GE8152 Engineering Graphics - Course Materials PDF

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
(REGULATION
GE8152 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
B.E SEMESTER–I
Lecture Tutorial Practical Marks Credits Total Hours

2 0 3 100 4 90
Mr.S.Gokul (Asst. Prof/Mech)

Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Syllabus Frame
1. Engineering Curves
2
2. Free hand sketching of
Objects
• PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND
Unit 1 SKETCHING 1. Projection of Points
2. Projection of Lines
• PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES
3. Projection AND
of Planes
Unit 2 PLANE SURFACES
Projection of simple
• PROJECTION OF SOLIDSsolids like, prism,
Unit 3 pyramid.,
1. Section of Solids
2. Development of
• PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS
Unit 4 AND DEVELOPMENT Solids
1. OF SURFACES
Isometric projection
2. Perspective
• ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE
projection
Unit 5 PROJECTIONS
Engineering Graphics
3
TEXT BOOKS
 Natrajan K.V., ―A text book of Engineering
Graphics‖, Dhanalakshmi Publishers, Chennai,
2009.
REFERENCES
 Venugopal K. and Prabhu Raja V., “Engineering
Graphics”, New Age, International (P) Limited, 2008.
 Kottiswaran N., “Engineering Graphics”, Sri Balaji
Publications, 2011.
 Saravanan.M, Arockia Jaswin.M and Bensam Raj J.,
“Engineering Graphics”,Tri Sea Publications.
COURSE PLAN
4
Title of the program: B.E

Course title: ENGINEERING GRAPHICS Sem: I
Course code: GE 8152 Total hours: 90
Unit No. Unit Title Time
1 PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING 19
2 PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE 17
SURFACES
3 PROJECTION OF SOLIDS 16
4 PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND 16
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
5 ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS 17
Revision 5
Total 90
Content of the Presentation
5
 Introduction to Engineering Graphics

 Standards (BIS)
 Drawing Instruments
 Lettering
 Line types
 Dimensioning
 Projection Methods
 Quadrant system
 Introduction to all the units
INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Drawing vs. Engineering Drawing
7
 Drawing
 Describing any object/ information
diagrammatically
 Engineering Drawing
 Graphical means of expression of technical details
without the barrier of a language.
 Universal language for engineers
Drawing vs. Engineering Drawing Cont.,
8
 Graphical representation of an object – Drawing

 Engineering drawing – A drawing of an object that
contains all information
- like actual shape, accurate size, manufacturing
methods, etc., required for its construction.
- No construction / manufacturing of any (man -made)
engineering objects is possible without engineering
drawing.
What will you learn in this course?
9
 You will learn - How industry communicates

technical information.
 Visualization – the ability to mentally control visual
information.
 Graphics theory – geometry and projection
techniques.
 Standards – set of rules that govern how parts are
made and technical drawings are represented.
What will you learn in this course? Cont.,
10
 Conventions – commonly accepted practices and

methods used for technical drawings.
 Tools – devices used to create technical drawings
and models.
 Applications – the various uses for technical
drawings.
11
 Engineering drawing is completely different from artistic

drawing, which are used to express aesthetic,
philosophical, and abstract ideas.
Manual
Drawing
Engineering
Drawing
CADD
 Computer has a major impact on the methods used to

design and create technical drawings.
 Design and drafting on computer are cheap and less
time consuming.
STANDARDS
Standard Code
Country Code Full name
USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institute for Normung
India BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
ISO International Standards Organization

13 Engineering Graphics
BIS standards
14
BIS Code Topics

IS 10711:2001 Size and Layout of Drawing
sheets
IS 10714:1983 Line Types and Uses

IS 9609:2001 Lettering
IS 15021:2001 Projection Methods
IS 11669:1986 Dimensioning
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Instruments required for drawing
16
 Drawing board
 Drawing sheet [A3 Size]
 Mini-drafter / T- square
 Instrument box (Compass, Divider, Protractor etc.,)
 Drawing pencils [H, 2H, HB]
 Scales, Sharpener, Eraser
 Drawing clip / pin / adhesive tape
1.Drawing Board
17
2.Drawing Sheets
18
A Series Formats (mm)

A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
A2 420 × 594
A3 297 × 420
A4 210 × 297
A5 148 × 210
A6 105 × 148
A7 74 × 105
Drawing Sheets cont.,
19

A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
A2 420 × 594
A3 297 × 420
A4 210 × 297
A5 148 × 210
A6 105 × 148
A7 74 × 105
Orientation of drawing sheet
1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)
c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c
Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
A3 10 20
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
20 A0 20 Graphics25
Engineering
A3 Drawing sheet - Dimensions
21
3. Mini –Drafter and T-Square
22
Drawing Board with Drafter and Sheet
23
4. Instrument Box
24
5.Drawing Pencils
25
 Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers

and letters
 Mechanical clutch pencils – Not allowed
 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and
blackness
 HB to F – Medium grade
 H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.
 Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H

and HB pencils – to be practiced in this course.
Grades and designation of wooden pencils
26
Grades and designation of wooden pencils
27
6.Scales, Sharpener, Eraser
28
7.Drawing clip / pin / adhesive tape
29
DRAWING SCALES
Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing Actual size
Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
LINE TYPES
Line types
34
Line types cont.,
35
DIMENSIONING
Lines used in Dimensioning
37
 Dimensioning requires the use of

 Dimension lines
 Extension lines
 Leader lines
 All three line types are drawn thin so that they

will not be confused with visible lines.
Dimension Line
38
 Dimension line: A line terminated by

arrowheads, which indicates the direction and
extent of a dimension.
Extension Line
39
 Extension line: An extension line is a thin solid

line that extends from a point on the drawing to
which the dimension refers.
Long extension
lines should be
avoided.
Leader Line
40
 Leader Line: A straight inclined thin solid line

that is usually terminated by an arrowhead.
Leader Line
41
 Leaders may be terminated:

 with an arrow, if it ends on the outline of an
object.
Leader Line
42

 with a dot if it ends within the outline of an
object.
Leader Line
43

 withoutan arrowhead or dot, if it ends within the
outline of an object.
Arrow heads
44
 Arrowheads are used as terminators on dimension lines.

