ENGINEERING DRAWING

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Drawing
The graphical representation of any object or idea can be termed as drawing.
A drawing can be prepared either using free hand or using engineering
instruments or using a computer program.
1.2 Types of Drawing
1. Artistic Drawing
2. Engineering Drawing
1.3 Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing can be defined as a graphical language used by
engineers and other technical personnel associated with the engineering profession
that fully and clearly defines the requirements for engineered items. It is a two-
dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object.
In other words, the art of representing a real or imaginary object precisely
using some graphics, symbols, letters, and numbers with the help of engineering
drawing instruments is called engineering drawing. The art of representing
engineering objects such as buildings, roads, machines, circuits, etc. on paper is
called engineering drawing.
It is used by engineers and technologists. An engineering drawing provides
all information about the size, shape, surface type, materials, etc. of the object.
Examples: Building drawings for civil engineers, Machine drawings for
mechanical engineers, Circuit diagrams for electrical and electronics
engineers, computer graphics for one and all, etc.
Difference Between Artistic and Engineering Drawing

Artistic Drawing Engineering Drawing

Purpose of artistic drawing is to
convey emotion or artistic
sensitivity in some way.
Can be understood by all.
Scale maintaining is not
necessary
No special requirement of
engineering instruments.
An artistic drawing may not be
numerically specific and
informative.
Standard drawing code need not
to be followed.
Purpose of engineering drawing is
to convey information about
engineering object or idea.
Need some specific knowledge or
training to understand.
Scale maintaining is necessary
Engineering drawing instruments
is used to make the drawing
precise.
An engineering drawing must be
numerically specific and
informative.
Standard drawing code (like ISO,
ANSI, JIS, BS etc,) must be
maintained.

Purpose of Engineering drawing

It is very difficult and complex to explain some certain engineering requirements in word. In
such cases well dimensioned and properly scaled graphics can make it easy to understand
that for technical personnel. Engineering drawing serves this purpose. Any product that is to be
manufactured, fabricated, assembled, constructed, built, or subjected to any other types of
conversion process must first be designed. To make the outcome from the design
understandable to any third party engineering drawing is the best way.
Applications of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing is an essential part of almost all engineering projects. Some important uses
of engineering drawing are mentioned below:
1. It is used in ships for navigation.
2. For manufacturing of machines, automobiles etc.
3. For construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, electrical and telecommunication
structures etc.
4. For manufacturing of electric appliances like TV, phone, computers etc.
Elements of Engineering Drawing

TECHNICAL DRAWING INSTRUMENTS & THEIR USES

Technical drawing instruments are the tools used by professional and student
drafters to render the precision graphics needed to manufacture a product or
structure. These instruments take many forms because of the variety of lines and
graphics needed for designs. Some instruments are manual, while others are
computer-based. All professional-quality drafting instruments are manufactured
with precision because the drawings they're used to make must be precise.

Drafting Tables

Draftsmen create technical drawings using a tilting table. Parallel rulers on each side of the
drawing surface align the drawing paper and provide horizontal and vertical guides for drawing.

T-squares

T-squares are used to draw straight lines. The head of the square, the cross member,
is placed along the left edge or the top of the drafting table, while the square's blade
is laid across the table's top, over the drawing paper. The drafter slides the square
up, down or across on the tabletop, as required by a design, always keeping the flat
side of the square flush with the tabletop's edge. This action keeps the square's
blade parallel to the tabletop's edges. The drafter draws a horizontal line by resting
the pencil's tip atop the square's blade, then pulling the pen right while maintaining
a slight pressure against the blade.

