not to smudge.

HARD 9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H Hard leads are used where extreme accuracy is required. Generally these leads are used for construction lines.

MEDIUM 3H 2H H F HB B Medium leads are used for general purpose line work in technical drawing.

SOFT 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B Soft leads are used for various kinds of art work. These leads are too soft to be useful in mechanical drafting.

DRAWING LEADS

DRAWING LEADS

Drawing Lead Applications

TASK CONSTRUCTION LINES VISIBLE OBJECT LINES HIDDEN LINES CENTER LINES LEAD GRADE 3H, 4H, 6H H, F, HB 2H, H 2H, H LINE WEIGHT THIN, LIGHT THICK, DARK THIN, DARK THIN, DARK

DIMENSION LINES
EXTENSION LINES LEADER LINES CUTTING PLANE LINES PHANTOM LINES LETTERING

2H, H
2H, H 2H, H H, F, HB 2H, H H, F, HB

THIN, DARK
THIN, DARK THIN, DARK THICK, DARK THIN, DARK THIN, DARK

DRAWING HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LINES

To draw a horizontal line, press the head of the T-square against the working edge of the board with your left hand. Lean the pencil in the direction of the line at an angle of approximately 60 and draw the line from left to right. While drawing the line, rotate the pencil to distribute the wear uniformly on the lead to maintain a symmetrical point.

To draw a vertical line, press the head of the Tsquare against the working edge of the board with your left hand and place a triangle against the blade of the T-square. Lean the pencil in the direction of the line at an angle of approximately 60 and draw the line upward, rotating the pencil to distribute the wear uniformly on the lead to maintain a symmetrical point.

TRIANGLES
Most inclined lines are drawn at standard angles using the 45 x 45 triangle and the 30 x 60 triangle. In addition to drawing angles of 90, 45, 30, and 60, triangles can be combined to draw angles of 15 increments.

SCALES
Scales are instruments used in making technical drawings full size or at a given reduction or enlargement. Types of scales include metric scales, engineers scales, decimal scales, mechanical engineers scales, and architects scales. Scales are usually made of plastic or boxwood and are either triangular of flat in shape.

PIVOT COMPASS
A compass used mainly to draw circles and circular curves of relatively short radius . The large pivot joint compass is satisfactory for drawing circles of 25 mm to about 300 mm in diameter without an extension bar. The pivot joint provides enough friction to hold the legs of the compass in a set position. One of the legs is equipped with a setscrew for mounting either a pen or a pencil attachment on the compass. The metal point extends slightly more than the lead to compensate for the distance the point penetrates the paper.

BOW SETS
Giant Bow Sets

Giant bow sets contain various combinations of instruments.

Giant Bow Compass The giant (large) bow compass has a center wheel and can be adjusted simply by opening or closing the legs of the compass while turning the center wheel.

Using a Giant Bow Compass

1.
2. 3. 4.

Set off the required radius on one of the center lines.

Place the needle point at the exact intersection of the center lines. Adjust the compass to the required radius Lean the compass in the direction that you are going to draw the circle. Draw the circle in a clockwise direction while rotating the handle between the thumb and forefinger.

Sharpening the compass lead A properly sharpened compass point is formed by rubbing the lead on the sandpaper pad.

A properly sharpened compass point consists of a single elliptical face.

A properly adjusted compass The needlepoint extends about halfway into the paper when the lead touches the paper.

EXTENSION BARS
Extension bars are available for large bow compasses to draw large diameter circles.

DIVIDER
Extension bars are available for large bow compasses to draw large diameter circles.

DRAFTING MACHINE

A drafting machine is a device that attaches to the drafting table and replaces the T-square, triangles and protractors. They increase the accuracy and greatly reduce drafting time. Most drafting machines have a protractor.

ERASING SHIELD

Used to protect the lines near those being erase.

FRENCH CURVE

Used to drawing curves were the radius of curvature is not constant.

PROTRACTOR

Used for laying out angles that cannot easily be drawn by using triangles.

TEMPLATES
Used to draw shape of details such as bolts, electrical symbols, plumbing symbols and others.

Pencil Drawing Techniques A quality drawing is characterized by crisp black line work and lettering. All finished pencil lines should be very dark. Construction lines should be made very light so that they need not be erased when the drawing is completed. Contrast in pencil lines should vary in the widths of the lines. Visible object lines should contrast strongly with the thin lines of the drawing.
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