 The standard size ratio for all arrowheads on mechanical
drawings is 3:1 (length to width).
200
R 8.5
Of the four different arrowhead types that are authorized by the

national standard, ASME Y14.2M – 1994, a filled arrowhead is
the highest preference.
1st 2nd 3rd

Engineering Graphics 4th
Arrowheads
45
 Arrowheads are drawn between the extension

lines if possible. If space is limited, they may
be drawn on the outside.
Exercise
46
 List the dimensioning mistakes and then

dimension the object correctly.
What are the 6 dimensioning mistakes?
1) Spacing
2) Don’t dim. inside the object.

3 & 4) Text
5) No Gap
6) Missing dim. (ɸ of hole)

Correctly Dimensioned
LETTERING
Lettering
51
 Lettering – Writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, scales

and other details on a drawing
 Essential features of lettering – legibility, uniformity, ease,
rapidity, and suitability for microfilming/ photocopying/any
other photographic processes
 No ornamental and embellishing style of letter
 Plain letters and numerals which are clearly distinguishable
from each other in order to avoid any confusion even in
case of slight mutilations
Basic Strokes
52
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved
Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1
3 6
3
2
Lettering cont.,
53
Stroke Sequence
54
I L T
Stroke Sequence
55
V X W
Stroke Sequence
56
O Q G
Stroke Sequence
57
S 0 3
8 6
Stroke Sequence
j y f t
Stroke Sequence
c o a b
d p q e
Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.
Example
ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
PROJECTION METHODS
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.
There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge
Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight
PROJECTION METHOD
63
Perspective Parallel
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric Multiview
PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where

the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection
Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
66
Perspective projection is not

used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted
QUADRANT SYSTEM
VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.
Y
Observer
X Y HP
X
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
Engineering ILLUSTRATION
68IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND Graphics PROPERLLY.
First angle vs. Third angle Projection
69
First angle Projection Third angle Projection

Object placed in FQ is above Object placed in TQ is below
HP and in front of VP HP and behind of VP
Front view is draw above Front view is draw below
reference line reference line
Top view is arranged below FV Top view is arranged above FV
Left side view is on the right Left side view is on the left side
side of FV and Right view is on of FV and Right view is on the
the left side of FV right side of FV
Symbol Symbol
INTRODUCTION TO ALL THE UNITS
71 Unit 1
PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND
SKETCHING
SKETCHING
72
 Engineering Curves
 Ellipse
 Parabola
 Hyperbola
 Special Curves
 Cycloids
 Epicycloid
 Hypocycloid
 Involutes
SKETCHING
73
 Free hand
sketching
74 Unit II
PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES
AND PLANE SURFACES
Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
Placed In ND
2 QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants a’
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER
Observer to see
clearly. HP OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of a
Hp comes below
xy line and the
part behind Vp HP
comes above. HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER
Observe and
note the a
process. a’
A a’
POINT A IN A POINT A IN
3RD QUADRANT VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP
75 PROJECTION OF POINTS
PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv
For Tv
PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
A Y
Y
Y a’
a
a
X a X X A
ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.
Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP
a’ a’
X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a
a a
76 HP HP Engineering Graphics HP
For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a’
Note: a’
Fv is a vertical line
A Showing True Length Fv
1.
FV &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicular Y
X Y
to Hp B
& TV a b
Tv a b
// to Vp X
H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a’ Fv b’
b’ &
A Line B both show T. L.
// to Hp a’
& A Y X Y
// to Vp
b a b
Tv
X
a
H.P.
77 PROJECTION OF LINES
PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND
PLANE SURFACES
78
 PROJECTION OF PLANE SURFACES
79 Unit III
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
80
81 Unit IV
PROJECTION OF SECTIONED
SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF
SURFACES
SECTION OF SOLIDS
82
DEVELOPMENT OF SOLIDS
83
84 Unit V
ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE
PROJECTIONS
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
85
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
86
Thank You
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Unit Topics Page

GE8152 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS No. No.
OBJECTIVES:
 To develop in students, graphic skills for communication of concepts, ideas and design of 1 Plane Curves and Free Hand Sketching …. 10
Engineering products.
Engineering Curves: Ellipse, Parabola & Hyperbola 10
 To expose them to existing national standards related to technical drawings.
Construction of Cycloid 10
CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS (Not for Examination) Construction of Involutes 10
Importance of graphics in engineering applications – Use of drafting instruments – BIS conventions and Scale : Diagonal and Vernier scales 10
specifications – Size, layout and folding of drawing sheets – Lettering and dimensioning. Free Hand Sketching 11
Plane Curves & Free Hand Sketching –Assignment 6 12
UNIT I PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING
Basic Geometrical constructions, Curves used in engineering practices: Conics – Construction of ellipse, 2 Projection of Points, Lines and Plane
parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method – Construction of cycloid – construction of involutes of Surfaces ………………………………………………... 2
square and circle – Drawing of tangents and normal to the above curves, Scales: Construction of Diagonal
and Vernier scales. Visualization concepts and Free Hand sketching: Visualization principles – Orthographic Projection of Points 2
Representation of Three Dimensional objects – Layout of views- Free hand sketching of multiple views from Orthographic Projection of Straight Lines 2
pictorial views of objects Projection of Straight Lines – Assignment 1 3
Orthographic Projection of Planes 3
UNIT II PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES
Orthographic Projection of Planes – Assignment 2 4
Orthographic projection- principles-Principal planes-First angle projection-projection of points. Projection
of straight lines (only First angle projections) inclined to both the principal planes - Determination of true 3 Projection of Solid …………………………………. 4
lengths and true inclinations by rotating line method and traces Projection of planes (polygonal and
circular surfaces) inclined to both the principal planes by rotating object method Orthographic Projection of Solids 4
Truncated Solids 6
UNIT III PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Orthographic Projection of Solids – Assignment 3 5
Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone and truncated solids when the axis is
inclined to one of the principal planes by rotating object method. 4 Projection of Sectioned Solids and
5
Development of Surfaces ………………………
UNIT IV PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical position when the cutting plane is inclined to the one of the Section of Solids 5
principal planes and perpendicular to the other – obtaining true shape of section. Development of lateral Development of Surface 6
surfaces of simple and sectioned solids – Prisms, pyramids cylinders and cones. Sectioned Solids & Development of Surfaces – 7
Assignment 4
UNIT V ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS 5 Isometric and Perspective Projections ….. 7
Principles of isometric projection – isometric scale –Isometric projections of simple solids and truncated
solids - Prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones- combination of two solid objects in simple vertical positions.
Isometric Projection 7
Perspective projection of simple solids-Prisms, pyramids and cylinders by visual ray method. Perspective Projection 8
Isometric & Perspective Projections – 9
Assignment 5
Mr.S.Gokul/Assistant Professor/Department of Mechanical Engineering

