TOPIC 1

Introduction to
Technical Drawing
 Contents

Engineering Drawing
Drawing Tools
Drawing Standards
 Engineering Drawing
The words of the language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in
my mechanism of thought. The psychical entities which seem to serve as elements in
thought are certain signs and more or less clear images which can be “voluntarily”
reproduced and combined--this combinatory play seems to be the essential feature in
productive thought before there is any connection with logical construction in words or
other kinds of signs which are communicated to others
--Albert Einstein
 Effectiveness of
Graphic Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch or visualize
from your description.

You can easily understand that …

The word language is inadequate for describing the size,

shape and features completely as well as concisely.
 Graphic Language in
Engineering Drawing
1. “Engineering drawing” or
Surface
“blueprint” uses lines to
Edge
represent the features of an
object.
2. Features of an object are surface
(include plane) and edge.
 Ways to Create an
Engineering Drawing

A drawing can be created in 3 ways

1.Freehand sketch
2.Using typical drawing instruments
3.Using a computer
Create a Drawing : Freehand sketch
The lines are drawn using only pencil and erasers on a
blank or grid paper.

Example

Pictorial sketch Orthographic sketch

Create a Drawing : Using instruments
Example

Drawing instruments are used

to draw straight lines, circles,
and curves concisely and
accurately. Drawings are
usually made to scale.
Create a Drawing : Using a computer
Computer aided drafting (CAD) software is used.

Example

2D drawing Solid modeling

 Elements of a Drawing
A clear and precise engineering drawing requires both
graphics and word languages.

Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).

Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
 Text on Drawings : Example
Dimensions
&
Notes

General
notes Title
block
Knowledge and Skills Require
Engineering Drawing

Graphics Word
language language

Geometric Projection
construction method Dimensions & Notes

Using line types Visualization

Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.

Drawing Tools
 Drawing Tools
 Drawing board for size A2 paper
 Drawing paper (size A2)
 T-square for size A2 paper
 Compass
 Triangles: 45O and 30O / 60O (300mm)
 Pencil (HB, 2H & 3H) / Mechanical Pencil 0.5mm
2B
 Function of the tools
Tools Shape to be drawn

1. T-square
Straight line
2. Triangles
T-square and triangles can be used together to draw
an inclined line with 15o increment, i.e. 15o, 30o, 45o,
60o, 75o, 90o, 105o, 120o, 135o, 150o, 165o, 180o etc.

3. Compass
Arc, Circle
4. Circle template
 Tools to be prepared

1. Paper Fastening a sheet to a drafting board

2. Pencils Sharpening the lead

3. Compass Sharpening the lead

 Paper
1. Place a paper close to the left edge of a
table where a drafter can work conveniently.
2. Place a T-square.

3. Move the paper until its lower edge lies

close to the top edge of a T-square.

4. Align the top edge of the paper with

T-square blade.

5. Attach the paper’s corners with tape.

6. Move T-square down to smooth the paper.

7. Attach the remaining paper’s corners

with tape.
 Pencil
1. Remove the wood with penknife while expose a lead
about 8-10 mm.
2. Polish the lead into a conical shape with a sandpaper.
3. Clean the lead with tissue paper.
 Compass
1. Sharpen the lead with a sandpaper.

2. Adjust the needle and the lead so that the tip of

the needle extends slightly more than the lead.

needle lead
To keep your drawing clean
Do Don’t
Drawing Standard
Drawing Sheet
Drawing Scale
Lettering
Line Types
 Definition and Necessity

Drawing standards are set of rules that govern how

technical drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code
Country Code Full name

Thailand มอก./TIS สำนักงานมาตรฐานผลิตภัณฑ์อตุ สาหกรรม

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard

Australia AS Australian Standard

Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

Drawing Standard
Drawing Sheet
 A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4. A3

Standard sheet size A2

(JIS)
A4 210 x 297 A1
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
Drawing Standard
Drawing Scale
 Length, size
Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a
drawn representation of an object and the actual object.

1 : 2

Drawing Actual
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales

Standard enlarging scales are

2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Standard reducing scales are
1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing represent
the “true size” of an object and they are independent of
the drawing scale used.
Drawing Standard
Lettering
Text’s style on the drawing
must have the following
2 properties
Legibility
- Shape
- Space between letters
- Space between words
Uniformity
- Size (or text height)
- line thickness
Examples
GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical.
Not uniform in
thickness of stroke.
Inappropriate space
between letters
 Text Style

Gothic vertical style.

Begin the sentence, phrase or word with a capital letter.

Text height 2~3 mm.

Space between lines of text is about of text height.

Height of the lower-case letter is about 2/3 of that of a

capital letter.
 Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples
“I” letter “A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 1 2 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested
Upper-caseStrokes
Letters &Sequence
Numerals
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters
&
Numerals
Lower-case Letters
 Word Composition
Space between the letters depends on the adjacent
contour of the letters.

DRAWING
Non-uniform
spacing

D R A W IN G
Uniform
spacing

Word having non-uniform spacing is more readable.

 Word Composition

DRAWING
Contour

Contour can be denoted as “straight”, “slant” and “curve”.

Adjacent contour can be
1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.

Spacing
2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.
3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.
4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.
5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.
6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.
 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALLO DIMENSIONS O ARE O IN

MILLIMETERSO UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Drawing Standard
Line Types
 Thickness Thick Thin 1. Dimension line
2. Extension line
Visible line 3. Leader line
Style
Continuous Hidden line
Dash
Chain Center line

1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line

3. Hidden line represent features that can not be seen in the current view.

4. Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,

axis of axisymmetrical parts
Example