1

MATRICES
INTRODUCTION

A set of mn numbers, real or complex, arranged in the form of a rectangular array of m rows and
n columns, written as :
C1 C2 Cn
  
R1   a11 a12 ..... a1n 
 ..... a2 n 
R2   a21 a22
 ..... ..... ..... ..... 
Rm   am1 
am 2 ..... amn  mn

is called an m × n (read as m by n) matrix.

 A matrix, in compact form, is represented by [aij]m×n, where aij is the element of the ith row
and jth column i.e. (i, j)th element.
 Matrices are generally denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc. and their elements by the
corresponding small letters.

 
Ex. A =  23  41 51 is a matrix having two rows and three columns and so it is a matrix of order
 
2 × 3 such that a11 = 2, a12 = 1, a13 = –1, a21 = 3, a22 = –4, a23 = 5.

Note:

 The difference between a determinant and a matrix is that while a determinant has a certain
value, the matrix has none. It is just an arrangement of certain quantities.

1.1. CONSTRUCTION OF A MATRIX

Ex. Construct a 3 × 4 matrix A = [aij], whose elements are given by aij = 2i + 3j.

 a11 a12 a13 a14 

Sol.: We have A =  a21 a22 a23 a24  , where aij = 2i + 3j
a a32 a33 a34 
 31

 a11 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 1 = 5,

a12 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 = 8

Similarly,

a13 = 11, a14 = 14, a21 = 7, a22 = 10, a23 = 13, a24 = 16, a31 = 9, a32 = 12, a33 = 15, a34 = 18

5 8 11 14
 A = 7 10 13 16
9 12 15 18

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 Matrices

1.1.1. Types of Matrices

 Row Matrix: A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
Ex. A = [1 2 4 5] is row matrix.
 Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix.

  1
Ex. A =  24 is column matrix.
 
 5

 Square Matrix: A matrix in which number of rows is equal to number of columns, is called
a square matrix. A square matrix containing n rows and n columns is said to be square matrix
of order n.
 Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all elements, except those in the leading diagonal,
are zero is known as a diagonal matrix i.e. aij = 0, for all i  j.

 5 0 0
Ex. A = 0 4 0 is diagonal matrix also written as diag.[5, 4, –3].
0 0  3
 Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is called a
scalar matrix.

 0, i  j
For a square matrix A = [aij]n×n to be a scalar matrix aij =  , where m  0.
 m, i  j

2 0 0
Ex. A = 0 2 0 is scalar..
 0 0 2
 Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix having diagonal elements as unity is called an Identity
or unit matrix.

1 0 0 
I2 = 10 01 , I3 = 0 1 0 , are unit matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively..
 
0 0 1
 Null Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is known as Null matrix.

Ex. 0 0 , 0 0 0 are null matrices of order 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 respectively..

0 0 0 0 0

 Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called an Upper triangular matrix
if aij = 0 for all i > j

1 2 4 3
0 5 1 2
Ex. A = 0 0 3 5 is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 0 7 

 Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called a Lower triangular matrix
if aij = 0 for all i < j

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Matrices

 5 0 0
Ex. A = 2 3 0 is a lower triangular matrix.
1 9 5
 A Triangular matrix A = [a ij] n × n is called a strictly triangular matrix if aii = 0 for all
i = 1, 2, ..., n.

0 2 5 
Ex. A = 0 0 3 is strictly triangular..
0 0 0

1.2. OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

1.2.1. Equality of Matrices :

Two matrices A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]r × s are equal if

(i) m = r i.e. the number of rows in A = the number of rows in B.
(ii) n = s i.e. the number of columns in A = the number of columns in B.
(iii) aij = bij, for i = 1, 2, ....., m and j = 1, 2, ....., n. i.e. the corresponding elements are equal.

0 0 0 
Ex. Matrices 00 00 and 0 0 0 are not equal because their orders are not same.
   

Sample Problem 1:

 x y 2x z 
If 3x  y 3z  4 w =  1 5
 5 25  , find x, y, z, w.
 
Solution: Since, in equal matrices, corresponding elements are equal, therefore
x – y = –1,
2x + z = 5
3x + y = 5
3z + 4w = 25
Solving these equations, we get
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 4.

Sample Problem 2:

 x  3 2 y  x 0  7 
Find x, y, z and a for which  z 1 4a  6  =  3 2a 
   

 x  3 2 y  x 0  7 
Solution: Given,  z 1 4a  6  =  3 2a 
   

x  3  0 2 y  x  7
 z 1 3 4a  6  2a
 x = –3, z = 4, y = –2, a = 3.

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 Matrices

1.2.2. Sum of Matrices :

If A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]m × n are two matrices of the same order, their sum A + B will be
of order m × n such that

(A + B)ij = aij + bij for i = 1, 2, ....., m and j = 1, 2, ....., n.

Two matrices can be added by adding the corresponding elements.

Only matrices of same order can be added.

 1 4 5
Ex. If A =   2 3 7 
 

 2 5 3
B =  1 4 2
 

 1  2 4  5 5  3  1 9 8
then A + B =   2  1 3  4 7  2 =  1 7 9
   

1 4 3 2 4
Ex. If A =  2 5 1 , B =  5 9  then A + B is not defined, because A and B are not of the same
   
order.

Properties of Addition :

(i) Matrix addition is commutative

i.e. A + B = B + A.
(ii) Matrix addition is associative
i.e. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
(iii) The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition.
i.e. A+O=A=O+A
(iv) For every matrix A = [aij]m × n, there exists a matrix [–aij]m × n, denoted by –A such that
A + (–A) = 0 = (–A) + A.
–A is called additive inverse of A.

1 4 3 
Ex. If A =  2 5 7 
 

 1 4 3 
then –A =  2 5 7  .


(v) Cancellation laws hold good for matrix addition

i.e. A+B=A+C
 B = C (left cancellation law)
and B + A = C + A  B = C (right cancellation law).

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Matrices

1.2.3. Subtraction of Matrices :

If A and B be two matrices of the same order, then we define

A – B = A + (–B)
Two matrices can be subtracted by subtracting the corresponding elements.
Only matrices of same order can be subtracted.

