Engineering Drawing

Chapter One

Introduction

By Tadele Libay November, 2018

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 History
• Historically drawing is started by the caveman.
They use drawing for communication to lead
their day to day life.

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• As human needs increase continuously, there
is revolutionary change. Industrial revolution
is one of the milestones for the development
of drawing.

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• From time to time several rules and principles
are developed to utilize drawing as efficient as
possible.
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 What is Drawing ?
• Drawing is a graphic language used to express
ideas. In other words it is one means of
communication.
• It is used for:
– Research and Development
– Design
– Production
– Construction
– Operation
– Maintenance
– Installation
– etc 5
 Drawing as a Means of Communications
• We grasp information easily if it is
illustrated with diagrams, sketches,
pictures, etc.

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 Source: http://img.stern.de/_content/53/96/539645/A380_500_artikel_500.jpg

AIRBUS A380

Details: largest passenger jet. 80m wingspan and a tail that stands as high
as a seven-storey building, carries more than 550 passengers.
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 Drawing as a Means of Communications
• The v-block is to be made of cast iron and
machined on all surfaces. The overall sizes are
two and one-half inches high, three inches
wide, and six inches long. A v-shaped cut
having an included angle of 90° is to be made
through the entire length of the block. The cut
is to be made with the block resting on the
three inch by six inch surface. The v-cut is to
begin one-quarter inch from the outside edges.
At the bottom of the v-cut there is to be a relief
slot one-eighth inch wide by one-eighth inch
deep.
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Drawing as a Means of Communications

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 Drawing as a Means of Communications

• How would you

describe this object?
– In teams of two,
describe using only
words.
– How effective is this
approach?

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 Graphic Language or Drafting
• It is a form of communication that is technical
and very exact.
• It is visual language
• Utilize line, curves and symbols agreed all over
the world.
• It is economical and unforgettable than any
other languages .

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 Graphic Language or Drafting
• The most common names associated with the
graphic languages are:
– Drafting: represent all graphic languages.
– Technical Drawing: Any drawing which expresses
technical ideas, including sketches, instrument
drawings, charts, and illustrations.

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 Graphic Language or Drafting
• Three Basic Types of Technical Drawings

– Freehand sketches
– Instrument drawings
– Computer Aided Drawings (CAD) and models

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Freehand drawing:

 The lines are sketched without using instruments other than pencils and
erasers.

 Try to practice….

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Instrument drawing:

 Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely
and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale.
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 Graphic Language or Drafting
• There are two principles in drawing
– Visualization
• The ability to see what an object looks like in the mind
of eye.
– Implementation
• Drawing of an object that has been visualized.

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 Graphic Language or Drafting
• Study of drawing can be categorized as
– Plane geometry
• Representation of an object having two dimensions.
– Solid geometry
• Representing three dimensions of objects.

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 Graphic Language or Drafting
• Present 3-D objects with 2-D media
• 2-D 3-D

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 Lettering
• Lettering plays a major role in overall
appearance of a drawing and increases the
readability of the drawing.
• Lettering should be executed in one stroke as
much as possible.

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 Basic Strokes
vertical Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
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 Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case letters & Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals
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 Suggested Strokes Sequence
Lower-case letters

The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter. 23
 Word Composition
Observe the following word

Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour || || \ / \ | )( )| |(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters. 24
 Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

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 Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

slant
≡ slant

slant
≡ straight
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Example : Good and Poor Lettering

GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.
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 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

For example:
DRAWINGOISOGRAPHICOLANGUAGE

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 Drawing Instrument
• In engineering drawing any object is
represented by straight lines and/or curves.
These lines should be drawn as accurate as
possible by the help of drawing instruments.
• Quality of a drawing depends to a large extent
on the quality, adjustment, proper use and
care of drawing instruments.

