EEE-336

Engineering Drawing
Credit-1
Sharmin Ahmed
EEE, Daffodil International University

12/28/2020 1
Introduction to Engineering Drawing

 Engineering drawing is a two dimensional

representation of three dimensional objects. In
general, it provides necessary information about
the shape, size, surface quality, material,
manufacturing process of an object.
Necessity of learning Engineering
Drawing
The subject in general is designed to impart the following skills.
1. Ability to read and prepare engineering drawings.
2. Ability to make free - hand sketching of objects.
3. Power to imagine, analyse and communicate.
4. Capacity to understand other subjects:
Engineering Drawing Instruments and
aids
The Instruments and other aids used in Engineering drawing are listed below:
1. Drawing board
2. Mini draughter
3. Instrument box
4. Set squares
5. Protractor
6. Set of scales
7. French curves
8. Drawing sheets
9. Pencils
10. Templates
Drawing Sheet Standard Size
 Title Block
 The title block should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right hand
comer of the sheet. It can have a maximum length of 1 70 mm providing the
following information.
Pencil Lead Designation

 Note: Reverse order below

Basic Line Types &
Name according to application
Thickness Thick Thin 1. Dimension line
2. Extension line
Visible line 3. Leader line
Style
Continuous Hidden line
Dash
Chain Center line

1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line

3. Hidden line represent features that cannot be seen in the current view.

4. Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,

axis of axisymmetrical parts.
Main Line Types

Viewing Planes Visible Lines Hidden Lines

Break Lines Center Lines

Phantom Lines Dimension Lines

Lines

Section Lines Extension Lines

Cutting Planes Leader Lines

Visible/Object Lines
• Dark, heavy lines.
• Used to represent the outline or contour of the object
being drawn.
• Define features you can see in a particular view.
 Hidden Lines
• Light, narrow, short, dashed lines.
• Shows the outline of a feature that can not be seen in
a particular view.
• Used to help clarify a feature, but can be omitted if
they clutter a drawing.
Hidden Lines (Technique)
Section Lines

• Thin line usually drawn at a 45 degree angle.

• Indicates the material that has been cut through in a
sectional view.

Section
Line
 Center Lines
• Thin line consisting of alternating long and short
dashes.
• Used to represent the center of round or cylindrical
features, or the symmetry of a feature.
Dimension Lines
• Thin lines capped on the ends with arrowheads and
broken along their length to provide a space for the
dimension numeral.
• They indicate length.
Extension Lines
• Thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension.
• Can also be used to show extension of a surface to a
theoretical intersection as shown in (b).
• Begin 1.5mm from the object and extend to 3mm
beyond the last dimension.
• They should not cross dimension lines.
 Leader Lines
• Thin lines used to connect a specific note to a feature.
• Also used to direct dimensions, symbols, item number and
part numbers on a drawing.
• Commonly drawn at 45, 30 and 60 degrees.
• Has a short shoulder (3-6mm) at one end beginning at the
center of the vertical height of text, and a standard
dimension arrowhead at the other end touching the feature.
 Arrowheads
• Used to terminate dimension lines and leader lines and on
cutting-plane lines and viewing plane lines.
• They should be three times as long as they are wide.
• They should be the same size throughout the drawing.
• The filled arrowhead is generally preferred because of its
clarity.
 Cutting Plane Lines

• Thick broken line that is terminated with short 90

degree arrowheads.
• Shows where a part is mentally cut in half to better
see the interior detail.
Cutting Plane Lines (Example)
Break Lines

• Used to break out sections for clarity or for shortening

a part.

• Three types of break lines with different line weights:

a) Short Breaks.
b) Long Breaks.
c) Cylindrical Breaks.
Short Break Lines
• Thick wavy line.
• Used to break the edge or surface of a part for clarity
of a hidden surface.

(a) Short break line on metal shape;

(b) Short Break Line on wood shape.
 Long Break Lines
• Long, thin lines.
• Used to show that the middle section of an object has
been removed so it can be drawn on a smaller piece
of paper.
Cylindrical Break Lines
• Thin lines.
• Used to show round parts that are broken in half to
better clarify the print or to reduce the length of the
object.

Cylindrical conventional breaks for a solid and tube;

where R = Radius
Phantom Lines
• Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating with
pairs of short dashes.
• Three purposes in drawings
a) To show the alternate position of moving parts.
b) To show the relationship of parts that fit together.
c) To show repeated detail.
Grades of Pencils used in Lines
Example 1
Lettering in Engineering Drawing

Lettering is used to provide easy to read and understand

information to supplement a drawing in the form of notes
and annotations.

