CE 6306 / Strength of materials

Mechanical Engineering

2016-17

UNIT 1
STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION
PART B
1. A load of 50kN is suspended by a steel pipe of 50mm external diameter. If the ultimate tensile
strength of steel is 500 N/mm 2 and the factor of safety is 4, determine (i) the thickness of the pipe.
(ii) Elongation of the pipe over a length of 200 mm if it is stressed to its maximum permissible value.
Take E = 200 kN/mm2.
Hints:
Find the (1)working stress= Ultimate stress/Factor of safety, (2) Working stress= Load/Area= P/(/4(D2
d2 ), (3) from the relation( 2)find the smaller dia d.(4) thickness=D-d/2 , (5) Elongation l=PL/AE.
2. A member ABCD is subjected to loads as shown. Find the value of P and determine the total
change in length of the bar. Take E = 210 kN/mm2.

HINT:
Left side load= Tensile (+); Right Side load= compression(-);
Find P, Loads on the left= Loads on the right.
45+450=P+130; P=365 KN. Consider each individual section,
Section 1; LHS=45, RHS= P+130-450=365+130-450=-45, load at 1 P1=45 tensile load
Section 2;LHS= 45-365=-320 ; RHS= 450-130=320,load at 2 P2=320 compression load
Section 3; LHS= 45-365+450=130; RHS= 130,load at P3= 130 tensile load.
l=P1L1/A1E-P2l2/A2E+P3L3/A3E
3. A compound bar 900 mm long is made of a bar of steel 300mm long 30 mm diameter attached to
a bar of copper 600 mm long. Under a pull of 50 kN the extensions in each portion are found to be
equal. Determine (i) the diameter of the copper rod, and (ii) the stresses in steel and copper. Take E s
= 2.05 x 105 N/mm2 and EC = 1.11 x 105 N/mm2.
HINT:
Extension in steel bar= Extension in copper bar.
PsLs/AsEs=Pculcu/AcuEcu
Using the above relation and from the area of the steel bars formula find diameter of the copper rod.
Find the stresses in the bars using the formula stress=Load/Area., Individual stresses can be calculated.
COMPOSITE BARS:
4.* A steel rod of 25 mm diameter is enclosed centrally in a hollow copper tube of external diameter
50 mm and internal diameter of 40 mm. The composite bar is then subjected to an axial pull of 50
kN. If the length of each bar is equal to 0.25m, determine: (i) the stress in the rod and tube and (ii)
load carried by each bar. Take E for steel = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and for copper = 1 x 105 N/mm2.
HINT:
Area of the steel rod As =/4. d2
Area of the copper rod Acu = ( /4(D2- d2)
Total load P=Ps+ Pcu,
PsLs/AsEs=Pcu L cu/AcuEcu ;
Length of steel bar= Length of copper bar.
Find out the load one in terms of other
Using the above relations find out the individual loads or load share. Calculate the stresses induced in
each bar.

