Course Number : ENGINEERING DRAWING

Course Title : Basic Techniques Practice in Engineering Drawing

Course Description : Drawing instruments and their us; mechanical drawing; applied
Geometry; lettering; Alphabet of lines/ application; orthographic
Projection; Isometric drawing; dimensioning; Scaling; Oblique
Drawing and Sectioning.
General:
It is designed to acquire and develop necessary skills the language of Engineer.
Further, this will encourage them in their own initiative to illustrate and the preparation of
working drawings.

Specific:
1. To enable the students to identify the tools/ instrument needed.
2. To familiarized the student, the proper techniques, manipulation, uses and care of
the drawing instruments.
3. To acquire adequate skills in measuring/ scaling dimension accurately, and basic
lettering styles and numerals used in working drawing.
4. Equipped with the basic analysis skills in orthographic/ isometric/ oblique
drawing.
5. He must observe the basic principles in dimensioning, deal with proper drawing
convention/ symbols, describe the projection process, so that engineering
illustration or working drawings can be created in the same way.

INTRODUCTION

One of the best ways to communicate one's ideas is through some form of picture or drawing.
This is especially true for the engineer. The purpose of this guide is to give you the basics of
engineering sketching and drawing.
"Sketching" and "Drawing" as one. "Sketching" generally means freehand drawing. "Drawing"
usually means using drawing instruments, from compasses to computers to bring precision to the
drawings.
An engineering drawing is a subcategory of technical drawings. The purpose is to convey all the
information necessary for manufacturing a product or a part. Engineering drawings use standardised
language and symbols. This makes understanding the drawings simple with little to no personal
interpretation possibilities. Creating engineering drawings is a whole subject area of its own; there are
whole degrees given in Drafting Technology. It is also a time-honored art form. Drawings are used
all fields of Engineering (Mechanical, Civil, Architectural, Electrical, Aerospace, etc.) The type of
drawings we will be creating in this class are Mechanical, but the concepts are all transferable to the
other Engineering fields.

The main purpose of engineering drawings is to communicate to other engineers, machinists,

etc. Drawings do the communication best merely because a picture is worth a thousand words. Giving
all of the information needed to make the product and being accurate in that information is the main
goal. Engineers are very picky about their drawings and must pay attention to detail.
2. INTRODUCTORY TOPICS

Basic knowledge and skills

DRAWING
- is a graphic representation of an idea, a concept or an entity, which actually or potentially
exist in life. The drawing itself is 1) a way of communicating all necessary information
about an abstraction, such an idea or concept; 2) a graphic representation of some real
entity, such as a machine part, house , or a too. ( Acana, Nestor).
- Is a valuable means of expression to anyone an effective way to get an idea across when
word fail. A word is an abstract symbol representing a thing or idea, but a picture
represents an object itself. . ( Acana, Nestor).
- is the principal means of expression of ideas in a technical world….a graphic language
which has its own alphabet, grammar and penmanship ( Spencer )
- is the ability of a person to put facts and truths in graphic form, that is by means of lines
and tools ( Spencer )

DEFINITIONS

• Descriptive Geometry- this is the three-dimensional geometry forming the background

for practical applications of the graphic language and through which many of its
problems may be solved graphically.
• Computer Graphics- this is the application of conventional computer techniques (with
the aid of one of many graphic data processing systems available to the analysis,
modification and finalizing a graphical solution.
• Engineering Drawing and Engineering Drafting- these are broad term widely used
to denote the graphic language. However, since the graphic language is also used by a
much larger group of people in diverse fields who are concerned with technical work
or industrial production, these terms are not broad enough.
• Blueprint Reading- this term is applied to the “reading” of the language from drawing
made by others. Actually, the blueprint process has now been replaced by the other
more efficient process, but the term “blueprint reading” has been accepted through
usage to mean the interpretation of all ideas expressed on technical drawing.

Types of Drawing

1. Artistic drawing – it expresses philosophical or aesthetic ideas or emotions.

Sample of Artistic drawing

2. Technical drawing – is the art of science of describing structures and structural details
 completely and accurately by graphical means.

Sample of technical drawings.

Objectives of Drawing
1. ACCURACY – the ability to acquire precision in the work and Exactness of
measurement must be observed.
2. SPEED – it is the ability of a person to accomplished the task with a certain period of
time.
3.LEGILIBILTY- lettering and should done according to standard so that it
can be read easily it can be easily understand with the observer.
4. NEATNESS – a good drawing is free from erasure, errors and smears.