 2  4 3
Ex. If A =  3 5  7
 

 3 5 1
B =   4 2 3
 
then A–B = A + (–B)

 2  4 3   3  5  1
=  3 5  7  +  4  2  3
   

 1  9 2
=  7 3  10
 

1.2.4. Scalar Multiplication :

If A = [aij]m × n be a matrix and k be any number (called scalar), then the matrix kA defined by
kA =[kaij]m × n

i.e. The matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A
by k.

 1 4 2
Ex. If A =   3 1 5
 

 4 16 8
then 4A =   12 4 20 .
 

Properties of Scalar Multiplication :

(i) k(A + B) = kA + kB (ii) (k + m)A = kA + mA

(iii) (km)A = k(mA) = m(kA) (iv) (–k)A = –(kA) = k(–A)
(v) 1A = A (vi) (–1)A = –A
(vii) kA = Ak

1.2.5. Matrix Multiplication :

If A = [aij]m × n and B = [bjk]n × p be two matrices of order m × n and n × p respectively, then

n

their product AB is of order m × p and is defined as (AB)ik = aij b jk

j1

= ai1.b1k + ai2.b2k + ..... + ain.bnk

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 Matrices

i.e. (i, k)th element of AB

= (ith row of A) (k7 column of B)

 b1k 
= [ai1, ai2, ....., ain] b2 k 
 ... 
bnk 

Note :
 For product AB to be defined, we must have number of columns in A = number of rows in
B. Then A and B are said conformable for multiplication.
 If A and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may not exist.
 For AB and BA both to be defined, both should be square matrices of same order.
 3 4 1
 2  3 2
Ex. If A=  
  1 2 0 

2  1
& B =  3 2
 1  3

then A is a 3 × 3 matrix and B is a 3 × 2 matrix, therefore A and B are comformable for the
product AB and it is of order 3 × 2 such that

 2
(AB)11 = [3 4 1]  3 = 3 × 2 + 4 × 3 + 1 × 1 = 19.
1

  1
(AB)12 = [3 4 1]  2 = 3 × (–1) + 4 × 2 + 1 × (–3) = 2.
  3

 2
(AB)21 = [2 –3 2]  3 = 2 × 2 + (–3) × 3 + 2 × 1 = –3.
1

Similarly,(AB)22 = –14,
(AB)31 = 4
and (AB)32 = 5
 19 2
 AB = 3 14
 4 5

But BA is not defined, because the number of columns in B  the number of rows in A.

Properties of Matrix Multiplication :

(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general.

i.e. in general AB  BA.

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Matrices

(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative

i.e. (AB)C = A(BC)

(iii) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition.

i.e. A.(B + C) = A.B + AC

and (A + B)C = AC + BC.

(iv) If A is an m × n matrix, then

ImA = A = AIn.

(v) The product of two matrices can be null matrix while neither of them is null.

i.e. if AB = 0, it is not necessary that either A = 0 or B = 0.

AB = 0 
 A = 0 or B = 0

 0 2  1 2
Ex. If A = 0 0  and B = 0 0 
   

0 0 
thenAB = 0 0  , while neither A nor B is null matrix.
 
(vi) The product of the matrix with a null matrix is always a null matrix

(vii) If AB = O, then it is not neceesary, that BA = O.

1.2.6. Transpose of a Matrix

Let A = [aij]m×n be a matrix. Then the transpose of A, denoted by AT or A, is an n × m matrix

such that

(A)ij = aji

for all i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.

i.e. (i, j)th element of A =(j, i)th element of A.

Thus, A is obtained from A by changing its rows into columns and its columns into rows.

 1 3 5 7
Ex. If A   2 1 4 3
 2  4 5 6 

 1  2 2
then A   53 41  45 
 7 3 6 

Properties of Transpose :

Let A and B be two matrices. Then

(i) (A) = A
(ii) (A + B) = A + B, A & B being of the same order

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 Matrices

(iii) (KA) = KA, K being any scalar (real or complex)

(iv) (AB) = BA, A and B being conformable for the product AB.
(This is called the reversal law)

Generalisation :

(ABC) = CBA.
i.e. the transpose of the product is the product of the transposes taken in the reverse order.

1.2.7. Trace of a Matrix

The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along the principal diagonal is called the trace
of A i.e. tr(A).

Thus if A = [aij]n×n

Then, tr ( A)   aii  a11  a22  ...  ann

i 1

Properties of trace of a matrix:

Let A = [aij]n×n and B = [bij]n×n and  be a scalar

(i) tr(A) =  tr(A)

(ii) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B)

(iii) tr(AB) = tr(BA)

1.2.8. Positive integral powers of a square matrix:

Let A be a square matrix. Then we define

(i) A = A
and (ii) An+1 = An. A, where n  N
Thus from the definition
Clearly A2 = A.A
A3 = A2.A = (A.A)A and so on.
Also, we have
Am.An = Am+n
and (Am)n = Amn, for all m, n  N

Sample Problem 3:

 cos  sin   1
If A =   , then find lim A n .
 sin  cos  n   n

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Matrices

 cos n sin n 
Solution: An =  sin n cos n
 

 cos n sin n 
1 n  n 
 A =  n
n sin n cos n 
 
 n n 

But –1  cos n, sin n  1

cos n sin n
 lim  0 , lim 0
n n n n

1 n  0 0
 lim A  .
n n
 0 0

Matrix polynomial

Let f (x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + ... + an–1x + an be a polynomial and let A be a square matrix
of order n. Then

f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ... + an–1A + an In is called a matrix polynomial

Ex. If f (x) = x2 – 4x + 3 is a polynomial and A is a square matrix, then

A2 – 4A + 3I is a matrix polynomial.