CE 6306 / Strength of materials

Mechanical Engineering

2016-17

5. A mild steel rod of 25 mm diameter and 300 mm long is enclosed centrally inside a hollow copper
tube of external diameter 40 mm and internal diameter of 30 mm. The composite bar is subjected to
an axial pull of 50 kN through rigid cover plates. If E for steel and copper is 200 GN/m 2 and 100
GN/m2 respectively, find the stresses developed in the rod and tube. Also find the extension of the
rod.
HINT:
Area of the steel rod As =/4. d2
Area of the copper tube Acu = ( /4(D2- d2)
Total load P=Ps+ Pcu,
PsLs/AsEs=Pcu L cu/AcuEcu ;
Length of steel bar= Length of copper tube.
Find out the load one in terms of other
Using the above relations find out the individual loads or load share. Calculate the stresses induced in
each bar.
6. A solid steel bar 500mm long and 70mm diameter is placed inside an aluminium tube
having 75mm inside diameter and 100mm outside diameter. The aluminium cylinder is
15mm longer than the steel bar. An axial load of 600kN is applied to the bar and the
Cylinder through rigid cover plates. Compute the stresses developed in the steel bar and the
aluminium tube. Assume Es = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and Eal = 0.7 x 105 N/mm2.
HINT:
Area of the steel rod As =/4. d2
Area of the aluminium tube Aal = ( /4(D2- d2)
Let the aluminium tube be compressed by mm
The steel bar is compressed by -15 mm
Strain in steel = es=Change in length/ original length= -15/500
Strain in aluminium= eal=/515
Stress in aluminium= pal=Ealeal
Stress in Steel= ps=Eses
Total load P=Ps+ Pal., WKT , Load= Stress x Area
Using the above relation find , with deflection find the stresses.
7. Two vertical rods of steel and copper are rigidly fixed with the ceiling at their upper ends at
100cm apart. Each rod is 3m long and 25mm in diameter. A horizontal cross piece connects the
lower ends of the rods. Where should a load of 3.5 tonnes be placed on the cross piece, so that it
remains horizontal after loaded? Assume Es = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and EC =1 x 105 N/mm2.
HINT:
Area of the steel rod As =/4. ds2
Area of the copper rod Acu = /4 dc2
Modular ratio
m=Es/Ec
Strain in steel= Strain in copper
es=ec ; ps/Es=pc/Ec ; ; ps=2 pc
Ts and Tc are the tensions in the steel and copper rods.
Ts=2 Tc
Consider the equilibrium of the cross bar, and taking moments about the copper rod.
3.5 x9810 x= Tsx 1000/2
Substitute the value of Ts and find the value of x.
8. A reinforced short concrete column 500 mm x 500 mm in section is reinforced with 8 steel bars of
diameter 25mm. The column carries a load of 200 kN. (i) If the modulus of elasticity for steel is 18
times that of concrete, find the stresses in concrete and steel. (ii) If the stress in concrete shall not
exceed 5 N/mm2, find the diameter of the steel rod required so that the column may support a load
of 500 kN.
HINT:

CE 6306 / Strength of materials

Mechanical Engineering

2016-17

Area of the column = 500 x 500= 25000sq.mm

Area of the steel bars = 8 x /4x (25)2
Area of Concrete= Area of the Column- Area of the steel
Total load P= Load on steel bar + Load on concrete
PsLs/AsEs=Pcu L cu/AcuEcu.
PsLs/As18Ecu=Pcu L cu/AcuEcu
Find Ps in terms of Pc
Calculate the individual load using the above relation
Calculate the stresses in concrete and steel bars with the loads just found out.
TEMPERATURE STRESS:
10.* Find the expansion of a 2 m long rod, when the temperature is raised from 20C to 95C. If
this expansion is prevented, find the stress induced in the material of the rod. Take E = 1 x 10 5
N/mm2 and =0.000012 /C.
HINT:
Raise in temperature T= 20C+95C= 115C
Temperature stress= TE =0.000012 x 115 x 1 x 105= 1.4 x 1002
Expansion of the rod= Tl=0.000012 x 115x2x1000=2.8 mm
11. A steel rod 50 mm diameter, 5 m long and connected to two grips is maintained at a temperature
of 100C. Find the stress and force exerted when the temperature falls to 25C if (i) the ends do not
yield, and (ii) the ends yield by 1.5mm. Take E = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and = 12 x 10-6/ C.
(i) Temperature stress = TE, Pull in the rod= stress x Area
(ii) Temperature strain= Contraction prevented/ Original length= Tl-/l ; =1.5mm
Temperature stress = strain x E
Pull in the rod= Stress x Area.
12. A bar of length 1m is clamped at the ends and subjected to a rise in temperature of 20C. If the
co efficient of expansion of the material of the bar is 1.2 x 10 -6 / C, the Young's modulus is 2 x 10 5
N/mm2 and the cross sectional area is 314 N/mm2, what is the magnitude and nature of the stress
induced?
HINT:
Temperature strain= Contraction prevented/ Original length= Tl
Temperature stress = strain x E ; Push in the rod= Stress x Area.
13.A steel rod of 20mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube of 50mm external diameter
and 40mm internal diameter. The tube is closed at each end by rigid plates. If the temperature of
the assembly is raised by 50C, find the stresses in steel rod and copper tube. Take E s = 200
kN/mm2, EC =100 kN/mm2, S = 12 x 10-6 / C, C = 18 x 10-6 / C. The plates are 400mm apart.
HINT:
Stress in steel= sTEs
Stress in copper= cTEc
Strain in steel es= sTl/l
Strain in copper ec= cTl/l
14. A steel tube 50mm external diameter and 5mm thick encloses centrally a solid copper bar of
30mm diameter. The bar and the tube are rigidly connected together at the ends at a temperature of
30C. The composite bar is subjected to an axial compressive load of 60kN and the temperature is
raised to 150C. Determine the stresses in steel tube and copper rod. Assume E S = 200 GPa, S = 12
x 10-6 / C, EC = 100 GPa, C = 18 x 10-6 / C.
HINT:
Area of steel tube As=/4 (502-402)
Area of copper rod Ac= /4 x302
The temperature T=150-30=120C
Final increase in length of Steel= Final increase in length of Copper
sTl +psl/Es= cTl/l-pcl/Ec