Orthographic Projection of Straight Lines
UNIT II - PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES
1. One end P of a line PQ 70 mm long is 35 mm in front of V.P. and 25
Projection of point
mm above H.P. the line is inclined at 400 to the H.P. and 300 to the V.P.
Projection of straight lines inclined to both the principal planes Draw the projections of PQ and find its vertical & Horizontal trace
by rotating line method and traces 2. A straight line 70 mm long has one end 15 mm in front of V.P. and 50
mm above H.P. while the other end is 35 mm in front of V.P. and 20
Projection of planes (polygonal and circular surfaces) inclined mm above HP. Draw the plan and elevation of the line. Determine its
to both the principal planes by rotating object method traces (V.T, H.T)
3. A line AB 70 mm long has its end B 25 mm above H.P. and 30 mm in
front of V.P. The end A is 55 mm above H.P and 55 mm in front of V.P.
Draw its projections and finds its inclinations with V.P. and H.P.
4. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 30 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in
Orthographic Projection of Points
front of V.P. The top view and front view has a length of 40 mm and
55 mm respectively. Draw its projections.
1. Mark the projections of the following points on a common
5. End A of a line AB is 15 mm above H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. The
reference line.
other end is 50 mm above H.P. and 65 mm in front of V.P. The
 Point P, 50 mm behind the VP and 15 mm above the HP. distance between the end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projection
 Point Q, 40 mm below the HP and in the VP. and find the true inclination and true length by rotating plane
 Point R, 40 mm in front of the VP and 30 mm above the HP. method.
 Point S, 30 mm in front of the VP and 50 mm below the HP.
6. The distance between the end projectors passing through the end
 Point T, 35 mm behind the VP and 20 mm below the HP.
point is 50 mm. The end A is 20 mm above H.P. and 15 mm in front of
2. From the figure below, determine the position of the Points V.P. The end B is 45 mm in front of V.P. The line AB is 65 mm long in
with reference to the projection planes. the front view. Draw the projections. Find the true inclinations and
locate the traces
7. Front view of a line AB is 500 inclined to XY line and measures 55 mm
long while its top view is 600 inclined to XY line. If end A is 10 mm
above HP and 15 mm in front of VP, draw its projections, find its true
length and inclinations of the line with HP and VP.
8. The mid-point M of a line AB is 60 mm above HP and 50 mm in front
of VP. The line measures 80 mm long and inclined at an angle of 300 to
HP and 450 to VP. Draw its projections.
Mr.S.Gokul/Assistant Professor/Department of Mechanical Engineering

