Engineering Drawing

(MEng 1032)
Chapter One
Introduction
2015/16 Academic Year

History
Historically drawing is started by the
caveman. He uses for communication to
lead his day to day life.
As human needs increase continuously,
there is revolutionary change. Industrial
revolution is one of the milestones for
the development of drawing.
From time to time several rules,
principles and standards are developed
to utilize drawing as efficient as possible.

Objective
Explain the advantage of graphical
language
for
technical
communication
Able to care and properly handle
drawing instruments
Explain the meaning of lines, curves,
symbols
Enable to draw geometric objects to
standards

Contu
Draw an orthographic and pictorial
representation of an objects
Enable size descriptions, with limits, fits
and tolerances
Enable blue print reading Ability to read
and prepare engineering drawings
To present the use of several geometric
tools/methods
which
help
in
the
understanding
and
creation
of
engineering drawings

What is Drawing
Drawing is a graphic language used to
express ideas. In other words it is one
means of communication.
It is used for:

Research and Development

Design
Production
Construction
Operation
Maintenance
Installation
etc

Drawing as a Means of Communications

Exchange of ideas needs means of

communication. As the idea becomes
technical the usual means of
communication (speak or listen, read
or write) will be less exact. For this
reason visual language is developed
to be technical and accurate means
communication. This visual language
in broad term is called graphic
language. We call it universal
language of industry when it is used
for production purpose.

Contu
The v-block is to be made of cast iron
and machined on all surfaces. The
overall sizes are two and one-half
inches high, three inches wide, and
six inches long. A v-shaped cut having
an included angle of 90 is to be
made through the entire length of the
block. The cut is to be made with the
block resting on the three inch by six
inch surface. The v-cut is to begin
one-quarter inch from the outside
edges. At the bottom of the v-cut
there is to be a relief slot one-eighth

Contu

Contu
1. Try to write a
description of this
object.
2. Test your written
description by
having someone
attempt to make a
sketch from your
description.

Graphic Language or
Drafting

Graphic language in engineering

application use line, curves and
symbols to represent the surfaces,
edges and contours of objects.
It is visual language
It is economical and unforgettable
than any other languages .
A drawing can be done using freehand,
instruments or computer methods.

Contu
The most common names associated
with the graphic languages are:
Drafting:
represent
all
graphic
languages.
Technical Drawing: Any drawing which
expresses technical ideas, including
sketches, instrument drawings, charts,
and illustrations.

Contu
Technical
Sketching:
A
technical
drawing used to proportion shape of ideas
so that other can understand the shape of
things.
Mechanical
Drawing:
A
technical
drawing made with drafting instruments.
Engineering
Drawing:
Engineering
drawing
is
a
two
dimensional
representation
of
three
dimensional
objects.

In general, it provides necessary

information about the shape, size, surface

 Engineering drawing are made up of

graphics language and word language
Graphics
language

Describe a shape
(mainly)

Word
language

Describe size, location and specification of

the object.

13

Contu
Descriptive
Geometry:
The
grammar of graphic language, the
basic principle set up to use
geometric descriptions for solving
two and three dimensional problems.
Computer
Graphics:
Use
of
computer as drafting instrument with
printer or plotter.

Contu
There are two principles in drawing
Visualization
The ability to see what an object looks like in
the mind of eye.

Implementation
Drawing of
visualized.

an

object

that

has

been

Study of drawing can be categorized

as
Plane geometry
Representation of an object having two
dimensions.

Types of Drawing
Detail drawing
Drawings of single parts
Include information such as dimensions
and notes relating to material, finish,
weight, or tolerance
includes all information needed to
fabricate the part such as tolerances,
geometrical tolerances, and surface
finish.

Contu
Assembly Drawings
Show how parts fit together or are
functionally related.
Dimensions
typically
refer
to
relationships among the parts.
Often a bill of materials (listing of all
parts necessary to make up the total
assembly) is included.

Contu
Exploded pictorial drawings
Represent several parts assembled
according to the axes of their assembly.
Parts are not shown assembled but are
moved apart along the principal axes of
the product.
Typically not dimensioned.
Helpful for assembly purpose on the
production line.

Contu
shows all of the
components spread
out, or exploded. so
one can see what
each part looks like.
frequently used in
illustrated parts
manuals and service
bulletin.

Schematic diagram
shows the relative location of all of the parts in a system.
Schematic drawing are of great help when troubleshooting a
system.

Contu
Installation Drawing
Required when an assembly or
group of assemblies is installed, for
example, in an airplane.
An installation drawing shows the
location
of
the
parts
and
assemblies.

Lettering
Text on engineering drawing is used :
To communicate nongraphic information
As a substitute for graphic information, in
those instance where text can communicate
the needed information more clearly and
quickly.
Thus, it must be written with
Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words
Uniformity - size
- line thickness

Example: Placement of the text on drawing

22

Basic Strokes
Straight

Slanted

Horizontal

Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

I letter

A letter 1

B letter 1

3
3
2

Suggested Strokes Sequence

Upper-case letters & Numerals
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals

Suggested Strokes Sequence

Lower-case letters

The text s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.