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-1.1 AND 1.2:

1. A square matrix A = [aij] in which aij = 0 for i ¹ j and aij = k (constant) for i = j is called a
(a) unit matrix (b) scalar matrix (c) null matrix (d) diagonal matrix
Hint (b): When aij = 0 for i ¹ j and aij for constant for i = j then the matrix [aij]n × n is called a scalar matrix
2. In an upper triangular matrix n × n, minimum number of zeros is

n( n  1) n( n  1) 2n( n  1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2 2
Hint (a): As we know a square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i > j.

 i 0
3. If A =   , n  N, then A4n equals
0 i 

1 0   i 0 0 i  0 0 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
0 1  0 i   i 0 0 0 

 i 0  i 0  1 0   1 0   1 0  1 0 
Hint (a): A2 =       , A4 = A2, A2 =     = I; (A4)n = In = I = 0 1 
 0 i   0 i   0 1  0 1  0 1   

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 Matrices

 cos   sin  0
 sin  cos  0
4. Let F(a) =   . Then F(a). F(a¢) is equal to
 0 0 1 

(a) F(aa¢) (b) F(a/a¢) (c) F(a + a¢) (d) F(a - a¢)

 cos   sin  0 cos  '  sin  ' 0 

 sin  cos  0 , F ( ')   sin  ' cos  ' 0 
Hint (c): We have F(a)    
 0 0 1   0 0 1 

 cos(   ')  sin(   ') 0 

 sin(   ') cos(   ') 0 
F(a). F(a¢) =   = F(a + a¢)
 0 0 1 

 2 0 1
 2 1 3 2
5. Let A =   and f (x) = x – 5x + 6I3. Find f(A)
 1 1 0 

 1 1 3   1 1 3   1 1 3 
 7 1 10  7 1 10  7 1 10
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d) none of these
 1 4 2   1 4 2   1 4 2 

Hint (b): f (A) = A2 – 5A + 6I3

 2 0 1  2 0 1 1 0 0
 2 1 3   5  2 1 3   6 0 1 0
=     
 1 1 0   1 1 0  0 0 1 

 2 0 1   2 0 1  10 0 5  6 0 0 
 2 1 3   2 1 3  10 5 15  0 6 0 
=        
 1 1 0   1 1 0   5 5 0  0 0 6 

 2  2  0  2  1( 1) 2  0  0  1  1( 1) 2 1  0  3  1 0 
 2  2  1  2  3)  1) 2  0  1  1  3( 1) 2  1  1 3  3  0 
=
 ( 1)2  (2)2  0(1) ( 1)0  ( 1)1  0(1) (1)1  (1)3  0  0 

 6  10 00 0  5   1 1 3 
 0  10 65 0  15  7 1 10
+  =
 0  ( 5) 0  ( 5) 6  0   1 4 2 

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Matrices

 1 3
 1 2 3  1 0 T
6. If A =   and B =   . Then (AB) =
 4 2 5   2 4

 9 4  9 15  9 8
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d) none of these
15 8  4 8  15 4 

 1 3
 1 2 3  1 0
Hint (a): AB =    .
 4 2 5  2 4

 1(1)  1(2)  2(3) 1(4)  1(2)  2(5)   9 15

 3(1)  0(2)  4(3) 3( 4)  0(2)  4(5)  =  4 8 
   

 0  tan  / 2   cos   sin  

7. Let A =   and I is the identity matrix of order 2. Then (I –A) ×  
 tan  / 2 0   sin  cos  
is equal to
(a) 2I + 2A (b) 2I – 2A (c) I – A (d) I + A

 
1  tan 2   2
2 tan  
2 1  t  2   2t 
Hint (d):  cos  = 2 sin  = 2 (where t = tan )
   1  t 2    1  t 2
1  tan 2   1  tan  
2 2

1 t   1 t
Now, I + A =   I –A=  t 1
t 1   
2
cos   sin    1 t  1  t 2t   1 

Now, (I –A)  sin  cos   t 1  
2  2 
     2t 1  t   1  t 

1 t 
=   =I+A
t 1 

5 0  a b 
8. If A =   and B =  c d  , then AB =
0 5   
5
(a) B (b) 5B (c) B (d) 5A
Hint (b): AB = (5I2)B = 5(I2B) = 5B

x 1 0 2 5 
 2 
 3 x 2 4 1 
9. If the trace of the matrix A =  1 2 x 3 1  is 0 then , x is equal to
 
 2 0 4 x 2  6
(a) {2, 3} (b) {–2, –3} (c) {–3, 2} (d) {1, 2}

-1. 11 -
 Matrices

Hint (c): tr(A) = (x –1) + (x2 –2) + (x –3) + (x2 – 6) = 2x2 + 2x – 12

 tr(A) = 0
Þ 2x2 + 2x – 12 = 0
x2 + x – 6 = 0; (x + 3) (x –2) = 0
x = {–3, 2}

 4 6 1  2 4 3 
 3 0 2  ,B   0 1  ,C  1 
10. Consider the matrices A =       out of the given matrix products
 1 2 5   1 2  2 
T T T T T T
(i) (AB) C (ii) C C (AB) (iii) C AB (iv) A ABB C
(a) exactly one is defined (b) exactly two are defined
(c) exactly three are defined (d) all four are defined
Hint (c): A3 × 3, B3 × 2, C3 × 1
(i) (AB)3×2  (AB)T2×3  ((AB)TC)2×1 i.e. it is defined.
(ii) (CTC)1×1  (CTC)1×1(AB)T2×3 Þ it is not defined
(iii) (CT)1×3 A3×3 B3 ×2 Þ it is defined
(iv) (ATA)3×3 B3×2 BT2×3 C3 × 1 Þ it is not defined

1.3. SPECIAL MATRICES:

1.3.1. Symmetric and Skew-symmetric Matrices:

Symmetric Matrix :

A square matrix A = [aij] is called a symmetric matrix if aij = aji, for all i, j.

1 2 3 
Ex. A   2 4 5 is symmetric, because a12 = 2 = a21, a31 = 3 = a13 etc.
 3 5 2

Note : A is symmetric  A = A

Skew-Symmetric Matrix

A Square matrix A = [aij] is skew-symmetric matrix if aij = –aji, for all i, j.

 aij = –aji , for all i, j

 aii = –aii [putting j = i]
 2aii = 0
 aii = 0
Thus in a skew-symmetric matrix all diagonal elements are zero

-1. 12 -
Matrices

 0 2 1
Ex. A   2 0  3 , B   0 2 are skew-symmetric matrices.
  1 3 0   2 0

Note : A Square matrix A is skew-symmetric matrix

 A = –A

Some results :

(i) If A is any square matrix, then A + A is a symmetric matrix and A – A is a skew-symmetric

matrix.