CE 6306 / Strength of materials

Mechanical Engineering

2016-17

Find ps in terms of pc
Stresses in the compressive load of 20KN
ps/Es= pc/Ec
Total load P= ps/Es+ pc/Ec
15. A compound bar is made up of a central steel plate 60mm wide and 10 mm thick, to which
copper plates 60 mm wide and 5 mm thick are rigidly connected one on either side. The length of
the bar at normal temperature is 1m. If the temperature is raised by 70C, determine the stress in
each metal and its nature. Also find the change in length. Youngs modulus for steel and copper are
2 x 105 MPa and 1 x 105 MPa respectively, while the thermal coefficients are 12 x 10 -6 /C and17 x
10-6 / C.
HINT;
Area of the steel plate= 60 x 10
Area of the copper plate=60 x 5
Equilibrium of forces, P=Ps+Pc
sTl - cTl/l= PsLs/AsEs+Pcu L cu/AcuEcu., Using Ps in terms of Pc
Finding load of copper and steel, calculation of stresses in the compound metal is possible.
16. A brass rod 2.4m long is held horizontally between two rigid vertical walls 2.403m apart. The
temperature of the rod is gradually raised such that the ends of the rod get fixed against the walls
and has a compressive stress of 21 MPa. What is the rise in temperature? Assume E = 1.05 x 10 5
MPa and = 11.8 x 10-6 / C. Poissons Ratio: 0.25
HINT:
Strain in brass ebr= brTl/l
Stress in brass pbr= brTEbr
Poissons ratio=Lateral strain/linear strain
17. Find the youngs modulus and Poisson's ratio of a bar of length 300 mm breadth 40 mm and
depth 40 mm. When this bar is subjected to an axial compressive load of 40 kN, Decrease length is
0.75mm and increase in depth is 0.03mm. Also find the modulus of rigidity.
Hint:
Axial compressive stress= load/Area= 40 x1000/(300 x40)
Lateral strain= Change in lateral dimension/ original dimension
Linear strain= Change in length / Original length
Poissons ratio=Later strain/linear strain
Youngs Modulus= Stress/Strain
Rigidity Modulus can be calculated using the relationship, E=2C(1+1/m)
18. A solid circular bar of diameter 20mm, when subjected to an axial tensile load of 40kN, the
reduction in diameter was observed as 6.4 x 10 -3 mm. The bulk modulus of the material of the bar is
67 GPa. Find (i) Young's modulus (ii) Poisson's ratio (iii) modulus of rigidity (iv) change in length
per meter length and (v) change in volume of the bar per meter length.
HINT:
Area of the circular bar=/4 x d2
Stress=Load/ Area
Lateral Strain= d/d
Youngs Modulus= stress/strain
l= Pl/AE;length=1m
Poissons ratio= Lateral strain/Linear strain.
Rigidity modulus is calculated using , E=2C(1+1/m)
Bulk Modulus= Change in Volume/Original volume.
19. A bar 250mm long, cross sectional area 100mm x 50mm, carries a tensile load of 500kN
along lengthwise, a compressive load of 5000 kN on its 100mm x 250mm faces and a tensile
load of 2500 kN on its 50mm x 250mm faces. Calculate (i) the change in volume (ii) what
change must be made in the 5000kN load, so that no change in the volume of the bar occurs.

