2)

Write the conjugates of the following 8) Show that 1 + i10 + i20 + i30 is a real number.
complex numbers
9) Find the value of
i) 3+i ii) 3− i iii) − 5 − 7i i) i49 + i68 + i89 + i110
iv) − −5 v) 5i vi) 5 − i
ii) i + i2 + i3 + i4
vii) 2 + 3i
viii) cosq + i sinq
i592 + i590 + i588 + i586+ i584
3) Find a and b if 10) Simplify :
i582 + i580 + i578 + i576+ i574
i) a + 2b + 2ai = 4 + 6i 11) Find the value of 1 + i2 + i4 + i6+ i8 + ...+i20
ii) (a-b) + (a+b)i = a + 5i
12) Show that 1 + i10 + i100 − i1000 = 0.
iii) (a+b) (2 + i) = b + 1 + (10 + 2a)i
iv) abi = 3a − b + 12i 13) Is (1 + i14 + i18 + i22) a real number? Justify
your answer.
1
v) = 3 − 2i
a + ib
14) Evaluate :  i 37  167 
vi) (a + ib) (1 + i) = 2 + i  i 
4
4) Express the following in the form of a+ib,  1
15) Prove that (1+i) × 1   = 16.
4

a, b∈R i = −1 . State the values of a and b.  i

i) (1+2i)(−2+i) ii) (1+i)(1−i)−1 i6+i7+i8+ i9
16) Find the value of
i(4+3i) (2+i) i2+i3

iii) (1−i) iv) (3−i) (1+2i) 1  3i −1 − 3i
17) If a = , b= then
2 2
1 i 
2
3+2i 3−2i
v)  

vi) +
 1 i  2−5i 2+5i show that a2 = b and b2 = a.
2  3 x y
vii) (1+i)−3 viii) 18) If x+iy = (a+ib)3, show that a + b = 4(a2−b2)
4  3
a+3i
19) If = 1−i, show that (5a−7b) = 0.
2+ib
ix) ( 5  2 4 )  (1  9 )  (2  3i )(2  3i )
a + ib
4i 8  3i 9  3 20) If x+iy = ,
x) (2+3i)(2−3i) xi) 11 c + id
3i  4i10  2
a2+b2
prove that (x2+y2)2 =
5) Show that (1  3i )3 is a real number. c2+d2
1+i
 2 21) If (a+ib) =
1−i
, then prove that (a2+b2) = 1.
6) Find the value of  3   (i6−i7)(1+i11)
 i
7) Evaluate the following :
 7 i 3 7 i 3 
22) Show that    is real.
 7 i 3 7  i 3 
i) i35 ii) i888 iii) i93 iv) i116
1 23) If (x+iy)3 = y+vi the show that

v) i403 vi) 58 vii) i−888
i
y v
viii) i + i + i50 + i60    = 4(x −y )
30 40 2 2

 x y 

6
24) Find the value of x and y which satisfy the put b2 = m
following equations (x, y∈R) ∴ m2+6m−16 = 0
i) (x+2y) + (2x−3y) i + 4i = 5 ∴ (m+8)(m−2) = 0
x+1 y−1 ∴ m = −8 or m = 2
ii) + =i
1+i 1−i
i.e. b2 = −8 or b2 = 2
(x+iy) 2+i 9
iii) + = 13 (1+i) but b is a real number ∴ b2 ≠ −8
2+3i 2−3i
iv) If x(1+3i) + y(2−i) − 5 + i3 = 0, find x+y So, b2 = 2 ∴ b= ± 2

v) If x+2i+15i6y = 7x+i3 (y+4), find x+y For, b = 2 , a = 2 2

1.3 Square root of a complex number : ∴ 6 + 8i = 2 2 + 2i= 2 (2+ i)

Consider z = x+iy be any complex number For, b = − 2 , a = −2 2
Let x + iy = a+ib, a, b∈R ∴ 6 + 8i = −2 2 − 2 i = − 2 (2+ i)
On squaring both the sides, we get
∴ 6 + 8i = ± 2 (2+ i)
x+iy = (a+ib)2

x+iy = (a2−b2) + (2ab) i Ex. 2 : Find the square root of 3 − 4i

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get Solution :

x = (a2−b2) and y = 2ab Let 3 − 4i = a+ib a, b∈R

Solving these equations simultaneously, we can On squaring both the sides, we have
get the values of a and b. 3 − 4i = (a+ib)2