GE 8152 – Engineering Graphics
9. A magician performs the trick of a floating stick. As seen by a person
sitting right in front, as per the orthographic projection rules, the
stick has its ends 0.2 and 0.6 m above the floor and appears to be Orthographic Projection of Planes / Sheet / Lamina / Plate
inclined at 300 to the floor. The same two ends are found to be 0.1 m
and 0.7 m respectively in front of the screen arranged behind the 1. A square lamina of 50 mm side rests on one of the corners on the H.P.
stick. Adopting a suitable scale, draw the projections of the stick. The diagonal through that corner makes 300 to the V.P. The side
Also, find the true length of the stick and its true angles of containing this corner makes equal inclinations with H.P. The surface
inclinations with the floor and the vertical screen. of the lamina makes 450 to the H.P. Draw it’s projections.
10. A line PQ is inclined at 350 to VP has its ends 25mm and 55mm above 2. A hexagonal plate of size 25 mm rests on HP on one of the sides
the HP. The length of the front view is 60 mm and its VT is 15mm inclined at 450 to VP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 300
above HP. Determine the true length of PQ, its inclination with HP and with HP. Draw the front view and top view of the plate.
its HT. 3. A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm x 30 mm has its shorter side
in VP and inclined at 300 to HP. Project its top view when its front view
Assignment 1: Orthographic Projection of Straight Lines is a square of 30 mm long sides.
4. A hexagonal lamina of 20 mm side rests on one of its corners on the
L1. A line AB 75 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm in front of VP and 20 HP. The diagonal passing through this corner is inclined at 450 to the
mm above HP, the other end is 20 mm in front of VP and is above HP. HP. The lamina is then rotated through 900 such that the top view of
The top view of the line is 55 mm long. Draw the front view. this diagonal is perpendicular to the VP and the surface is still
L2. A line measuring 80 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm above HP and inclined at 450 to the HP.
20 mm in front of VP. The other end is 15 mm above HP and in front 5. A pentagon of side 30 mm rests on the ground on one of the corners
of VP. The front view of the line is 60 mm long. Draw the top view. with sides containing the corner being equally inclined to the ground.
L3. A line AB has its end A 15 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. The The side opposite to the corner on which it rests is inclined at 300 to
end B is 60 mm above HP and the line is inclined at 300 to HP. The VP and is parallel to HP. The surface of the pentagon makes 50 0 with
distance between the end projectors of the line is 55 mm. Draw the the ground. Draw the projections of the pentagon.
projections and find its inclinations with VP. Determine its V.T & H.T 6. A semicircular lamina of 60 mm diameter has its straight edge in VP
L4. The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm, while the and inclined at an angle of 450 to HP. The surface of the lamina makes
length of its front view is 50mm. It’s one end A is in the HP and an angle of 300 with VP. Draw the projections.
122mm in front of the V.P. Draw the projections of AB and determine 7. A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter rests above HP on a point P on
its inclinations with the H.P. and the V.P. its circumference. If its plane is inclined at 450 to HP and the top view
L5. The projections of a line measure 80 mm in the top view and 70 mm of the diameter PQ makes an angle of 500 with VP, draw the
in the front view. The mid-point of the line is 45 mm in front of VP projections of the lamina.
and 35 mm above HP. One end is 10 mm in front of VP and nearer to 8. A circular lamina of diameter 70 mm has the end A of the diameter AB
it. Draw the projections. Find true length and true inclinations with on HP and B on VP. Draw its projections when its surface is inclined at
reference planes. 500 to HP and 400 to VP.
3/12
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engg /12
Assignment 2: Orthographic Projection of Planes 3. A right pentagonal pyramid of side 20 mm and altitude 50 mm rests
on one of its edges of the base in the HP. The base being tilted up
P6. A square ABCD of 40 mm side has its plane inclined at 300 to the V.P. such that the apex is 30 mm above HP. Draw the projection of the
It’s one side is inclined at 600 to the H.P. and parallel to the V.P. Draw pyramid when the edge on which it is resting is perpendicular to VP
its projections. 4. A cylinder of diameter 35 mm and axis height 55 mm is resting on the
P7. A rhombus of diagonals 25mm and 15mm with longer diagonal being ground on its base. It is then tilted such that a solid diagonal is
parallel to XY-line represents the top view of a square of diagonal vertical. Draw its projections.
25mm, with a corner on H.P. Draw its front view of the lamina when 5. A cone of diameter 35 mm and height 55 mm is lying on the ground
the edge about which is tilted, is inclined at 450 to V.P with a point of base on HP. The generator line passing through that
P8. A thin 300 – 600 set-square has its longest edge in V.P. and inclined at point makes an angle of 450 with HP and parallel to VP. Draw its
30 to H.P. Its surface makes 45 with V.P. Draw its projections.
0 0
projections.
P9. A hexagonal plate of 25 mm side is resting on H.P. such that one of its 6. Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and
corners touches both H.P. and V.P. It makes 30 with H.P. and 60 with
0 0
axis height 60 mm with a triangular face perpendicular to HP and VP.
V.P. Draw the projections by change of position method. 7. A hexagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm rests on
P10. A circular lamina of 60 mm diameter rests on H.P. on a point 1 on the HP on one of the base corners with the base edges containing it
the circumference. The lamina is inclined to H.P. such that the top being equally inclined to HP. The axis is inclined at 45° to the HP and
view of it is an ellipse of minor axis 35 mm. The top view of the parallel to VP. Draw the projections of the prism.
diameter through the point 1 makes an angle of 45 with V.P. (i) Draw
0
8. A cone of diameter 35mm, height 55mm is lying on the ground with
the projections. (ii) Determine the angle made by the lamina with H.P. one of its generators parallel to VP and on the HP. Draw its projection.
9. A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 55 mm is
UNIT III - PROJECTION OF SOLID resting on HP on one of its rectangular faces with the axis inclined at
450 to VP. Draw its projections.
Projection of simple solids by rotating object method
10. A cone of diameter 40mm and height 60mm is freely suspended from
one of its base points such that the axis is parallel to VP. Draw the
projection.
11. A tetrahedron of edges 35 mm rests on one of its edges on the HP.
Orthographic Projection of Solids
The resting edge is perpendicular to VP and one of the triangular faces
1. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis height 55 mm resting
containing the resting edge is inclined at 350 to HP. Draw the
on HP with one of its base edges, such that, the axis is inclined at 30 0
projections of the tetrahedron.
to HP and parallel to VP. Draw the projections of the prism.
12. A tetrahedron of side 45 mm is resting on an edge on the HP such
2. A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 55 mm is resting
that the face containing that edge is seen as a triangle of base 45 mm
on HP with one of its base edges, such that the lateral surface
and altitude 25 mm in top view (TV). The axis of the tetrahedron is
containing the edge is inclined at 500 to HP and perpendicular to VP.