(A + A¢)¢ = A¢ + (A¢)¢ = A¢ + A = A + A¢  Symmetric matrix

(A – A¢)¢ = A¢ – (A¢)¢ = A¢ – A = –(A – A¢)  Skew-symmetric matrix

(ii) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a
skew-symmetric matrix
1 1
A = ( A  A)  ( A  A)
2 2
= B + C, where B is symmetric and C is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iii) If A and B are symmetric matrices, then AB is symmetric iff AB = BA, i.e. A & B commute.
If AT = A & BT = B
 (AB)T = BTAT
 (AB)T = BA
 (AB)T = AB  AB is symmetric
Converse also true.
i.e., if (AB)T = AB
 AB = BA
(iv) The matrix BAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-
symmetric.
(v) All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.
(vi) Positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric and positive even
integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are symmetric.

Sample Problem 4:

Let A & B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then show that
(i) A + B is symmetric
(ii) AB – BA is skew-symmetric
(iii) AB + BA is symmetric

-1. 13 -
 Matrices

Solution : Since A and B are symmetric, A = A and B = B

(i) (A + B) = A + B
=A+B
 A + B is symmetric
(ii) (AB – BA)= (AB) – (BA)¢
= BA – A¢B¢ [by reversal law]
= BA – AB [ A = A, B = B]
 AB – BA is skew-symmetric
(iii) (AB + BA) = (AB) + (BA)
= BA + A¢B¢
= BA + AB
= AB + BA
 AB + BA is symmetric

1.3.2. Unitary Matrix

A square matrix is said to be unitary if A  A  I since | A  |  | A | and | A  A |  | A  | | A | therefore

if A  A  I , we have | A  | | A |  1 .
Thus the determinant of unitary matrix is of unit modulus. For a matrix to be unitary it must be
non-singular. (i.e., | A |  0)
Hence A A  I  A A   I

1.3.3. Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Matrix:

A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be Hermitian matrix if aij  a ji  i, j, i.e. A = A.

 a b  ic , 3 34i 3 5 4i 5 2 2ii 

Ex.: b  ic d  5  2i  2  i are Hermitian matrices.
 2 

Note:
 If A is a Hermitian matrix then aii = aii  aii is real  i, thus every diagonal element of a
Hermitian Matrix must be real.
 A Hermitian Matrix over the set of real numbers is actually a real symmetric matrix. And a
square matrix, A = [aij] is said to be a skew-Hermitian if aij =  a ji ,  i, j i.e. A = –A.

 0  2  i ,  3i  3  2i  1  i 
Ex.: 3  2i  2i  2  4i  are skew-Hermitian matrices.
 2  i 0   1  i 2  4i 0 

 If A is a skew-Hermitian matrix then aii =  aii  aii + aii = 0 i.e. aii must be purely
imaginary or zero.

-1. 14 -
Matrices

 A skew-Hermitian Matrix over the set of real numbers is actually is real skew-symmetric
matrix.

Sample Problem 5:
Show that every square matrix A can be uniquely expressed as P + iQ where P and Q are
Hermitian Matrices.

1 1
Solution: Let P = (A + A) and Q = (A – A)
2 2i
ThenA = P + iQ (1)

1   1
NowP =  ( A  A ) = (A + A)
 2  2

1  1 1
= {A + (A)} = (A + A) = (A + A) = P
2 2 2
 P is a Hermitian Matrix.

1  
1
Also Q =  ( A  A )  =  2i  (A – A)
 2i   

1 1 1
=– {A – (A)} = – (A – A) = (A – A) = Q
2i 2i 2i
 Q is also Hermitian Matrix.
Thus A can be expressed in the form (1).
For A is unique.
Let A = R + iS where R and S are both Hermitian Matrices.
We have A = (R + iS) = R + (iS) = R + i S = R – iS
= R – iS (since R and S are both Hermitian)
 A + A = (R + iS) + (R – iS) = 2R
1
 R = (A + A) = P
2
Also A – A = (R + iS) – (R – iS) = 2iS
1
 S= (A – A) = Q
2i
Hence expression (1) for A unique.

Sample Problem 6:

If A is Hermitian such that A2 = O, show that A = O, where O is the zero matrix.

Solution: Let A = [aij]n × n be a Hermitian matrix of order n, so that A = A,

 a11 a12 ..... a1n   a11 a21 ..... an1 

 a21 a22 ..... a2 n   a12 a22 ..... an 2 
A = ..... ..... ..... ..... and ..... ..... ..... ..... 
 an1 an 2 ..... ann   a1n a2 n ..... ann 

-1. 15 -
 Matrices

Since A2 = O
Let AA = [bij]n × n
 AA= O then each element of AA is zero and so all the principal diagonal elements

of AA are zero.
 b ij = 0 for all i = 1, 2, ...., n
Nowbii = ai1 ai1 + ai2 ai 2 + ..... + ain ain
= |ai1|2 + |ai2|2 + .... |ain|2
 bii =0
 |ai1|2 + |ai2|2 + ..... + |ain|2 = 0
 |ai1| = |ai2| = ..... = |ain| = 0
 ai1 = ai2 = ..... = ain = 0
 each element of the ith row of A is zero.
But bii = 0  i = 1, ...., n
 each element of each row of A is zero
Hence A = O.

1.3.4. Singular Matrix and Non-Singular Matrix :

If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, then the determinant of A, denoted by | A | or

a11 a12 ... a1n
a21 a22 ... a2n
det.A is ... ... ... ...
an1 an 2 ... ann

A square matrix is a Singular matrix if its determinant is zero, otherwise it is non-singular.

i.e. A is singular  | A | = 0

A is non-singular  | A |  0

1.3.5. Orthogonal Matrix :

Any square matrix A of order n is said to be orthogonal if AA = AA = In.

1.3.6. Idempotent Matrix :

A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A2 = A.

 2  2  4
Ex.: The matrix A   1 3 4 is idempotent as
 1  2  3

 2  2  4  2  2  4  2  2  4
A 2  A. A   1 3 4 .  1 3 4   1 3 4  A
 1  2  3  1  2  3  1  2  3

-1. 16 -
Matrices

1.3.7. Involutary Matrix:

A matrix such that A2 = I is called involutary matrix.

1.3.8. Nilpotent Matrix :

A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exists a positive integer m such that
Am = O. If m is the least positive integer such that Am = O, then m is called the index of the
nilpotent matrix A.