Instruments and Materials of Drawing

Various drawing instruments are used for making all drawings. The quality of a drawing
depends on the quality of drawing instruments and drawing materials used. The drawing instruments
need proper care and right adjustment. An engineering student must have complete knowledge of
drawing instrument and materials.
1. Drawing board 7. Eraser
2. Drawing paper 8. Eraser shield
3. Drawing pencil 9. French curve
4. T- square 10. Protractors
5. Triangles 11. Scales
6. Compass 12. sharpener

Drawing Table / Drawing Board

A drawing board should be made of softwood, usually straight grained basswood or pine wood
and should be constructed with cleats on both ends to prevent from warping and splitting. The cleats
also provide a smooth guiding edge for the T-square. Drawing board must not be less than 18” x 24”
but preferably 24” x 30”.
T – Square
These are made of steel , hard rubber or wood, or combination of both. It is used for drawing
horizontal lines and serves as guide for triangles when drawing other of lines.

Three kinds of T-Square

Fixed head

Adjustable Head T Square

Removable Head T Square

Parts of T-Square
Triangles

Triangles are used for drawing vertical and inclined lines. They are usually made of celluloid
or plastic and come in various sizes. The commonly used triangles are 45O X 45O triangle and 30O X
60O triangle, when using , the base of the triangle should rest on the blade of the T-square are both
held by the left hand, leaving the right hand free to draw. When drawing a line always start the pencil
at a point near the blade of the T-square proceeding upward.

Triangles
Pencil
The most important tools to a draftsman. They are made of hexagonal shapes to fit the thumb,
forefinger and second finger and to prevent from rolling off the table.

Pencil

Classification of Pencil
Hard Pencil – (7H to 9H) are used where extremely accuracy required, as on graphical
computation charts and diagrams.

Medium Pencil – (3H- B) for general purpose work in technical drawing, are used for technical
sketching, lettering, arrow heads, and other freehand work of mechanical drawing.

Soft Pencil- (2B-7B ) are too soft to be used in mechanical drawing. Their used for such work
results in smudges and rough line which are not distinct and are difficult to ease.

9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H F HB B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B
Hardest → Medium → Softest

Classes of pencil
Kinds of pencil points
1. Chisel point – for border lines
2. Elliptical point- for compass lead
 3. Conical point- for lettering works, and architectural lines.

Chisel point Elliptical point conical point

Protractor
Protractor is used to measure and lay off angles that cannot be measured with 45 x45x 90
degrees triangles and 30 x 60 x 90 degrees triangles. It is a semi-circular shape divided into 180
equal parts, each of which is called a degree ( 0 ).

Protractor
Erasers
Erasers are made of rubber or gum available in a variety of sizes and degree of hardness. Eraser
is used to remove mistakes while committing an error in a drawing. Eraser is used to remove the extra
lines, lines/marks drawn by mistake and to clear soiled spots on the drawing. Only pencil eraser is
used. Soft India-rubber is the most suitable kind of eraser for pencil drawings. The eraser used should
be such that the surface of the drawing paper is not spoiled in anyway. It is desirable to use erasing
shield to protect the nearby lines from being erased. The rubber crumbs formed after erasing should
be swept away with a clean duster and should never be brushed off with hands. Use of eraser should
be minimized by proper planning.

Erasers
 Drawing paper Most of the architectural drafting works must be done on this paper.
Selection on the types of paper must be considered. Cactus substance 20 is recommended, it should
be white and fine surface.

Drawing paper

Erasing Shield It is a thin metal or plastic plate cut with slots, circles and curves of
different dimensions. It helps to erase unwanted pencil lines without erasing the surrounding lines.

Erasing Shield

The Compass
The compass is used to draw large arcs and circles. The needle point of the compass should be
slightly longer than the pencil point or pen point. It should be very sharp at all times.

The Compass
 French Curves
French curves are used to draw irregular curved lines, which can not be drawn with a compass.
A light pencil curve is first drawn free hand through the known points. Neat continuous curve is finally
drawn with the longest possible curve coinciding exactly with the free hand curve. Proper care must
be taken to ensure that no corners are formed anywhere on the curve. Proper use of French curves
requires skill. French curves are made of transparent celluloid or plastic. These are available in various
shapes. One of the French curves.

French Curves

Drawing Horizontal Lines

To draw horizontal lines: press the head of the T-square firmly against the working
edge of the board with your left hand. Then slide your hand to the position shown below figure 1 so
that the blade is press tightly against the paper. Lean the pencil in the direction of the line at an angle
of approxiatemately 60 degrees with the paper and draw line lines from left to right. Keep the pencil
in a vertical plane.