parallel to the VP. Draw the projections of the tetrahedron.
Draw the projections.
4/12
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engg
Assignment 3: Orthographic Projection of Solids UNIT IV - PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
S1. Draw the top front views of a right circular cylinder of base 45mm
Sectioning of solids to obtain true shape of section.
diameter and 60mm long when it line on HP, such that its axis is
inclined at 30° to HP and the axis appears to parallel to the VP in the Development of lateral surfaces of simple, sectioned solids and
top view
solids with cut-outs and holes
S2. Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and
axis height 60 mm with a slant edge perpendicular to HP and VP.
S3. A cone of base diameter 35 mm and axis length 55 mm is resting on
Section of Solids
HP on a point on circumference of the base. Draw the projections
when the base is perpendicular to both HP and VP. 1. A cube of side 35 mm is placed on HP on a face, with two of the
S4. A pyramid has rectangular base of size 70 mm x 40 mm and height 85 vertical faces equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 54 0
mm. Its longer edge of base is perpendicular to HP. The axis of to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw the sectional top view and find
pyramid is inclined at 250 to the solid assuming the apex nearer to the the true shape.
observer. 2. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 50 mm rests
S5. Draw the projections of a cube of side 30mm when it rests on one of on its base on HP with one of the base edges perpendicular to the VP.
its corners with diagonal of the solid vertical It is cut by a plane inclined at 450 to the base. The cutting plane meets
S6. A tetrahedron of edges 30 mm rests on one of its edges on the VP. the axis at 20 mm above the base. Draw the front view, sectional top
That edge is normal to the HP. One of the faces containing the resting view and true shape of the section.
edge is inclined at 30° to the VP. Draw the projections of the 3. A cylinder of base diameter 35 mm and height 55 mm rests on its base
tetrahedron on HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 450 to
S7. A Hexagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 50mm long is freely HP. The cutting plane meets the axis at a distance of 15 mm from the
suspended from one of its base corners, such that the axis is parallel top base. Draw the sectional plan and true shape of the section.
to VP. Draw the front view and top view of the solid in the above 4. A cone of base diameter 35 mm and altitude 55 mm is resting on HP
position. on its base. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to a
contour generator and is 10 mm away from it. Draw the front view
and sectional top view and true shape of the section.
5. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 50 mm rests on the
HP on one of its ends with two rectangular faces parallel to the VP. It
is cut by a plane perpendicular to the HP and inclined at 500 to the VP.
It is cut by a plane perpendicular to HP and inclined at 500 to VP at a
distance of 10 mm away from the axis. Draw the top view, sectional
front view and true shape of the section.
5/12
6. A right circular cone of base diameter 40 mm and axis length 50 mm 7. A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and height 50 mm rests on its
rests on its base on HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the HP base on HP, with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane
and inclined at 55 to the VP. The shortest distance between the
0
perpendicular to VP, 500 to HP meeting the axis 30 mm above HP.
cutting plane and the top view of the axis is 10 mm. Draw the top Draw the development of the lateral surfaces.
view, sectional front view and true shape of the section. 8. A lamp shade is formed by cutting a cone of base diameter 144 mm
7. A pentagonal prism of base side 40 mm and axis length 80 mm is and height 174 mm by a horizontal plane at a distance of 72 mm from
lying on the HP on one of its rectangular faces with the axis parallel to the apex and another plane inclined at 30 to HP, passing through one
both HP and VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to HP and inclined of the extremities of the base. Draw the development of the shade.
at 30 to VP. The section plane meets the axis at 16 mm from one of
0
Draw the development of the shade. Adopt a suitable scale.
its ends. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true shape of the 9. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and height 60 mm is cut by a
section. plane perpendicular to VP and 500 to HP and passing through the axis
8. A tetrahedron of side 60mm is resting on HP on one of its faces. It is 35 mm above the base. Draw the development of the lower portion of
cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP, so that the true shape of the the solid.
cut section is a triangle of base 40mm and altitude 30mm. Locate the 10. A cylinder of diameter 40 mm, height 75 mm is cut by plane
plane and determine the angle of inclination of the VT with the perpendicular to VP inclined at 550 to HP meeting the axis at the top
reference line XY. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the face. Draw the lateral development of the solid.
section.
11. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height 60 mm is
Development of Surface lying on the ground on its base such that one of the base edges is
parallel to and far away from VP. It is cut by cutting planes, one is
1. Draw the development of a cube of side 20 mm.
perpendicular to VP, inclined at an angle of 400 to HP and meeting the
2. Draw the development of a pentagonal prism of side 25 mm and
axis at 14 mm from the base. The other plane is parallel to HP and
height 60mm.
perpendicular to VP meeting the axis at a distance of 28 mm from the
3. Draw the development of a cylinder of base diameter 25 mm and
base. Draw the lateral surface development of the cut solid.
height 30 mm.
12. A cone of 45 mm diameter and 60mm height is cut by a horizontal
4. Draw the development of a square pyramid of base side 30 mm and
plane at a distance of 15 mm from the apex and another plane
height 45 mm.
inclined at 300 to HP and meet the axis at 15 mm above the base. Draw
5. Draw the development of a cone of base diameter 50 mm and height
the development of the cone.
60 mm.
13. A right regular cone of 50 mm base diameter and axis 60 mm long
stands on its base on HP. A circular hole of 12 mm radius is drilled
6. Draw the development of a cube of side 40 mm resting on its face
through the axis of the cone at a height of 15 mm above the base of
with all the edges equally inclined to VP, which is cut by a plane
the cone. The axis of the hole is perpendicular to VP. Draw the
inclined at 300 to HP and perpendicular to VP and passing through the
development of the lateral surface of the cone with holes in it.
cube at the top left corner of the cube.
6/12
14. A hexagonal prism of side of base 35 mm and axis height 60 mm
stands on its base in HP with two of its rectangular faces parallel to UNIT V - ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
VP. A square hole of side 30 mm is drilled, such that the axis of the Principles of isometric projection of simple solids and
hole is perpendicular to VP with all the rectangular faces of the square
hole are equally inclined to HP and bisects the axis of the prism. Draw
truncated solids, combination of two solid objects.
the development of the lateral surface of the prism showing the shape Perspective projection of simple solids - Prisms, pyramids and
of the hole formed in it.
cylinders by visual ray method.
Assignment 4: Sectioned Solids and Development of Surfaces
SD1. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 60 mm