Sample Problem 7:

 1 1 3
Show that the matrix  5 2 6 is nilpotent matrix of index 3
 2  1  3

 1 1 3
Solution: Let A   5 2 6
 2  1  3

 0 0 0
 A2   3 3 9
 1  1  3

 0 0 0  1 1 3 0 0 0
 A3  A2 . A   3 3 9   5 2 6  0 0 0
 1  1  3  2  1  3 0 0 0

 A3 = 0. i.e. Ak = 0

Here k = 3

Hence A is nilpotent matrix of index 3

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-1.3:

0 5 7 
 5 0 11 
1. The matrix   is known as
 7 11 0 

(a) Upper triangular matrix (b) Skew-symmetric matrix

(c) Symmetric matrix (d) Diagonal matrix.
Hint (b): In a skew-symmetric matrix, aij = – aji  i, j  1, 2,3 and j = i, aji = –aji Þ each aij = 0
Hence the given matrix is skew symmetric matrix [since AT = –A]

1 2 2
1
2 1 2 
2. The matrix A = 3  is
 2 2 1

(a) Orthogonal (b) Involutary (c) Idempotent (d) Nilpotent

-1. 17 -
 Matrices

1 2 2
1
2 1 2 
Hint (a): Since for given A = 3  . For orthogonal matrix AAT = ATA = I(3×3).
 2 2 1

 1 2 2  1 2 2  9 0 0 
1   1
2 1 2  2 1 2   0 9 0 

Þ AAT = 9  9 = I, Similarly AT A = I.
 2 2 1  2 2 1 0 0 9 

2 n
3. Matrix A is such that A = 2A – I where I is the identity matrix. Then for n ³ 2, A =
n –1 n–1
(a) nA – (n –1) I (b) nA – I (c) 2 A –(n –1)I (d) 2 A–I
Hint (a): We have, A2 = 2A – I Þ A2 . A = (2A – I)A; A3 = 2A2 – IA = 2[2A – I] – IA Þ A3 = 3A – 2I
Similarly A 4 = 4A – I and hence An = nA – (n – 1)I.

 4 2 3
 1 3 6 
4. Express A as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, where A =   , then
 5 0 7 

symmetric matrix is

 4 3 / 2 4   1 1/ 2 1 
3 / 2 3 3  1 / 2 2 3
(a)  (b)  
 4 3 0   4 3 3 

 0 3/ 2 1 
 1 / 2 2 3
(c)  (d) none of these
 4 3 3 

 4 2 3
 
Hint (a): A =  1 3 6 
 5 0 7 

 4 1 5 
A   2 3 0 

 3 6 7 

 4 2 3  4 1 5
 1 3 6   
Then A  A    + 2 3 0
 5 0 7   3 6 7 

8 3 8
3 6 6
=   ................(i)
 8 6 0 

-1. 18 -
Matrices

 4 2 3  4 1 5
 1 3 6   2 3 0 
and AA  
  –  
 5 0 7   3 6 7 

0 1 2
 1 0 6 
=   ................(ii)
 2 6 14 
Adding (1) and (ii) we get
8 3 8  0 1 2 
 3 6 6    1 0 6
2A =    
 8 6 0   2 6 14 

 4 3 / 2 4  0 1/ 2 1 
3 / 2 3 3   1 / 2 0 3
 
 A= 
 4 3 0   1 3 7 

Symmetric matrix Skew symmetric matrix

 l1 m1 n1 
5.

If A = l2 m2 n 2  , where < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction of

 l3 m3 n 3 

cosines of three mutually perpendicular straight lines, then AA = .

(a) –I (b) I (c) 0 (d) none of these
Hint (b): Since < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction cosines of three mutually
perpendicular straight lines
l12  m12  n12  1, l22  m 22  n 22  1and l32  n 32  m 32  1
and l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = 0

 l1 m1 n1   l1 l2 l3 
l m2 n2  A   m1 m2 m3 
We have A =  2  .
 l3 m3 n3   n1 n2 n3 

 l1 l2 l3   l1 m1 n1   l12 l1m1 l1n1 

 
AA   m1 m2 m3  l2 m2 n2   l1n1 m12 m1n1 
 n1 n2 n3  l3 m3 n3   2 
n1l1 m1n1 n1 

1 0 0 
 
 0 1 0   I
 0 0 1 

-1. 19 -
 Matrices

 0 1 1 1
6. For the matrix A =  1 0  , A2 = –I. Then the 16th power of the matrix 1 1  .
   

128 0 
(a)   (b) 256 I2 (c) 0 (d) none of these
 0 128

2  0 1  0 1  1 0 
Hint (b): A  1 0  1 0    0 1   I
    

1 1  0 1  1 0 
Let B = 1 1    1 0    0 1  = A + I
     
B2 = (A + I) (A + I) = A2 + 2A + I
Since A2 = –I, B2 = 2A

 1 0   256 0 
B16 = (B2)8 = (2A)8 = 28 (A2)4 = 28 (–I)4 = 28  0 1    0 256 .
   

7. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then ABA is

(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew symmetric (c) diagonal matrix (d) scalar matrix
Hint (a):  AT = A, BT = B
(ABA)T = ATBTAT = ABA
Þ ABA is symmetric matrix.

8. Which of the following is a nilpotent matrix

1 0 cos   sin  0 0 1 1
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
0 1  sin  cos   1 0 1 1
Hint (c): A is nilpotent if Am = 0 and Am–1  0

0 0 0 0 0 0   cos   sin   cos   sin  

Now,       and   
1 0 1 0 0 0   sin  cos    sin  cos  
n
 cos 2  sin 2   cos   sin   cos n  sin n
=      =  0
 sin 2 cos 2   sin  cos    sin n cos n 

9. Which of the following statements is incorrect for a square matrix A. (|A| ¹ 0)

–1
(a) If A is a diagonal matrix, A will also be a diagonal matrix.
–1
(b) If A is a symmetrix, A will also be a symmetric matrix.
–1
(c) If A = A Þ A is an idempotent matrix.
–1
(d) If A = A Þ A is an involutory matrix.
Hint (c): A2 = I Þ A is involutary matrix.