CE 6306 / Strength of materials

Mechanical Engineering

2016-17

Take Es = 200 GPa and 1/m = 0.3.

Hint;
px =500 x 1000/(100 x 50)
py=2500 x 1000/(250 x 50)
pz=5000 x 1000/(250 x 100)
Volumetric Strain= ev=( px + py + pz)(1-2/m)(1/E)
Change in Volume= ev x Original Volume
In order that there may not be any change in volume , px + py + pz must be equal to zero
px + py + pz=0., take pz as unknown
Hence the compressive load = 250 x 100x pz
Additional compressive load= 5000-(250 x 100x pz ).
20. A cast iron flat 300mm long, 30mm thick and 50mm wide is acted by the following forces
250 kN (Tension) in the direction of its length, 350 kN (compression) in the direction of its
width and 200 kN (Tension) in the direction of its thickness. Calculate the stress, strain and
change in dimension along each principal direction and also the change in volume of the
flat. Assume the modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of cast iron as 1.4 x 10 5 N/mm2 and
0.25 respectively.
Hint:
px = Stress along x Axis
py=Stress along y Axis
pz =stress along z Axis
ex = px/E- py/mE + pz/mE
ey = py/E- px/mE + pz/mE
ez = pz/E- px/mE - py/mE
Volumetric, ev= ex+ ey+ ez
Increase in length= ex x length
Increase in width= ey x Width
Decrease in depth=ez x depth
Increase in volume= ev(ex x ey X ez )
21. A circular alloy bar 2m long uniformly tapers from 30 mm diameter to 20mm diameter. Find the
elongation of the bar under an axial load of 50 kN. E = 140 kN/mm2.
HINT:
The elongation of the rod = 4PL/Ed1d2
22. A rod of length 500 mm, which tapers uniformly from 50 mm to 30 mm diameter, is
subjected to an axial load of 5kN. If E = 2 x 105 N/mm2, find the extension of the rod.
HINT:
The elongation of the rod = 4PL/Ed1d2
23. A rod tapers uniformly from 50 mm to 30 mm diameter in a length of 400 mm. Find the youngs
modulus of the rod, if it extends 0.05mm when subjected to a load of 5000N.
HINT:
The elongation of the rod = 4PL/Ed1d2 ; the elongation is given
24. A rectangular bar made of steel is subjected to an axial tensile load of 50 kN. The width of the 2
m long and 10 mm thick rod varies from 60 mm at one end to 25 mm at the other. Find the
extension of the rod if E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
HINT:
The elongation of the steel rectangular bar=PL/tE(b 1-b2) x logb1/b2
25. A rectangular steel bar of length 1m and of thickness 25 mm tapers uniformly in width from 80
mm to 40 mm. Determine the axial tensile load on the bar which produces an extension of 0.25 mm.
Take E for the bar as 2.1 x 105 N/mm2.
HINT:
The elongation of the steel rectangular bar=PL/tE(b 1-b2) x logb1/b2

CE 6306 / Strength of materials

Mechanical Engineering

2016-17