rests on the HP on one of its base with an edge parallel to the VP at a
Isometric Projection
distance of 8 mm form the axis. Draw the top view, sectional front 1. Draw the isometric view of a frustum of a cone of base diameter
view and true shape of the section. 50mm, top diameter 30mm which is resting on its base on HP with its
SD2. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and altitude 55 mm rests axis perpendicular to HP.
on its base on HP with two edges of the base parallel to VP. A cutting 2. A hexagonal prism of base side 20 mm and height 40 mm has a square
plane parallel to the HP cuts the prism at a height of 25 mm above the hole of side 16 mm at the Centre. The axes of the square and hexagon
base. Draw the front view and the sectional top view. coincide. One of the faces of the square hole is parallel to the face of
SD3. A cone of base diameter 40 mm and altitude 50 mm rests on its the hexagon. Draw the isometric projection of the prism with hole to
base on HP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to both HP and full scale.
VP, 10 mm to the right of the axis. Draw the top view, front view and 3. A hexagonal prism of base side 25mm and axis height 50mm rests on
sectional side view. HP on its base with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane
SD4. A cube of side 30 mm rests on its base on the HP with a vertical inclined at 50° to HP and perpendicular to VP and is bisecting the axis.
face inclined to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and Draw the isometric view of truncated prism.
inclined at 500 to HP. The plane bisects the axis of the cube. Draw the 4. A cylinder of 50 mm diameter and 75 mm height stands with its base
development of the surfaces of the right portion of the cut cube. on H.P. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45° to H.P and
SD5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and height 50 mm rests perpendicular to V.P, passing through a point on the axis 20 mm
on its base on HP, with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane below the top end. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated
perpendicular to VP, 500 to HP meeting the axis 30 mm above HP. cylinder.
Draw the development of the lateral surfaces. 5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 65 mm is
SD6. A cylinder 40mm diameter and 70mm height is resting on its base resting on HP on its base with a side of base perpendicular to VP. It is
on V.P. It is cut by plane passing through a point 50mm from the base cut by a plane inclined at 30° to HP and perpendicular to VP and
and inclined at 40° to V.P. A through hole of 20mm diameter is drill at passing through a point ON the axis at a distance of 30 mm from the
30mm above the base. Develop the lateral surface of the cylinder. apex. Draw the isometric view of the truncated cylinder.
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6. A cone of base diameter 50mm and axis height 70 mm rests on HP on touching the picture plane. The station point is 30 mm above the
its base. It is cut by a plane inclined at 30° to HP and perpendicular to ground plane and 40 mm in front of the PP. The central plane is 30 mm
VP and bisects the axis. Draw the isometric view of the truncated to the right of the axis. Draw the perspective projection of the
cone. pyramid.
7. A square pyramid of base of 25mm side and 50mm long axis rests 6. A cylinder of diameter 50 mm and length 60 mm lies on ground with
centrally over a trapezoidal block of top and bottom bases of 40mm its axis perpendicular to the PP and one of its circular base touching
and 60mm sides respectively with the thickness 30mm. Draw the the PP. The SP is 45 mm to the right of the axis of the cylinder, 40 mm
isometric projection of the arrangement. in front of the PP and 70mm above GP. Draw the perspective projection
Perspective Projection of the cylinder.
1. A cube of 30 mm edge is resting on a face on the ground such that one Assignment 5: Isometric and Perspective Projections
of its faces is parallel to PP and the center of the solid is 50 mm behind
the PP. The station point is 40 mm in front of the picture plane, 45 mm IP1. A cylinder of 35 mm diameter and 55 mm height stands with its base
above the ground plane and lies in a central plane which is 30 mm to on H.P. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 55° to H.P and meeting
the left of the nearest vertical face of the cube. the axis at 15mm from the top end. Draw the isometric projection of
the truncated cylinder.
2. Draw the perspective projection of a cube of 25 mm edge, lying on a IP2. A cone of base diameter 25mm and height 40mm rests centrally over
face on the ground plane, with an edge touching the picture plane and a frustum of a hexagonal pyramid of base side 40mm, top base 30mm
all vertical faces equally inclined to the picture plane. The station and 60mm height. Draw the isometric view of the solid
point is 50 mm in front of the picture plane, 35 mm above the ground IP3. A cylinder of diameter 50 mm rests on ground vertically with its axis
plane and lies in a central plane which is 10 mm to the left of the 5 mm behind PP. The observer point is 40mm infront of PP, 100 mm
center of the cube. above GP and is 10 mm to the right of the nearest base corner point. a
3. A rectangular prism of base size 25x40x60 mm rests with it’s on the central plane passing through the apex. Draw the perspective
ground such that the longer base edge recedes 30° to the right of PP projection.
with one end of it behind PP. The station point is 45mm in front of PP, IP4. A square prism of 55 mm edge of base and 70 mm height is placed on
35 mm above GP and lying on a central plane 35 mm from the nearest the ground behind the PP with its axis vertical and one of the edges of
vertical edge. Draw the perspective view. the base receding to the left at an angle of 40° to the PP. The nearest
4. Draw the perspective projection of a pentagonal prism of base side 20 vertical edge of the solid is 20 mm behind PP and 25 mm to the left of
mm and height 40 mm when it rests on its base on the GP with one of the observer who is at a distance of 120 mm in front of PP. The height
its rectangular faces parallel to and 20 mm behind the PP. The SP is 45 of the observer above the ground is 100 mm. Draw the perspective
mm in front of PP and 60mm above GP. The observer is 30 mm to the view of the prism.
left of the axis. IP5. A pentagonal pyramid side of base 25 mm a and height 50 mm rests
5. A regular hexagonal pyramid of base edge 20 mm and height 35 mm with one of its corner of the base touching the e picture plane and the
rests on its base on the ground plane with one of its base edges base edges passing through this corner making equal inclinations with
8/12
the picture plane. The station point is on the central line, 100 mm in 5. Draw a hyperbola when the distance between the focus and directrix
front of the picture plane and 75 mm above the e ground. Draw the is 40 mm and the eccentricity is 4/3. Draw a tangent and normal at
perspective view of the pyramid. any point on the hyperbola.
6. Draw a hyperbola when the distance between its focus and directrix is
UNIT I - PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING 50 mm and eccentricity is 3/2. Also draw the tangent and normal at a
point 25 mm from the directrix.
Curves used in engineering practices
 Conics – Construction of ellipse, parabola and hyperbola Construction of Cycloid
by eccentricity method
1. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping.
 Construction of cycloid
Draw the curve traced by a point P on the circumference for one
 Construction of involutes of square and circle complete revolution. Draw a tangent and normal on it 40 mm from the
Scales: Construction of Diagonal and Vernier scales. base line.
2. Construct a cycloid having a rolling circle diameter as 50 mm for one
Free hand sketching of multiple views from pictorial views of
revolution. Draw a normal and tangent to the curve at a point 35 mm
objects
above the directing line.
3. Draw an epicycloids generated by a rolling circle of diameter 40 mm
and the diameter of the directing circle is 140 mm. Also draw tangent
and normal to the curve from any point on it.
Engineering Curves: Ellipse, Parabola & Hyperbola
4. Draw a hypocycloid generated by a rolling circle of diameter 50 mm
and the diameter of the directing circle is 240 mm. Also draw tangent
1. Draw the locus of a point P moving so that the ratio of its distance
and normal to the curve from any point on it.
from a fixed point F to its distance from a fixed straight line DD’ is ¾.
Also draw tangent and normal to the curve from any point on it.
Construction of Involutes
2. Construct an ellipse given the distance of the focus from the directrix
as 60 mm and eccentricity as 2/3. Also draw tangent and normal to 1. Draw the involute of a square of side 30 mm. Also draw tangent and
the curve at a point on it 20 mm above the major axis. normal to the curve from any point on it.
3. Construct a parabola given the distance of the focus from the directrix 2. A coir is unwound from a drum of 30mm diameter. Draw the locus of
as 50 mm. Also draw tangent and normal to the curve from any point the free end of the coir for unwinding through an angle of 360°. Draw
on it. also a tangent and normal at any point on the curve.
4. The focus of a conic is 50 mm from the directrix. Draw the locus of a 3. An inelastic string of length 100 mm is wound round a circle of 26
point ‘P’ moving in such a way that its distance from the directrix is mm diameter. Draw the path traced by the end of the string.
equal to its distance from the focus. Name the curve. Draw a tangent
to the curve at a point 60 mm from the directrix.
9/12
Scales 2. Draw the orthographic projections of the following component using
free hand.
1. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F 1:30 to read meters,
decimeters and centimeters and long enough to measure up to
3m. Also mark a length of 1.76m on the scale.
2. The distance between Chennai and Madurai is 400 km. It is
represented by a distance of 8 cm on a railway map. Find the
R.F. and construct a diagonal scale to read kilometers. Show on
it the distance of 543 km, 212 km and 408 km.
3. Construct a vernier scale to read meters, decimeters and centimeters
and long enough to measure up to 4m. R.F of the scale is 1/20. Mark
on your scale a distance of 2.28m.
4. The actual length of 300m of an auditorium is represented by a line of
10 cm on a drawing. Draw a vernier to read up to 400m. Mark it, a
length of 343m.
Free Hand Sketching

3. Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the
1. Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the pictorial view shown in the figure
pictorial view shown in the figure
10/12
4. Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the CF4. Draw the involute of a circle of diameter 40 mm and draw the
pictorial view shown in the figure tangent and the normal to the involute at a point 95 mm from the
centre of the curve.
CF5. Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter which rolls
inside another circle of 200 mm diameter for one revolution.
CF6. Draw an epicycloid if a circle of 40 mm diameter rolls outside
another circle of 120 mm diameter for one revolution.
CF7. Draw the orthographic projections of the following component
using free hand.
Assignment6: Plane Curves and Free Hand Sketching
CF1. Draw the locus of a point P which moves in n a plane in such a

way that the ratio of its distances from a fixed point F and a fixed
straight line AB is always 2/3. The distance between the fixed point F
and fixed straight line is 50 mm. Also draw a tangent and normal on a
point on the locus at a horizontal distance of 55 mm from the fixed
straight line.
CF2. Draw the locus of a point P moving so that the ratio of its distance
from a fixed point F to its distance from a fixed straight line DD’ is 1.
Also draw tangent and normal to the curve from any point on it.
CF3. The vertex of a hyperbola is 30 mm from its directrix and the
eccentricity is 3/2 .Draw the hyperbola and draw the tangent and
normal at any point on the curve.
11/12
Table of Content
Page
S.No. Topic
No.
1 Drawing Vs. Engineering Drawing……………………………… 2
Standards 2
Drawing Sheets 2
Orientation of Drawing Sheet 3
Drawing Pencils 3
Drawing Scales 3
Line Types 4
Projection Method 4
Quadrant System 5
First Angle Projection Vs Third Angle Projection 5
Department of Mechanical Engineering Lettering Technique 5
2 Conic Sections …………………………………………………………… 6
Engineering Curves 6
3 Points …………………………………………………………………………. 7
Basic Concepts on
Lines 7
Engineering Graphics Planes 8

4 Solids …………………………………………………………………………. 9
5 Sectioning of Solid ……………………………………………………. 9
Mr.S.Gokul
Development of Surfaces of Solids. 10
Assistant Professor 6 Isomeric Projection ……………………………………………………. 10
Perspective Projection 11
Multiple Choice Quiz 11
Drawing vs. Engineering Drawing Drawing Sheets
 Drawing: Describing any object/ information diagrammatically

 Engineering Drawing: A drawing of an object that contains all
information like actual shape, accurate size, manufacturing
methods, etc., required for its construction without the barrier
of a language.
Standards
Standardization is the process of formulating and applying rules for

an orderly approach to a specific activity for the benefit
Standard Code
A0 841 × 1189
BIS standards
A1 594 × 841
BIS Code Topics
A2 420 × 594
IS 10711:2001 Size and Layout of Drawing
sheets A3 297 × 420
IS 10714:1983 Line Types and Uses
A4 210 × 297
IS 9609:2001 Lettering
A5 148 × 210
IS 15021:2001 Projection Methods
A6 105 × 148
IS 11669:1986 Dimensioning
A7 74 × 105
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Page 2 of 12

Orientation of drawing sheet Drawing Pencils
Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and

letters
“H” for hardness “ B” for blackness
 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness

and blackness
 HB to F – Medium grade
 H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.
Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H and HB

pencils – to be practiced in this course.
Orientation of A3 drawing sheet
Drawing Scales
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an

object shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the
same element of the object.
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE” followed by the

indication of its ratio, as follow
SCALE 1:1 for full size
SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)
Page 3 of 12 Sri Eshwar College of Technology

Standard reducing scales are, PROJECTION METHOD
1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100
Standard enlarging scales are,
2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond to “true

size” of the object and they are independent of the scale used in
creating that drawing.
Line types
PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is used to graphically represent 3-D objects

on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
The projection theory is based on two variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
 Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an

observer’s eye and an object.
 Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which the

image is created.

First angle Projection vs Third angle Projection
First angle Projection Third angle Projection

Object placed in First Quadrant Object placed in Third Quadrant
is above HP and in front of VP is below HP and behind of VP
Front view is draw above Front view is draw below
reference line reference line
Top view is arranged below FV Top view is arranged above FV
Left side view is on the right Left side view is on the left side
side of FV and Right view is on of FV and Right view is on the
Quadrant system – in 3D the left side of FV right side of FV
Symbol Symbol
Quadrant system – in 2D

Lettering Technique
Engineering curves
A curve is defined as a continuous line traced out by a moving

point, moving by constantly changing its direction
 A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the rim of a circular

wheel as the wheel rolls along a straight line.
 A epicycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference
CONIC SECTIONS of a circular wheel which rolls without sipping, around the
outside of a fixed circle
Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola are called conic sections because  A hypocycloid is the curve traced by a point on the
these curves appear on the surface ff a cone when it is cut by some circumference of a circular wheel which rolls without sipping,
typical cutting planes. along the inside surface of a base circle.
These are the loci of points moving in a plane such that the ratio of Involute: it is a curve traced by an end of a string or thread, when
it’s distances from a fixed point And a fixed line always remains it’s unwounded from a circle or a polygon, the thread being kept
constant. tight.
The Ratio is called ECCENTRICITY. (E)
A) For Ellipse E<1
B) For Parabola E=1
C) For Hyperbola E>1

Points in Space  When a point lies in the first quadrants, it will be above H.P.
and in front of V.P.
A Point may lie in space, in any one of the four quadrants, formed  When the point lies in the second quadrant, it will be above
by the two references planes of projections, namely, H.P and V.P. H.P. and behind V.P.
showing the four quadrants formed by H.P. and V.P.  When the point lies in the third quadrant, it will be below H.P.
and behind V.P.
 When the point lies in the fourth quadrant, it will be in front of
V.P. and Below H.P
Lines: It’s the locus of a point which moves along the shortest
path joining two given points
Positions of a Point

Planes: A plane is a two dimensional entity (surface, Area or

object) having only length and breadth.