-1. 20 -
Matrices

 1 2 0
 6 3 3
10. Let A + 2B =  
 5 3 1 

 2 1 5 
 2 1 6 
2A– B =   , then Tr(A) – Tr (B) has the value equal to
 0 1 2

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these

1
Hint (c): A = ((A + 2B) + 2(2A –B))
5
tr(A) + 2 tr(B) = – 1 (from the given matrix)
and 2 tr(A) – tr(B) = 3 (from the given matrix)
Let tr(A) = x and tr(B) = y
x + 2y = – 1
2x – y = 3
solving x = 1 and y = – 1
Hence tr(A) – tr(B) = x – y = 2

1.4. ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX

1.4.1. Adjoint of a square matrix

Let A = [aij] be a square matrix and Aij is the cofactor of aij in | A |, then the matrix [Aji]
i.e. the transpose of the matrix formed by the co-factors of the corresponding elements in the given
matrix, is called the adjoint matrix of A and is denoted by adj(A).

 a11 a12 ... a1n 

Thus, if A   a21 a22 ... a2n 
 ... ... ... ... 
 an1 an2 ... ann 

 A11 A21 ... An1 

 An 2 
then adj( A)   A12 A22 ...
... ... ... ... 
A A2 n ... Ann 
 1n

1 2 3
Ex. Let A  1 3 4
1 4 3
then cofactors of elements of A are given by

A11  34 43 = 3 × 3 – 4 × 4 = –7

A12   11 43  1

-1. 21 -
 Matrices

A13  11 34  1

A21   24 33  6

A22  11 33  0

A23   11 24  2

A31  23 34  1

A32   11 34  1

A33  11 23  1

 7 6 1
 adj A  1 0 1
1 2 1

Properties of adjoint matrix :

(i) If A is square matrix of order n, then A.(adj A) = (adj A)A = | A |In, where In is unit matrix
of order n.
cor. |adj A| = | A |n–1, if A is non-singular square matrix of order n.
Proof :-
We have A(adj A) = | A | In

| A| 0 0 ... 0
0 | A| 0 ... 0
 | A || adj A |
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 ... | A|

 | A | | adj A | = | A |n
 | adj A | = | A |n–1
(ii) The adjoint of an identity matrix is the identity matrix.
(iii) The adjoint of diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix.
(iv) If K is a scalar, then
adj (KIn) = Kn–1 In
and the adjoint of a scalar matrix is a scalar matrix.
(v) The adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix, i.e. (adj A) = adj A.
(vi) The adjoint of the transpose is equal to the transpose of the adjoint matrix
i.e. adj A = (adj A)

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Matrices

(vii) If A and B are non-singular square matrices of same order,

adj (AB) = (adj B)(adj A)
cor. adj (ABC) = (adj C) (adj B) (adj A)
(viii)If A is non-singular
adj (adj A) = | A |n–2 A

Sample Problem 8:

1 4 5 
Compute the adjoint of the matrix A =  3 2 6 and verify that A(adj A) = |A| I = (adj A)A
0 1 0

1 4 5
Solution: We have |A| = 3 2 6 = 1(0 – 6) – 4(0 – 0) + 5(3 – 0) = 9
0 1 0
Let Cij be cofactor of aij in A. Then the cofactors of elements of A are given by
2 6
C11 = 1 0 = –6,

3 6
C12 = – 0 0 = 0,

3 2
C13 = 0 1 = 3,

4 5
C21 = – 1 0 = 5,

1 5
C22 = 0 0 = 0,

1 4
C23 = – 0 1 = –1

4 5
C31 = 2 6 = 14,

1 5
C32 = – 3 6 = 9,

1 4
C33 = 3 2 = –10

T
 6 0 3    6 5 14 
 adj A =  5 0 1  =  0 0 9 
 14 9 10  3 1 10

1 4 5   6 5 14  9 0 0  1 0 0 
Now, A(adj A) =  3 2 6   0 0 9  =  0 9 0  = 9 0 1 0 = |A| I
0 1 0  3 1 10 0 0 9 0 0 1

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 Matrices

  6 5 14  1 4 5  9 0 0  1 0 0 
and (adj A)A =  0 0 9   3 2 6 = 0 9 0 = 9 0 1 0 = |A| I
 3 1 10 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 1
Hence, A(adj A) = |A|I = (adj A)A.

Sample Problem 9:

1 1 1 1 0 1 
Given A = 2 4 1 , B =  23 34 . Find P such that BPA
A=  
 2 3 1    0 1 0

Solution: Given:
1 0 1 
BPA =  
 0 1 0
Pre-multiplying both sides by B–1
1 0 1 
B–1BPA = B–1  
 0 1 0
1 0 1 
 IPA = B–1  
 0 1 0
1 0 1 
 PA = B–1   ....(1)
 0 1 0
To find B–1,
2 3
 B =  3 4
2 3
| B | = 3 4 = 8 – 9 = –1  0
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in |B|
C C 
C = C11 C12 
 21 22 
 C11 = 4 C12 = –3 C21 = –3 C22 = 2
 4  3
 C =  3 2 
 
adj B C
 B–1 = = = – C = –  4  3 =   4 3 
|B| 1   3 2   3  2
Now from (1),
 4 3  1 0 1 
PA =  3  2 ×  
   0 1 0
 4 3  4
PA =  
 3  2 3
Post-multiplying both sides by A–1
 4 3  4
PAA–1 =   A–1
 3  2 3

-1. 24 -
Matrices

 4 3  4
 PI =   A–1
 3  2 3

 4 3  4
 P=   A–1 .....(2)
 3  2 3
To find A–1,
1 1 1
Since A =  2 4 1
 2 3 1
 | A | = 1(4 – 3) – 1(2 – 2) + 1(6 – 8) = 1 – 0 – 2 = –1  0
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in | A |

C11 C12 C13 

C = C21 C22 C23 
C31 C32 C33 

 4 1  22 11 2 4
 3 1 2 3
 
 1 1 1 1  1 0  2
=  3 1 2 1  12 13  =  2 1 1

    3 1 2 
 1 1  12 11 1 1
 4 1 2 4
 

1 2  3
 C =  0 1 1 
  2 1 2 
 1 2  3
Adj A =  0 1 1 
  2 1 2 

Adj A
A–1 = = – Adj, A
| A|

 1  2 3 
=  0 1 1 
 2 1  2
 From (2),

 4 3  4  1  2 3 
P=   ×  0 1 1
 3  2 3  2 1  2

 4  0 8 8  3  4 12  3  8
= 
 3  0  6  6  2  3 9  2  6 

 4 7  7
P=  .
3  5 5 

-1. 25 -
 Matrices

1.4.2. Inverse of a Matrix

If A is square matrix of order n and if there exists a square matrix B of same order such that
AB = BA = In, then B is called the reciprocal or inverse of A and denoted by A–1.

