Engineering
Graphics
Lecturer:
Khalid Saf
Recitation
Instructor
Shoa
ib
Outlines
Generally the course is divided in
two sections
1. Hand work drawings
2. Using Computer Aided Design
(CAD)
Outlines( Handwork)
Lecture.1
1. Graphics Language
2. Engineering
Drawings
3. Drawing Tools
4. Lettering
5. Lines Type
Lecture.2
1. Technical Sketching
2. Isometric Sketch
3. Oblique Sketch
Lecture.3
1. Orthographic
projection
2. Perspective sketch
Outlines( Handwork)
Lecture.4
1. Sectioning
2. Dimensioning and
tolerances
Lecture.5
1. Test (1)
Class rules
Please dont enter when I am in
the class!
Turn off your mobile
when you are at
I want You please
be quite in
class!
the class!
You can leave the class anytime
you want
Grading policy
Home assignment
5%
Lab assignment
15%
1st test
20%
2nd test
20%
Final exam
40%
Your Lab and home assignment will be graded as A++
+, A++,
A+, A, B,C
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.
You can easily understand that
The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in engineering application use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.
The language is known as drawing or drafting .
A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments
or computer methods.
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.
Example
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.
Example
Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.
Example
Engineering Drawing
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.
Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).
Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
Basic Knowledge for Drafting
Word
language
Graphics
language
Line
types
Projection
method
Geometric
construction
Lettering
Drawing Standard
Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.
Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey
the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
Standard Code
Full name
Country
Code
USA
ANSI
American National Standard Institute
Japan
JIS
Japanese Industrial Standard
UK
BS
British Standard
Australia
AS
Australian Standard
Germany
DIN
Deutsches Institut fr Normung
ISO
International Standards Organization
Drawing Sheet
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
Standard sheet size
(JIS)
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
210 x 297
297 x 420
420 x 594
594 x 841
841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters)
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
Orientation of drawing sheet
1. Type X (A0~A4)
c
2. Type Y (A4 only)
d
Drawing space
c
Title block
Drawing
space
Border
lines
Sheet size
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
c (min) d (min)
10
25
10
25
10
25
20
25
20
25
Title block
Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing
Actual size
Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word SCALE
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
SCALE 1:1
for full size
SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond
to true size of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
Drawing Tools
DRAWING TOOLS
Draft board
Drawing Table
DRAWING TOOLS
1. T-Square
2. Triangles
DRAWING TOOLS
2H or HB for thick line
4H for thin line
3. Adhesive Tape
4. Pencils
DRAWING TOOLS
5. Sandpaper
6. Compass
DRAWING TOOLS
7. Pencil Eraser
8. Erasing Shield
DRAWING TOOLS
9. Circle Template
10. Tissue paper
DRAWING TOOLS
11. Sharpener
12. Clean paper
DRAWING TOOLS
Preparation of Tools
Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
1. Place the paper close to the tables left edge.
2. Move the paper until its lower edge place about
the top edge of T-square.
Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
3. Align the top edge of the paper with T-square blade.
4. Attach the papers corners with tape.
Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
5. Move T-square down to smooth the paper.
6. Attach the remaining papers corners with tape.
Preparing the Compass
1. Sharpen the lead with a sandpaper.
2. Adjust the needle and the lead so that the tip of
the needle extends slightly more than the lead.
needle
lead
Using the Tools
Function of the Tools
Tools
1. T-square
Shape to be drawn
Straight line
2. Triangles
3. Compass
4. Circle template
Arc, Circle
Using the Compass
1. Locate the center of the circle by two intersecting lines.
2. Adjust the distance between needle and lead to a distance
equal to radius of the circle.
3. Set the needle point at center.
Using the Compass
4. Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle,
holding compass handle between thumb and index fingers.
5. Complete circle. Revolve handle clockwise.
Draw a Horizontal Line
1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the table.
2. Smooth the blade to the right.
Draw a Horizontal Line
3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60o with the paper in the
direction of the line and slightly toed in.
4. Draw the line from left to right while rotating the pencil slowly.
Draw a Vertical Line
1. Set T-square as before. Place any triangle on T-square edge.
2. Slide your left hand to hold both T-square and triangle in
position.
Draw a Vertical Line
3. Lean the pencil to the triangle.
4. Draw the line upward while rotating the pencil slowly.
Draw a line at 45o with horizontal
1. Place 45o triangle on the T-square edge and press them
firmly against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
Draw a line at angle 30o and 60o
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press
them firmly against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
Draw the lines at 15o increment
0 deg.
15 deg. = 30 + 45 deg
30 deg.
45 deg. Already
demonstrated.
60 deg.
75 deg. = 30 + 45 deg
90 deg. Already
demonstrated.
Draw the line passing through
two given points
1. Place the pencil tip at one of the points.
2. Place the triangle against the pencil tip.
3. Swing the triangle around the pencil tip
until its edge align with the second point.
4. Draw a line.
A
Given
A
B
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD
EF
Lettering
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD
Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :
To communicate nongraphic information.
As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.
Thus, it must be written with
Legibility
- shape
- space between letters and words
Uniformity
- size
- line thickness
Example
Placement of the text on drawing
Dimension & Notes
Notes
Title Block
Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard
This course
Use a Gothic text style,
Use only a vertical Gothic
either inclined or vertical.
text style.
Use all capital letters.
Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most
Same. For letters in title
text height.
block it is recommend to use
5~8 mm text height
Space between lines
N/A.
of text is at least 1/3
Follows ANSI rule.
of text height.
Basic Strokes
Straight
Slanted
Horizontal
Curved
Examples : Application of basic stroke
I letter
A letter 1
B letter 1
3
3
2
Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case letters & Numerals
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Suggested Strokes Sequence
Lower-case letters
The text s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital
letter.
Stroke Sequence
I
Stroke Sequence
V
Stroke Sequence
Z
M
K
Stroke Sequence
O
Stroke Sequence
U
P
B
Stroke Sequence
5
Stroke Sequence
S
Stroke Sequence
l
Stroke Sequence
w
x
k
Stroke Sequence
y
f
t
Stroke Sequence
o
a
b
Stroke Sequence
n
m
h
Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.
A) Non-uniform spacing
JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing
J IR A P O N G
Which one is easier to read ?
Word Composition
Spacing
Contour
JIRAPONG
||||
\/
| )(
)|
|(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight
3. Straight - Slant
2. Straight - Curve
4. Curve - Curve
Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant
6. Slant - Slant
7. The letter L and T
slant
slant
slant
straight
Example : Good and Poor Lettering
GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical or inclined.
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
Area between letters not uniform.
Area between words not uniform.
Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter O.
Example
ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE OIN
MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Line Convention
Basic Line Types
Types of Lines
Appearance
Name according
to application
Continuous thick line
Visible line
Continuous thin line
Dimension line
Extension line
Leader line
Dash thick line
Hidden line
Chain thin line
Center line
Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view
Center line
represents symmetry, path of motion, centers
of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts
Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and
location of features on a drawing
DIMENSION LINES
indicate the direction and extent of a dimension, and inscribe dimension figures.
27
123
13
10
43
LEADER LINES
indicate details of the feature with a local note.
10
27
10 Drill, 2 Holes
123
13
R16
43
CUTTING PLANE LINESTYLES
Thick line
ANSI
standard
Thick line
Viewing
direction
Viewing
direction
JIS & ISO
standard
Thin line
Viewing
direction
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
