AR 113 Graphics 1

ARCHITECTURAL
DRAFTING
Vision
• NEUST is a locally responsive and
internationally relevant and recognized
University of Science and Technology.
• 
Mission
• To develop new knowledge and
technologies and transform human
resources into productive citizenry to
bring about development impact to
local and international communities.
 
Introduction to the course
subject
• Coverage of the subject
• Unit 1 Lettering
• Unit 2 Mechanical Drawing
• Unit 3 Alphabet of Lines
• Unit 4 Geometric Construction
• Unit 5 Surface Development
• System of Grading
System of Grading
• Minimum requirement for passing grade is 75% final grade
average taken from the following:

• Quiz /Exercises …………….. 30%

• Plates ………………………….. 40%
• Term Examination………………30%
• 100%
• Cumulative system of grading is used. Final grade is
multiplied by 2 + the Midterm Grade divided by 3. Highest
passing is 1.0 and the lowest is 3.0.
 Total Grade Grade Point
D Dropped w/o credit
74% & below/failed 5.00
75% 3.00
76-78% 2.75
79-81% 2.50
82-84% 2.25
85-87% 2.00
88-90% 1.75
91-93% 1.50
94-96% 1.25
97-100% 1.00
LETTERING
• Pre-assessment Exercise: Practice lettering by
copying each letter to the box.
• Lettering considered the written language
of the industry. The important in a drawing
that it cannot be dispensed with in the
study of drawing. Lettering, as given in this
unit, includes the study of origin, evolution,
development, and the importance of letters
as applied to work drawings. Gothic letters
are the most common lettering use in
working drawing. Such letters are formed
by a straight and curved stroke of uniform
width. The fundamental requirement for
lettering used in working drawing is
legibility, ease, and of execution, which can
Origin and Development of
Letters
• The present letters or alphabet of the English and Phoenix language
originated in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptian 'letters' were in
the form of pure writing called hieroglyphics. This writing was further
modified by the ancient Phoenicians whose wedge-shaped or
cuneiform writing took the form of symbols. The ancient Greeks
changed this form of writing into what they called boustrophedon
writing. Finally, the ancient Romans modified this into a more
distinct type of writing, which became the basis for present-day
letters of the Roman alphabet except for J and U, which were not in
the Old Roman Alphabet. Old Roman and Modern Roman letters are
alike except the thickness of the stem of the letters and in the shape
of their serifs.
• 
Hieroglyphics-Hieroglyphic symbols may represent the objects that
they depict but usually, stand for particular sounds or groups of sounds.
Hieroglyph, meaning "sacred carving," is a Greek translation of the
Egyptian phrase "the god's words."
Cuneiform-system of writing first developed by the
ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE.

• The name comes from the Latin word cuneus for

'wedge' owing to the wedge-shaped style of writing.
• In cuneiform, a carefully cut writing implement known
as a stylus is pressed into soft clay to produce wedge-
like impressions that represent word-signs (pictographs)
and, later, phonograms or `word-concepts' (closer to a
modern-day understanding of a `word').
Boustrophedon-The writing of alternate lines in
opposite directions (as from left to right and from
right to left.
 Because the small letters in the alphabet were invented
during the reign of Charlemagne, they are now called
Evolution of Letters
Carolingian.
Importance of Letters
1. It provides detail that cannot be seen by standard orthographic
or pictorial drawings.
2. It's the official language of the industry.
3. Lettering is used on technical drawings to tell the kind of
materials, sizes, distances, and amounts; to identify units and
to give other necessary information.
4. Record ideas.
5. Helps transmit ideas.
Letters Styles
1.GOTHIC letters – Lines that are the same thickness,
no serifs.
• The most common style used in working drawings.
• Most appropriate because it is easy to read & write.
• Consists of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, and
numerals.
• Most companies use uppercase letters.
• Letters & numerals may be: vertical or inclined.
• Only one type should be used through one set/group of
drawings.
2.ROMAN letters -
• Thick, thin lines with "accented" strokes. The accented
strokes are called serifs.
3.ITALIC letters - Inclined letters, similar to Roman.
 
TEXT OR OLD ENGLISH letters – Includes all styles of
Old English, Church, Black, and German text. Text
lettering is one of the oldest letter styles in use.
Classification of Single Strokes
Gothic Letters
 
1. Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering.
2. Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering.
3. Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering.
4. Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering.
5. Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering.
6. Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering.
General Proportion of Letters
   
 
a. Normal lettering:
When the letters are ARCHITECTURE
drawn neither too narrow
nor too wide. The type of
proportion
  that follows the  
six by six grid
a. Compressed proportion
lettering:  

The letters.
for compressed lettering is ARCHITECTURE
 written in a small space. They are
used where the space is limited.
The width of the compressed
letters is less than the height.
   
a. Extended lettering:  
The type that is applied when the space is
too wide. The height of the letters is less
ARCHITECTURE
 
than, but the width is more significant.
 
 
Proportion of Normal Letters
• I – the narrowest and is the foundation stroke of all
letters
• W – widest letter
• O Q M – the second widest letters
• A C D G K U X Y – the third widest letters while others
are of average width
• TOM Q VAXY - are square letters, the height is equal to
their width.
• B C D E F G H J K L N P S R U Z - are drawn a little
narrower than the square.
Lightface and Boldface

• LETTERS also vary as to the thickness of their stem.

Letters having thin stems are called lightface, and
letters having thick stems are called boldface or
blackface.
Spacing
Uniformity in the spacing of letters is a matter of
equalizing spaces by eye.

 The background area between letters, not the distance

between them, should be approximately the same.
 Words are spaced well apart, but letters within words
should be spaced closely.
For either upper case or lower case lettering, make spaces
between words approximately equal to a capital O.

• Avoid spacing letters too far apart

and words too close together.
Types of Spacing
• A.Uniform Spacing

b.Non-uniform Spacing
Example of Common Mistakes in
Lettering
Rule of Stability
1. The upper portion of the letters B, E, K, S, and Z and the numbers 2, 3, 8
must be slightly reduced to correct the optical illusion that they are
unstable and that their top part is heavy.

2.The middle horizontal stroke of the letters B, E, F, and H should be drawn

a little higher than the physical center to balance the illusion that horizontal
lines drawn across a rectangle will appear lower than the center.

3.The width of the upper portion of the letters K, S, X, and Z and the
numbers 2, 3, and 8 should be smaller than their lower portion.
•
• Reference:
Guidelines a. Cap line – the uppermost horizontal guideline drawn
for upper case letters.
b. Waist line - indicates the upper limit of the lowercase
letters. The ascender is the part of the lowercase letter
that extends above the body of the letter. All ascenders
are as high as the caps.

a. Base line – where all letter rests or stand.

b. Drop line - indicates the lower limit of the lowercase
letters. The descender is the part of the lowercase
letter that extends below the body of the letter.
Spacing between Guidelines
 
• The vertical distance from the drop line to the base line
is the same as the vertical distance from the waist line
to the cap line. It is approximately one-third of the
vertical distance between the base line and the cap line,
or about one half of the vertical distance between the
base line and the waist line.
•  CASES OF LETTERS 
• Uppercase letters – All capital letters
• Lowercase letters – All small letters
• Lowercase letters should NEVER be used on drawing
title blocks.
Order of Strokes
• Stroking is performed on the basis of the slope of each
letter, and the strokes differ by order and direction.
• 
END OF LECTURE