So AA–1 = A–1A = I

1 adj A
Inverse of A is given by A  | A | , provided | A |  0

Thus inverse exists if and only if A is non-singular.

 1 0  1
Ex. Let A  3 4 5
0  6  7

4 5
we have A11   6  7  2

A12   03  75  21

and similarly A13 = –18, A31 = 4, A32 = –8, A33 = 4, A21 = +6, A22 = 7, A23 = 6

 2 6 4
 adj A =  21  7  8
 18 6 4

1 0 1
Also |A| = 3 4 5
0 6 7

= {4.(–7) – (–6).5 – 3.(–6)}

= –28 + 30 + 18
= 20
adj A
 A –1 = | A |

1  2 6 4
=  21  7  8
20  18 6 4
 

Sample Problem 10:

1 2 2 
Let A =  2 1 2 , prove that A2 – 4A – 5I = 0, hence obtain A–1.
 2 2 1

1 2 2  1 2 2   1 4  4 2  2  4 2  4  2   9 8 8
Solution: A2 = A.A =  2 1 2   2 1 2  =  2  2  4 4  1 4 4  2  2  = 8 9 8
 2 2 1  2 2 1  2  4  2 4  2  2 4  4 1 8 8 9

-1. 26 -
Matrices

 9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0 
Now A2 – 4A – 5I =  8 9 8  –  8 4 8  – 0 5 0 
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5

9  4  5 8  8  0 8  8  0  0 0 0 
= 8  8  0 9  4  5 8  8  0  = 0 0 0  = O
8  8  0 8  8  0 9  4  5 0 0 0
[Here O is the zero matrix]
Thus A2– 4A – 5I = O
 A A2 – 4A–1 A – 5A–1I = A–1O = O
–1

or (A–1A)A – 4(A–1A) – 5A–1I = O; or IA – 4I – 5A–1 = O

1 2 2  4 0 0  3 2 2
 5A–1 = A – 4I =  2 1 2  –  0 4 0  =  2  3 2
 2 2 1  0 0 4  2 2  3

 3 2 2  3 / 5 2 / 5 2 / 5 
1  2  3 2
 A–1 = =  2 / 5  3/ 5 2/ 5 
5  2 2  3  2 / 5 2 / 5  3 / 5

Properties of Inverse of a Matrix :

(i) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.

(ii) (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, the AB is invertible and
(AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.

In general, If A, B, C, ... are invertible matrices then (ABC...)–1 = ....C–1B–1A–1.

(iii) If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)–1 = (A–1)T.

(iv) If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n. The | adj A | = | A |n–1

(v) If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj
A)

(vi) If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj (AT) = (adj A)T

(vii) If A is a non-singular square matrix, then adj (adj A) = | A |n–2A

1.4.3. Elementary Transformations or Elemintary Operations of Matrix

The following three operations applied on the rows (columns) of a matrix are called elementary
row (column) transformations.

(i) Interchange of any two rows (columns)

If ith row (column) of a matrix is interchanged with the jth row (column), it will be denoted
by Ri  Rj(Ci  Cj).

 2 1 3  2 1 3
 1 2 1   
For example: A =   , then by applying R2  R3 we get B =  3 2 4
 3 2 4  1 2 1 

-1. 27 -
 Matrices

(ii) Multiplying all elements of a row (column) of a matrix by a non-zero scalar.

If the elements of ith row (column) are multiplied by non-zero scalar k, it will be denoted by
Ri ® R i (k) [C i ® C i (k)] or R i ® kRi [C i ® kC i]

 3 2 1  3 2 1
0 1 2  
If A =   , then by applying R2 ® 3R2, we obtain B =  0 3 6 
 1 2 3  1 2 3

(iii) Adding to the elements of a row (column), the corresponding elements of any other row
(column) multiplied by any scalar k. If k times the elements of jth row (column) are added
to the corresponding elements of the ith row (column), it will be denoted by Ri  Ri+ kRj
(Ci  Ci + kCj).

 2 1 3 1
 1 1 0 2  ,
If A =   then the application of elementary operation R3 ® R3 + 2R1 gives
 0 1 3 1 

the matrix

 2 1 3 1
 1 1 0 2  ,
B=   If a matrix B is obtained from a matrix A by one or more elementary
 4 3 9 3 
transformations, then A and B are equivalent matrices and we write A ~ B.

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 
 2 1 4 3  
Let A =   , then A ~ 1 1 1 1 , Aplying C4 ® C4 + (–1)C3.
 3 1 2 4  3 1 2 4 

An elementary transformation is called a row transformation or a column transformation

according as it is applied to rows or columns.

Elementary Matrices: A matrix obtained from an identity matrix by a single elementary operation
(transformation) is called an elementary matrix.

1 3 0 0 0 1  1 0 0 
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 
For Example:     are elementary matrices obtained from I3 by
 0 0 1  1 0 0 0 1 0 

subjecting it to the elementary transformations R 1  R 1 + 3 R 2, C 1  C 3 and R 2  R 3

respectively.

Theorem 1 : Every elementary row (column) transformation of an m × n matrix (not identity

matrix) can be obtained by pre-multiplication (post multiplication) with the corresponding elementary
matrix obtained from the identity matrix I m (In) by subjecting it to the same elementary row
(column) transformation.

-1. 28 -
Matrices

Theorem 2 : Let C = AB be a product of two matrices. Any elementary row (column)

transformation of AB can be obtained by subjecting the pre-factor A(post factor B) to the same
elementary row (column) transformation.

Method of finding the inverse of a matrix by elementary transformations: Let A be a non

singular matrix of order n. Then A can be reduced to the identity matrix In by a finite sequence
of elementary transformation only. As we have discussed every elementary row transformation of
a matrix is equivalent to pre-multiplication by the corresponding elementary matrix. Therefore there
exist elementary matrices E1, E2 ..... Ek such that
(EkEk –1....E2E1) A = In
Þ (EkEk –1 ... E2E1)AA–1 = InA–1 (post multiplying by A–1)
Þ (EkEk –1 ... E2E1)In = A–1 (InA–1 = A–1 and AA–1 = In) Þ A–1 = (EkEk –1 .... E2E1)In

Algorithm for find the inverse of a non singular matrix by elementary row transformations:
Let A be non-singular matrix of order n.