Drawing Pencils
Are a basic instrument for any graphics course. They are made of wood, they have
the form of a cylinder; hexagonal. Inside the pencil there is a fine graphite and clay
bar called lead. We use the lead to mark with the pencil. Leads are classified
according to how hard they are. There are 18 different types of pencils, depending
on leads.
The soft lead type 2B is used to produce quick drawings and shading, but when we
draw something more precise, we use a 2H or a harder pencil, for example, a 4H is
ideal. This type of pencil keeps its sharp edge longer and produces very fine lines.
A refillable Pencil is very useful especially if you are constructing a drawing that
needs a constant thick line. You can get many different types of refills, and they can
have a hard or soft lead. The problem is that both refillable pencils and refills are
relatively expensive. Also, the leads can break more easily.
Rubber/Eraser
We use the rubber to clean unnecessary marks or to correct our wrong drawings.
Sometimes it is difficult to rub certain marks, you must use your rubber as less as
possible.

Pencil Sharpeners

Are essential for sharpening pencils. Your drawings cannot be precise if they are
not sharp. However, when shading, you need a blunt pencil.
Protractor

A protractor is used to measure angles. A typical protractor is a semi-circular

piece of plastic with 180 degrees printed around its curve.

Compass

A compass is an absolute essential piece of equipment. We use the compass to draw

circles and arcs, and to transfer measures to drawings. It has got two articulated
arms on the extremes. On one of the extremes there is a graver. You fix it on the
paper in the center of the arc that you want to draw, and on the other extreme, you
can have leads, pens to draw
It is better to buy a good set which includes at least two compasses for drawing
small and large circles. The opposite drawing is a “bow” compass, this is used for
drawing small circles very precisely. Cheap compasses usually slip on the paper and
break quite easily. A good quality compass set will last a very long time.
Ruler

A ruler is possible one of the most important pieces of the drawing equipment. You
use the ruler to measure lengths and to draw straight lines. The most common rulers
are made of transparent plastic, but here are wooden rulers too. They have got
divisions into millimeters or half millimeters. There are large and small rulers, but
the normal is between 30cm and 1m.

Set Squares

Set squares are two triangular templates, there made of transparent plastic.
The set square is similar to an isosceles triangle, with two angles of
45degrees and one angle of 90degrees. The bevel square is a triangle with
angles of 30degrees, 60degrees and 90 degrees. The hypotenuse of the set
square must be the same as the larger leg of the bevel square. You can use
the set square and the bevel square to draw parallel or perpendicular lines,
and to draw precise angles.
French Curves
You can buy French curves in sets of three or four. They are used to draw curves if
you find the correct section of the curve that matches the correct shape on the
section of the curve.
Some French curves also have circles or ellipses of various sizes cut out. Their use
is similar to circle or ellipse templates.
Circular Temples
Circle Templates are very useful. They are plastic with a number of precise circles
cut out. You use them to draw circles of determinate diameters/sizes and are
particularly useful when the circle is small. Small circles are difficult to draw when
you use a traditional compass because the compass can easily slip on the paper.
With a template, you select the circle diameter and use a sharp pencil to draw round
the cutout circle.
Ellipse templates are similar to circle templates and these are useful for drawing
ellipse/oval shapes precisely.

FREEHAND DRAWING
Free hand sketching in engineering graphics are a very
critical part of any engineering project. It may be used at
any stage of a project’s life cycle, whether it is the planning,
execution or even end phase of the project, it is a way to
convey critical information regarding certain aspects of the
project.
What is a free hand sketch?
 A free hand sketch is a hand drawn sketch that convey
information about the detail of a particular part or
section of a project or component
 It aids in eliminating errors on the drawings later on by
having a clear understanding about the details that
must be drawn
 It is a “step” between the actual part that must be
drawn and the completed drawing

Where and when are free hand sketches used?

 Free hand sketches are used during the beginning and early stages
of a design when the designer illustrates certain configurations or
fits to the draftsman
 Modifications or alterations can be indicated with a free hand sketch
during the drafting or even manufacturing phase. Often times
modifications are made and the modification is captured with a free
hand sketch that is later incorporated into the drawing
 Often times a draftsman would visit the client to measure and make
free hand sketches of equipment or components that must be
drawn
 A sketch is made of what is required on a drawing
 The component may only be available for a short time, thus a free
hand sketch needs to be made to use for the creation of a drawing