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 Drawing Instrument
• List of drawing instruments
– Eraser
– Erasing shield
– Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
– Architect’s or engineer’s scale
– Irregular curves (French curve)
– Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider, extensions)
– Protractor

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 Drawing Instrument
– Drawing board
– T-square, or parallel-ruling straightedge, or drafting
machine
– Drawing sheets
– Drafting tape
– Drafting pencils
– Pencil sharpener
– Lettering instrument

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Drawing Instrument

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 Drawing Instrument
• Drawing sheet US CUSTOMARY ISO STANDARD
SERIES
– made from different
materials with different
quality. Such as, paper, Size First Second Size Third series
serie serie
tracing paper, vellum, s s
tracing cloth, glass A 81/2 x 11 9 x 12 A0 841 x 1189
cloth or film. B 11 x 17 12 x 18 A1 594 x 841
– Drawing sheets will
C 17 x 22 18 x 24 A2 420 x 594
determine selection of
D 22 x 34 24 x 36 A3 297 x 420
pencil grade
E 34 x 44 36 x 48 A4 210 x 297

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 Drawing Sheet

 Standard sheet size (JIS) A4

 A4 - 210 x 297 (mm) A3

 A3 - 297 x 420 (mm)
 A2 - 420 x 594 (mm)
 A1 - 594 x 841 (mm) A2
 A0 - 841 x 1189 (mm)

A1

For this course:

 A4

A0
 Drawing Instrument

• T-square
– They can be made from
different materials, mostly
from wood or plastic.
– Parts: blade and head
– two edges of the blade should
be parallel.
– The head is fixed at 900 to the
blade
– The cleanness of your T –
square greatly affect your
drawing quality and
cleanliness.

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 Drawing Instrument
• Used for
– Drawing horizontal
lines
– Guiding triangles
– Position drawing paper

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 Drawing Instrument
• Drawing pencils
– Most drawing pencil leads are made from graphite.
They are usually made in 17 degrees of hardness.

• 6B(softest and blackest) • H (medium hard)

• 5B(extremely soft)
• 4B extra soft)
• 3B (very soft)
• 2B (soft, plus)
• B (soft)
• HB (medium soft)
• F (intermediate, between
soft and hard)
• 2H (hard)
• 3H (hard, plus)
• 4H (very hard)
• 5H (extra hard)
• 6H (extra hard, plus)
• 7H (extremely hard)
• 8H (extremely hard, plus)
• 9H (Hardest)

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 Drawing Instrument
– Selection of drawing pencil
• type and quality of drawing paper
• how thick and dark you want the line to be.
– Pencil lines should be clean and sharp. They must
be dark enough for the views to be seen when the
standard lines are drawn.
– If you use too much pressure, you will groove the
drawing surface. You can avoid this if you use
proper grade of lead.
– Turn the pencil between your thumb and
forefinger as you draw a line.

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 Drawing Instrument
• Drawing instrument set
– It may include compass with pen part and pencil
part, divider, lengthening bar, bow pen, bow
pencil and ruling pens.
– Dividers:- used to transfer distance
– Compass:- used to draw circles or arcs (which are
parts of a circle)
– Beam compass:- used to draw arcs or circles of
larger size.

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 Drawing Instrument
• French Curves
– Used to draw irregular curves.
– It is available to align at least three points the
curve to be drawn.
• Triangles
– Used to draw lines at standard angles and by
connecting any two points.

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 Drawing Instrument
• Scale Enlarged Same size Reduced
2000:1
 made from different
1000:1 1:1 1:2
materials. 500:1 1:5
 made with different 200:1 1:10
division. 100:1 1:20
 Metric Scales 50:1 1:50
• Metric scales are divided 20:1 1:100
into millimeters. 10:1 1:200
NOTE:- USING PROPER SCALE YOU
CAN READ FULL SIZE 5:1 1:500
MEASUREMENTS FROM DRAWINGS. 2:1 1:1000

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 Types of Lines
TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION
Continuous thick line Visible outlines (boundary lines)

Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Continuous thin wavy
Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
line (drawn free hand)
Continuous thin line Long break lines.
with ZIGZAG.
Short dash Invisible edges

Long chain thin line Locus lines, center lines,

Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with Phantom line, show alternate position
two dash lines

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Types of Lines

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 Borders and Title Blocks
• Borders
– provides a safety area to prevent the loss of
important information.
– approve appearance for presentation purposes
• Title Blocks
– some items standard: drawing number, sheet
number, title, company name, logo, scale, date,
tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor.

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 A Few Basic Points for a Drawing
• Should be complete and unambiguous
• Should be neat and easy to read
• Use only as many views as necessary to show
all required detail

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