∴ 3 − 4i = (a2−b2) + (2ab) i
Solved Examples:
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
Ex.1 : Find the square root of 6+8i.
a2−b2 = 3 , 2ab = −4
Solution :
As (a2+b2)2 = (a2−b2)2 + (2ab)2
Let, 6 + 8i = a+ib (a, b∈R)
(a2+b2)2 = 32 + (−4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25
On squaring both the sides, we get
(a2+b2)2 = 52
2
6+8i = (a+ib)
∴ a2+b2 = 5

∴ 6+8i = (a2−b2) + (2ab) i Solving a2+b2 = 5 and a2−b2 = 3 we get
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have 2a2 = 8
6 = a2−b2 .... (1) a2 = 4
∴ a = ±2
8 = 2ab .... (2)
4 For a = 2;
∴ a = b
−4 −4
4
2
b= = = −1
∴ (1) becomes 6 =   − b2 2a 2(2)
b −4
16 For, a = −2, b = =1

i.e. 6 = 2 − b2 2(−2)
b
∴ 3 − 4i = 2 − i or −2 + i
∴ b4+6b2−16 = 0 i.e. (b2)2 + 6b2 − 16 = 0

7
1.4 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra :
'A polynomial equation with real coefficients
has at least one root' in C.
or 'A polynomial equation with complex
coefficients and of degree n has n complex roots'.
1.4.1 Solution of a Quadratic Equation in
complex number system :
Let the given equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, c∈R and a ≠ 0
∴ The solution of this quadratic equation is
given by
Ex. 2 : Solve x2−(2 3 + 3i) x + 6 3 i = 0
Solution : Given equation is
x2−(2 3 + 3i) x + 6 3 i = 0
The method of finding the roots of
ax2 + bx + c = 0, is applicable even if a, b, c
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
are complex numbers. where x =
2a
Here, a = 1, b = −(2 3 + 3i), c = 6 3 i
b2 − 4ac = [−(2 3 + 3i)]2 − 4 × 1 × 6 3 i

−b ± b 2 − 4ac = 12 − 9 + 12 3 i − 24 3 i
x =
2a = 3 − 12 3 i
Hence, the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
= 3 (1 − 4 3 i)
−b + b 2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
are and So, the given equation has complex roots. These
2a 2a
roots are given by
The expression (b2−4ac) = D is called the
discriminant. (2 )
3 + 3i ± 3(1 − 4 3 i )
If D < 0 then the roots of the given quadratic x =
2
equation are complex.
Now, we shall find 1 − 4 3 i
Note : If p + iq is the root of equation ax2 + bx + c
= 0 where a, b, c∈R and a ≠ 0 then p − iq is also Let a + ib = 1 − 4 3 i
a solution of the given equation. Thus, complex
∴ a2 − b2 + 2iab = 1− 4 3 i
roots occur in conjugate pairs.
∴ a2 − b2 = 1 and 2ab = −4 3
Solved Examples :
Ex. 1 : Solve x2 + x + 1 = 0 a2 − b2 = 1 and ab = −2 3
Solution : Given equation is x2 + x + 1 = 0 Consider (a2 + b2)2 = (a2 − b2)2 + 4 a2b2
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get
= 1 + 4 (12) = 49
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
∴ a2 + b2 = 7 ...(1)
These roots are given by
and also a2 − b2 = 1 ...(2)
−b ± b − 4ac
2

x = Solving (1) and (2)

2a
2a2 = 8 ∴ a2 = 4
−1 ± −3
=
2 ∴ a = ±2 and b = ± 3

−1 ± 3 i ∴ We have four choices

=
2 a = 2, b= 3 ... (3)
−1 + 3 i −1 − 3 i
∴ Roots are and a = 2, b=− 3 ... (4)
2 2