Lettering is an essential element in both traditional drawing

and Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawing

Thus, it must be written with:

Legibility – shape & space between letters and words.
Uniformity – size & line thickness.
 Application of Lettering

Lettering in Engineering Drawings is used in writing

Title Blocks which play a crucial role in drawings, they
are used to record all of the important information
necessary for the working drawings. A HB Pencil is used.

What does the Title Block contain?

• Title of the drawing.
• Drawing Number.
• Scale.
• Name of the firm.
• Symbol denoting the method of
projection.
• Initials of staff who designed,
checked & approved.

Other uses of lettering include Dimensions and Notes

on the engineering drawing.
Placement of text on Engineering Drawings

Try and locate the text on the drawings going around.

 Types of Lettering
The two types of lettering are:
1. Double Stroke Lettering.
2. Single Stroke Lettering.
 1. Double Stroke Lettering
In Double Stroke Lettering the line width is greater than that of
Single Stroke Lettering.

Double Stroke Lettering is further divided into:

a) Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.
b) Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.

A stencil is mostly used when hand drawing double stroked letters.

2. Single Stroke Lettering

Thickness in single stroke lettering is obtained by a single stroke of

pencil or ink pen.
It is further divided into:
(a) Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.
(b) Single Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.
 Basics of Single Stroking
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples
“I” letter “A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 1 2 1

3 6

3
2
 Conventions for Lettering
• Use all CAPITAL LETTERS.
• Use even pressure to draw precise, clean lines.
• Use one stroke per line.
• Horizontal Stroke are drawn left to right.
• Vertical Strokes are drawn downward.
• Curved strokes are drawn top to bottom in one continuous stroke on
each side.
• Use kerning to eliminate excessive space between letters. –
[kerning refers to adjusting the space between characters, especially by
placing two characters closer together than normal. Kerning makes certain
combinations of letters, such as WA, MW, TA, and VA, look better.]
 Conventions for Lettering (cont.)
• Use The Single-stroke, Gothic Style of Lettering.
• Always Skip A Space Between Rows Of Letters.
• Always Use Very Light Guide Lines.
• Fractions Are Lettered Twice The Height Of Normal Letters.
• Fraction Bars Are Always Drawn Horizontal.
• Use a Medium (B, HB, F or H) Lead For Normal Lettering.
• Use a Hard (2H To 4H) Lead For Drawing Guide Lines.
• Notes should be double spaced.
 Guidelines
Extremely light horizontal lines that are necessary to regulate
the height of letters.
In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are needed to
keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined.
Guidelines are absolutely essential for good lettering.
Guidelines are drawn using Hard (2H to 4H) Lead Pencils with
light pressure. HB grade conical end pencils are used for
lettering.

Procedure for Lettering

• Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance ‘h’ apart.
• Lettering Technique: Horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from
left to right. Vertical, inclined and curved lines are drawn from top to
bottom.
• After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.
 Guidelines in Lettering (including Height)

Recommended Size (height, h) of

Letters/Numerals
h -(height of capital letters)
c1 -(height of lower-case letters) Main Title 5mm, 7mm, 10mm
c2 -(tail of lower-case letters)
c3 -(stem of lower-case letters) Sub-Title 3.5mm, 5mm
-(spacing between baselines)
Dimensions, Notes 2.5mm, 3.5mm,
b1 -(spacing between baselines) etc. 5mm
b2
c2

c2
h
Guidelines for Lettering
Freehand Lettering

Vertical capital letters are preferred for most

technical work. They are formed within a 6 by 6
grid.
Straight Line letters

Most letters are slightly narrower than they are tall. The
shapes of the letters are as open as possible. Letters with
small loops and crossing strokes are avoided
Straight Line letters

This sequence is recommended to assure that each letter

is the correct width in relation in height. For example,
form the two vertical sides of the “H”, “N” and “M” first.
Form the top of the “T” first.
Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
Lettering – Vertical Gothic Font

49
 Spacing
Uniformity in spacing of letters is a matter of
equalizing
spaces by eye.
• The background area between letters, not the distance
between them, should be approximately equal.
• Words are spaced well apart, but letters within words should
be spaced closely.
L IN E S
LET T ERS
• For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the spaces
between words approximately equal to a capital O.
LINES AND LETTERINGS
• Avoid spacing letters too far apart and words too close
Assignment

a. Draw 1-9.
b. Draw all straight line alphabets.
c. Draw an object that contains all line types, containing a TITLE Block.
d. Draw A,B,C,D,H,J,L,N,X,W showing the sequence.

Use A2 size page.