Word Composition
Observe the following word

Spacing
Contour

JIRAPONG
|||| \

\ | )(

)|

|(

General conclusions are:

Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.

Space between Letters

1. Straight - Straight

3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve

4. Curve - Curve

Contu
6. Slant - Slant

5. Curve - Slant

7. The letter L and T

slant
slant
slant
straight

Exercise : Good and Poor Lettering

GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical or inclined.
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
Area between letters not uniform.
Area between words not uniform.

Drawing Instrument
In engineering drawing any object is
represented by straight lines and/or
curves. These lines should be drawn
as accurate as possible by the help
of drawing instruments.
Quality of a drawing depends to a
large
extent
on
the
quality,
adjustment, proper use and care of
drawing instruments.

Contu
List of drawing instruments

Eraser
Erasing shield
Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
Architects or engineers scale
Irregular curves (French curve)
Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider,
extensions)
Protractor

Contu
Drawing board
T-square, or parallel-ruling straightedge, or
drafting machine
Drawing sheets
Drafting tape
Drafting pencils
Pencil sharpener
Lettering instrument

Contu

Contu
Drawing broad
Drawing tables come in many
different size and design. It could
be fixed, movable, with drawer,
adjustable, etc.
They are used to attach drawing
sheet.
Keep your drawing table clean and
dry not to affect your drawing
quality.
Dont use blades to cut drafting

Contu
Drawing sheet
made from
different materials
with different
quality. Such as,
paper, tracing
paper, vellum,
tracing cloth, glass
cloth or film.
Drawing sheets
will determine
selection of pencil
grade

US CUSTOMARY
SERIES

ISO STANDARD

Size First
serie
s

Second
serie
s

Size

Third series

81/2 x 11

9 x 12

A0

841 x 1189

11 x 17

12 x 18

A1

594 x 841

17 x 22

18 x 24

A2

420 x 594

22 x 34

24 x 36

A3

297 x 420

34 x 44

36 x 48

A4

210 x 297

Contu
T-square

They can be made from

different materials,
mostly from wood or
plastic.
Parts: blade and head
two edges of the blade
should be parallel.
The head is fixed at 900
to the blade
The cleanness of your T
square greatly affect
your drawing quality
and cleanliness.

Contu
Used for

Drawing horizontal
lines
Guiding triangles
Position drawing
paper

Contu
Drawing pencils
Most drawing pencil leads are made from
graphite. They are usually made in 17
degrees of hardness.

6B(softest and blackest)

5B(extremely soft)
4B extra soft)
3B (very soft)
2B (soft, plus)
B (soft)
HB (medium soft)
F (intermediate, between
soft and hard)

H (medium hard)
2H (hard)
3H (hard, plus)
4H (very hard)
5H (extra hard)
6H (extra hard, plus)
7H (extremely hard)
8H (extremely hard, plus)
9H (Hardest)

Contu
Drawing instrument set
It may include compass with pen part
and pencil part, divider, lengthening bar,
bow pen, bow pencil and ruling pens.
Dividers:- used to transfer distance
Compass:- used to draw circles or arcs
(which are parts of a circle)
How to adjust the leads for compass
Beam compass:- used to draw arcs or
circles of larger size.

Contu
French Curves
Used to draw irregular curves.
It is available to align at least three
points the curve to be drawn.

Triangles
Used to draw lines at standard angles
and by connecting any two points.

Contu
Scale
made from different
materials.
made with different
division.
Metric Scales
Metric scales are
divided into
millimeters.

Enlarged

Same size

Reduced

1:1

1:2

2000:1
1000:1
500:1

1:5

200:1

1:10

100:1

1:20

50:1

1:50

20:1

1:100

10:1

1:200

NOTE:- USING PROPER SCALE YOU 5:1

CAN READ FULL SIZE
2:1
MEASUREMENTS FROM DRAWINGS.

1:500
1:1000

Types of Lines
TYPE OF LINES
Continuous thick line
Continuous thin line
Continuous thin wavy
line (drawn free hand)
Continuous thin line
with ZIGZAG.

ILUSTRATION

APPLICATION
Visible outlines (boundary lines)
Dimension lines, leader lines, extension
lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
Long break lines.

Short dash

Invisible edges

Long chain thin line

Locus lines, center lines,

Long chain thick at

ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with
two dash lines

Cutting plane lines.

Phantom line, show alternate position

Types of Lines

Borders and Title Blocks

Borders
provides a safety area to prevent the
loss of important information.
approve appearance for presentation
purposes

Title Blocks
some items standard: drawing number,
sheet number, title, company name,
logo, scale, date, tolerances, drafter,
checker, supervisor.

A Few Basic Points for a

Drawing
Should
be
complete
and
unambiguous
Should be neat and easy to read
Use only as many views as necessary
to show all required detail
Apply tolerances realistically - overly
tight tolerances can add a great deal
of additional cost with little or not
added value to the part