Figure 1.Drawing Horizontal Lines

 Drawing Vertical lines
Use either the 45° triangle or 30°x60° to draw vertical lines. Place the triangles on the
T-square with the vertical edge on the left, as shown in figure 2. With the left hand, press the head of
the T-square against the board, then slide the hand to the position shown where it holds both the T-
square and triangles firmly in position. Draw the line upward, rotating the line, let little finger to the
hand holding the pencil glide lightly on the blade of the T-square and rotate the pencil slowly, except
for the thin lead pencils, between your thumb and forefinger to distribute the wear uniformly on the
lead and maintain a symmetrical point. Thin lead pencils should be held nearly vertical to the paper
and not rotated. Also pushing the thin- lead pencil from left to right, rather pulling it tends to minimize
lead breakage.

Figure 2.Drawing Vertical lines

Drawing Inclined Lines
The positions of the triangles for drawing lines at all of the possible angles are shown
in figure 3. In the figure it is understood that the triangles in each case are resting on the blade of the
T-square. Thus, it is possible to divide 360° into twenty four 15° sectors with the triangles used singly
or combination. Note carefully the directions for the drawing lines, as indicated by the arrows, and the
all lines in the left half are drawn toward the center, while those in the right half are drawn away from
the center.

Figure 3.Drawing Inclined Lines

 Drawing Parallel Lines
To draw line parallel to given line, move triangle and T-square as a unit the hypotenuse of the
triangle lines up with the given lines fig. 4. Then holding the T-square firmly position, slide the triangle
away from the line and draw the required line along the hypotenuse. Obviously, any straight edge,
such as one of the triangles, may be substitute for the T-square in the operation.

Figure 4.Drawing Parallel Lines

Drawing Perpendicular Lines

To draw perpendicular to a given line, move the T-square and triangle as a unit until
one edge of the triangle lines up with the given line fig.5. Then slide line. To draw perpendicular lines
when one of the lines make 15° with horizontal, arrangement the triangles as shown.

Figure 5.Drawing Perpendicular Lines

 Scales
Scales are made of wood, steel, celluloid or plastic. Stainless steel scales are more durable.
Scale may be flat or of triangular cross- section. 15 cm long and 2 cm wide or 30 cm long or 3 cm
wide flat scales are commonly used. These are usually about 1 mm thick. The longer edges of the scale
are marked with inch and its sub-divisions on one side and centimeter and its sub-divisions on the
other side.
 Scales

The System of measurement

The two systems used for specifying units of measure are the English and metric systems.

The English system

English units are the units of measurement used in England up to 1826 (when they were
replaced by Imperial units), which evolved as a combination of the Anglo-Saxon and Roman systems
of units. Various standards have applied to English units at different times, in different places, and for
different applications.
English Units The basic units for length or distance measurements in the English system
are the inch, foot, yard, and mile. Other units of length also include the rod, furlong, and chain.
 English, Metric conversion
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 pound = 0.454 kg
1 gallon = 3.785L

Length:
1foot (ft) = 12 inches (in)
1 yard (yd) = 3 feet
1mile (mi) = 5280 feet
1mile = 1760 yards

The metric system is a decimalized system of measurement developed in France in late

18th century. Since the metric system is almost universally used, it is often referred to as the
International System of Units and abbreviated SI. 1. Length.

Metric Units The basic unit of length in the SI system is the meter. The meter was originally
intended to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the Equator to the North Pole (at sea level). The
meter has since been redefined as the distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 seconds
(i.e. the speed of light in a vacuum is 299,792,458 m/sec). Subdivisions of the meter are the millimeter,
centimeter, and the decimeter, while multiples of meters include the decameter, hectometer, and
kilometer.

The Metric System of Measurement

LENGTH EQUIVALENT WEIGHT

1 millimeter (mm) 0.001 meter 1 milligram (mg)

1 centimeter (cm) 0.01 meter 1 centigram (cg)

1 decimeter (dm) 0.1meter 1 decigram (dm)

1 kilometer (km) 1000 meters 1 kilogram (kg)