Solids: it’s defined as an object having three dimensions SECTIONING OF SOLID.
A solid object is cut by some imaginary cutting plane to understand

internal details of that object.
Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended.
A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp.
Development
B) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

ILLUSTRATION SHOWING IMPORTANT TERMS IN SECTIONING DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS

Development of surface of a solid is defined as the process of
opening out all the surfaces of a three dimensional body on to a
flat plane.
Isomeric projection: it’s a pictorial projection of an object in

which the three dimensional view of the object is shown
Isomeric projection: 0.816 times of Isomeric projection scale

Perspective Projection: it’s a drawing of any object as it appears  The dimension figure for radius of a circle should be preceded
to the human eye. by
(a) R
(b) CR
(c) SR
(d) RAD
Ans: (b)
 Methods of arrangement of dimensions includes

(a) Parallel, continuous and combined
(b) Perpendicular, parallel and combined
(c) Perpendicular, continuous and combined
(d) Perpendicular, parallel and continuous
Multiple Choice Quiz Ans: (a)
 Hidden lines are drawn as  Superimposed dimensioning is a simplified method of

(a) dashed narrow lines (a) chain dimensioning
(b) dashed wide lines (b) parallel dimensioning
(c) long-dashed dotted wide line (c) combined dimensioning
(d) long-dashed double dotted wide line (d) tabular dimensioning
Ans: (a) Ans: (b)
 Line composed of closely and evenly spaced short dashes in a  A curve drawn for Boyle’s law (PV = constant) on a P-V chart
drawing represents has a characteristic shape of
(a) visible edges (a) ellipse
(b) hidden edges (b) parabloa
(c) hatching (c) oblique hyperbola
(d) pitch circle of gears (d) rectangular hyperbola
Ans: (b) Ans: (d)
 Lettering on a drawing sheet should have  The profile of a gear teeth is in the form of
(a) all alphabets in capital letters (a) parabola
(b) all alphabets in small letters (b) involute
(c) In a sentance only first alphabet in capital letter (c) spiral
(d) In a sentance only abbreviations are capital letter (d) helix
Ans: (a) Ans: (b)
 The line connecting a view to note is called  When two angles together make 90º, they are called
(a) dimension line (a) obtuse angle
(b) projection line (b) reflex angle
(c) leader (c) complementary angles
(d) arrowheads (d) supplementary angles
Ans: (c) Ans: (c)

 The included angle of a hexagon is (c) left side view

(a) 30º (d) right side view
(b) 60º Ans: (a)
(c) 120º
(d) 150º  Which of the following object gives a circular section, when it is
Ans: (c) cut completely by a section plane (irrespective of the angle of
the section plane)
 The curve generated by a point on the circumference of a circle, (a) Cylinder
which rolls without slipping along outside of another circle is (b) Sphere
known as (c) Cone
(a) Hypocycloid (d) Circular lamina
(b) Epicycloid Ans: (b)
(c) Cycloid
(d) Trochoid  Comparative scale is a pair of scale having a common
Ans: (b) (a) units
(b) representative fraction
 In orthographic projections, the rays are assumed to (c) length of scale
(a) diverge from station point (d) least count
(b) converge from station point Ans: (b)
(c) be parallel
(d) None of these  An angle can be set off and measured with the help of
Ans: (c) (a) plane scale
(b) diagonal scale
 If an object lies in third quadrant, its position with respect to (c) comparative scale
reference planes will be (d) Scale of chords
(a) infront of V.P, above H.P Ans: (d)
(b) behind V.P., above H.P.
(c) behind V.P., below H.P.
(d) infront of V.P., below H.P.
Ans: (c)
 If the Vertical Trace (V.T.) of a line lies 30 mm above reference

line (XY), then its position will be
(a) 30 mm infront of V.P.
(b) 30 mm behind V.P.
(c) 30 mm above H.P.
(d) 30 mm below H.P.
Ans: (c)
 When an object is cut by a section plane parallel to H.P and

perpendicular to V.P, then the sectional view of the object is
obtained in
(a) top view
(b) front view

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ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

GE8152 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Lecture Tutorial Practical Marks Credits Total Hours

Mr.S.Gokul (Asst. Prof/Mech)

Title of the program: B.E

 Introduction to Engineering Graphics

 Graphical representation of an object – Drawing

 You will learn - How industry communicates

 Conventions – commonly accepted practices and

 Engineering drawing is completely different from artistic

 Computer has a major impact on the methods used to

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

India BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

ISO International Standards Organization

BIS Code Topics

IS 10714:1983 Line Types and Uses

A Series Formats (mm)

A Series Formats (mm)

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

 Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers

 Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H

Size in drawing Actual size

SCALE 1:1 for full size

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

 Dimensioning requires the use of

 All three line types are drawn thin so that they

 Dimension line: A line terminated by

 Extension line: An extension line is a thin solid

 Leader Line: A straight inclined thin solid line

 Leaders may be terminated:

 Leaders may be terminated:

 Leaders may be terminated:

 Arrowheads are used as terminators on dimension lines.

Of the four different arrowhead types that are authorized by the

1st 2nd 3rd

 Arrowheads are drawn between the extension

 List the dimensioning mistakes and then

2) Don’t dim. inside the object.

6) Missing dim. (ɸ of hole)

 Lettering – Writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, scales

Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

The projection theory is based on two variables:

The image is produced by connecting the points where

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Perspective projection is not

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

First angle Projection Third angle Projection

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

 PROJECTION OF PLANE SURFACES

Unit Topics Page

Mr.S.Gokul/Assistant Professor/Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mr.S.Gokul/Assistant Professor/Department of Mechanical Engineering

SD1. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 60 mm

perpendicular to VP, 500 to HP meeting the axis 30 mm above HP. cylinder.

 Conics – Construction of ellipse, parabola and hyperbola Construction of Cycloid