Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).
Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering Drawing
Graphics Word
language language
Geometric Projection
construction method Lettering
Line Types
Introduction to Types of Lines
• Each line has a definite form and line weight.
1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line
3. Hidden line represent features that cannot be seen in the current view.
Section
Line
Center Lines
• Thin line consisting of alternating long and short
dashes.
• Used to represent the center of round or cylindrical
features, or the symmetry of a feature.
Dimension Lines
• Thin lines capped on the ends with arrowheads and
broken along their length to provide a space for the
dimension numeral.
• They indicate length.
Extension Lines
• Thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension.
• Can also be used to show extension of a surface to a
theoretical intersection as shown in (b).
• Begin 1.5mm from the object and extend to 3mm
beyond the last dimension.
• They should not cross dimension lines.
Leader Lines
• Thin lines used to connect a specific note to a feature.
• Also used to direct dimensions, symbols, item number and
part numbers on a drawing.
• Commonly drawn at 45, 30 and 60 degrees.
• Has a short shoulder (3-6mm) at one end beginning at the
center of the vertical height of text, and a standard
dimension arrowhead at the other end touching the feature.
a) Short Breaks.
b) Long Breaks.
c) Cylindrical Breaks.
a) Short Break Lines
• Thick wavy line.
• Used to break the edge or surface of a part for clarity
of a hidden surface.
c2
h
Guidelines for Lettering
Standard height for CAPITAL Letters and Numerals according to the Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) is:
1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14, 20 mm. (Sizes selected based upon size of drawing)
Examples
“I” letter “A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 1 2 1
3 6
3
2
Order of Strokes
Stroking is done based on the slope of each letter and
the strokes vary with order and direction.
Various Single Stroking
Groups
Stroking for Upper Case Letters & Numerals
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
&
Numerals
Stroking for Lower Case Letters
Stroking Groups
The I-H-T Group
•The letter I is The Foundation Stroke.
•The top of T is drawn first to the full width of the square and
the stem is started accurately at its mid point.
I H T
Stroking Groups
The L-E-F Group
•The L is made in two strokes.
•The first two strokes of the E are the same for the L, the
third or the upper stoke is lightly shorter than the lower and
the last stroke is the third as long as the lower.
•F has the same proportion as E.
L E F
Stroking Groups
The V-A-K Group
•V is the same width as A, the A bridge is one third up from
the bottom.
•The second stroke of K strikes stem one third up from the
bottom and the third stroke branches from it.
V A K
Stroking Groups
The M-W Group
•Are the widest letters.
•M may be made in consecutive strokes of the two verticals
as of N.
•W is made with two V’s.
M W
Stroking Groups
The O-Q-C-G Group
•The O families are made as full circles and made in two
strokes with the left side a longer arc than the right.
•A large size C and G can be made more accurately with an
extra stroke at the top.
O Q C G
P R B
Stroking Groups
The N-Z-X-Y Group
•The parallel sides of N are generally drawn first.
•Z is drawn without lifting the pen. Z and X are both
started inside the width of the square on top and run to
full width on the bottom.
N Z X Y
Other Stroking Groups
The S-8-3 Group
A perfect 3 should be
able to be completed
into an 8; An 8 can be
made from an S
construction. The S is
made up of three
strokes.
The bottom of 2 and top of 5 and 7 should be straight lines. For 2 the reverse curve should cross
the center of the space. The ampersand (&) is made of three strokes.
L IN E S
LET T ERS
•For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the spaces between
words approximately equal to a capital O.
DRAWING
Contour
Lettering Uniformity
• Important to produce good drawings.
• Uniform in style, size, inclination, weight and space.
• Carelessness might result in mistakes.
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
Examples of Common Mistakes
in Lettering
Lettering style not uniform LEtTErING