 Self-testing Activity

Test I: IDENTIFICATION: Identify the following sentences and supply the words or group
of words to complete the statement.
1. is rectangular in shape and is made of well-seasoned soft wood such as oak or pine.
2. a Pencil for drawing outlines, Centre lines, Break lines, etc.
3. a Pencil for dimensioning, arrowheads, hatching lines, lettering, sketching, circles, arcs, etc.
4. a pencil for drawing outlines and 0.8 mm for shading and sketching
5. is used to remove the extra lines, lines/marks drawn by mistake and to clear soiled spots on the
drawing.
6. It is composed of a long strip called blade, which is screwed rigidly at right angle to a shorter
piece called head or stock.
7. is a drafting tool used to draw accurate parallel lines, vertical lines, and other angled lines.
8. It is a thin metal or plastic plate cut with slots, circles and curves of different dimensions. It
helps to erase unwanted pencil lines without erasing the surrounding lines.
9. are used to draw irregular curved lines, which cannot be drawn with a compass.
10. are made of wood, steel, celluloid or plastic. Stainless steel scales are more durable.
11. These are made of hard transparent plastic. The edges are either squared or beveled.
12. is almost universally used, it is often referred to as the International System.
13. are used to fix the drawing sheet on the drawing board at the required place.
14. is used for drawing circles and arcs. It consists of two legs hinged together at its upper end.
15. is adjusted by a nut and is very convenient for marking minute divisions and large number of
short equal distances.

Test II: Direction: Answer the following questions

1. What drafting tools must have straightedges?
2. What is the difference between the drafting tool and drafting equipment?
3. Give the advantage of using the drafting board?
4. How many degrees are there in triangles?
5. Name the two triangles which the draftsmen used?
6. What are the parts of a drafting board?
7. What are the parts of a T-square?
8. What angles can be drawn with the aid of a T-square and the two triangles.
9. How are inclined lines and vertical lines drawn mechanically?
10. Name the drafting tool and its uses.
11. Name the drafting equipment and its uses.
12. Name the drafting materials and its uses
13. Name the kinds of pencil points and its uses in drawing.
14. What tool is recommended for measuring large objects such as large structure like
buildings?
15. What is the difference between the compass with a pencil point and a compass with a pen
point?

Test III: Enumeration: Innumerate the following by supplying the words or group of
words.
1-4 Metric systems of measurements
5-8 English system of measurements
9-12 English, Metric conversion
13-16 English equivalents
17-20 Groups of Pencil
21-25 Basic Instruments

Suggested Drawing Activities

Check point 1: Drawing Horizontal and Vertical Lines
1. Fasten the plane sheet of 8 ½”x13” paper to the drawing board landscape position.
2. Prepare an F, 2H and 5F grade of drawing pencil for drafting work.
3. Draw border lines as follows. Begin by measuring the distance of ½” from each edge of the
paper. Using the T-square and a 5H grade pencil, draw a light horizontal lines parallel to the
upper and lower edges of the sheet and then, with the triangle and a T-square, draw two light
vertical lines. Go over the lines using the 2H pencil to obtain dark border lines, neatly terminating
each corner.
4. Referring to layout A, shown on the inside of the front cover, layout the various
divisions shown for the sheet title block using the given dimensions. Construct the
title block with light, thin lines using the 5H pencil and go over the lines with a 2H
pencil for the lines of lettering use a T-square to draw pairs of very light, horizontal
guide lines spaced about ½ inch apart. Use the F pencil to carefully letter the
required information in the title block.
5. Working downward from the upper borderline measures and mark a series of ½ inch divisions
on the left vertical borderline. Using the T-square and the 5H pencil, draw light, thin horizontal
lines through these division marks extending across the entire sheet between the bolder lines.
6. Working across from the left to the right borderline, set off a series of 1-inch division marks on
the upper horizontal borderline. Using the T-square and triangle, draw a series of light, thin,
vertical lines through upward across the entire sheet between the borderlines.
7. In a similar manner to steps 5 and 6, lay off a series of ½ -inch divisions on the upper horizontal
and left vertical borderlines. Through these points, use your 1H pencil to draw dark lines
extending across the sheet. Your final drawing should now consist of a checkerboard pattern of
parallel horizontal and vertical lines, alternately light and dark, ½ inch apart.
Checkpoint 2: Drawing Inclined Lines

Reproduce the exercises shown in layout 2 with a 5H- grade pencil (see lesson 2 5a- grade of
pencil leads) but do not copy the dimensions and notes. Use a plain sheet of 8 ½ x 13-inch paper point
0 is at the center of the space.

Checkpoint 3: Drawing Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Reproduce the exercises shown in layout 3 with a 5 H- grade pencil but do not copy the
dimensions and notes. Use a plain sheet of 8 ½ x 13-inch paper, with point 0 in the center of the
drawing space. When drawing lines, be careful to hold the T-square and the triangle firmly to prevent
slipping.