Step I: Write A = InA

StepII : Perform a sequence of elementary row operations successively on A on the LHS and
pre factor In on the RHS till we obtain the result In = BA.

Step III : Write A–1 = B.

Note: The following steps will be helpful to find the inverse of a square matrix of order 3 by using
elementary row transformations.

Step I: Introduce unity at the intersection of first row and first column either by interchanging two
rows or by adding a constant multiple of elements of some other row to first row.

Step II: After introducing unity at (1, 1) place introduce zeros at all other places in first column.

Step III: Introduce unity at the intersection of 2nd row and 2nd column with the help of 2nd and
3rd row.

Step IV: Introduce zeros at all other places in the second column except at the intersection of 2nd
row and 2nd column.

Step V: Introduce unity at the intersection of 3rd row and third column.

Step VI: Finally introduce zeros at all other places in the third column except at the intersection
of third row and third column.

1.5. SYSTEM OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

Let us consider the set of linear simultaneous equations:
a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3 = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3 = b2
a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3 = b3
Where a’s and b’s are numbers (real or complex) and x1, x2, x3 are unknown quantities.

-1. 29 -
 Matrices

Then above equations can be written in matrix form as

 a11 a12 a13   x1   b1 

a21 a22 a23   x2   b2 
 a31 a32 a33   x3  b3 

or AX  B , where A, X and B are matrices of orders 3 × 3, 3 × 1 and 3 × 1 respectively. A is

known as coefficient matrix.
If the system of equations has a solution, they are said to be consistent, otherwise inconsistent.
The system is called homogeneous if B = 0, otherwise it is called non-homogeneous.

Solution of non-Homogeneous system of equtions

Let the system be AX = B, B  0

(i) If A is non-singular i.e. | A |  0, A–1 exists and the system of equations AX = B has a unique
solution given by X  A 1 B

(ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj. A)B = 0, then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
(iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj. A)B  0. then the system is inconsistent.

Solution of a Homogeneous system

Let AX = 0 be a homogeneous system of equations with 3 unknowns.

(i) If A is non-singular i.e. | A |  0, the system of equations has a unique solution X = 0 or x1 =
x2 = x3 = 0. This solution is known as a trivial solution.
(ii) If | A | = 0, then the system has a non-trivial solution (i.e. non zero solution) and will give
infinite number of solutions.

Sample Problem 11:

Solve the following equtions:
2x – 3y + z = 9
x+y+z=6
x–y+z=2
Solution: The system is non-homogeneous and can be written as
AX = B,
Where,

 2  3 1 x 9 
A   1 1 1 , X   y  and B  6
 1  1 1 z  2
 
We have,
A11 = 2, A12 = 0, A13 = –2
A21 = 2, A22 = 1, A23 = –1
A31 = –4, A32 = –1, A33 = 5

-1. 30 -
Matrices

 2 2  4
 adj. A   0 1  1
  2  1 5 

2 3 1
| A | 1 1 1
1 1 1
= 2 × 2 + (–3) × 0 + 1 × (–2)
=20
 The system has a unique solution given by X = A–1B

1  2 2  4
A 1   0 1  1
2   2  1 5
 

1  2 2  4 9 
 X = A–1B =  0 1  1   6 
2
  2  1 5   2 

1  22   11
=  4  =  2
2   14    7 
 
 Solution is x = 11, y = 2 and z = –7

Sample Problem 12:

Solve the following system of homogeneous equations:

2x + 3y – z = 0
x – y – 2z = 0
3x + y + 3z = 0
Solution: The given system can be written as

 2 3  1  x   0 
 1  1  2  y   0
 3 1 3  z   0 
 
or AX = O,
Where,

 2 3  1  x  0
 y
A=  1  1  2  , X =   and O = 0
 3 1 3  z 0
Now,
2 3 1
| A | 1  1  2
3 1 3
= 2(–3 + 2) – 3(3 + 6) – 1(1 + 3)
= – 2 –27 – 4 = –33  0
Thus | A |  0. So the given system has only the trivial solution given by x = y = z = 0

-1. 31 -
 Matrices

Sample Problem 13:

Solve the homogeneous system of equations
x – 2y + z = 0
x+y–z=0
3x + 6y – 5z = 0
Solution: The given system can be written in matrix form AX = O, where

 1  2 1 x 0 
A   1 1  1 , X   y  and O  0
 3 6  5  z 0
 

1 2 1
Now | A | 1 1  1
3 6 5
= 1(–5 + 6) + 2(–5 + 3) + 1(6 – 3)
=0
Thus, | A | = 0.
So the given system of equtions has a non-trivial solution.
To find these solutions, we put z = K in the first two equations.
Then we get
x – 2y = –K and x + y = K
1  2   x    K 
or 1 1  y   K  or AX = B,

where,
1  2   x  K 
A = 1 1 , X =  y  and B =  K 


Now, | A |  11  21 = 3  0. So A–1 exists.

We have,
 1 2
adj.A =   1 1
 
1
So, A–1 = | A | adj. A

1  1 2
 A–1 = 3   1 1
 
Now X = A–1B
K 
 x   1  1 2   K   3
  y  3   1 1  K  =  2 K 
 3

K 2K
 x= ,y=
3 3
These values of x, y and z also satisfy the third equation.
K 2K
Hence x = , y= and z = K, where K is any real number, satisfy the given system
3 3
of equations.

-1. 32 -
Matrices

Sample Problem 14:

 5 1 3 1 1 2 
Find the product of two matrices A and B where A =  7 1  5 , B = 3 2 1 and use it
 1  1 1  2 1 3
for solving the equations
x + y + 2z = 1
3x + 2y + z = 7
2x + y + 3z = 2

 5 1 3 1 1 2 
Solution: AB =  7 1  5 3 2 1
 1  1 1  2 1 3

  5  3  6  5  2  3 10 1 9
=  7  3 10 7  2  5 14 115 
 1 3  2 1 2 1 2 1 3 

4 0 0 1 0 0 
=  0 4 0  = 4 0 1 0 = 4I3 (1)
 0 0 4 0 0 1
Also given system of equations in matrix form is BX = C (2)
 x 1 
 
where X =  y  and C = 7
z  2
From (2), X = B–1C [multiplying both sides of (2) by B–1 as B–1 B = I]
A
From (1), AB = 4I3  .B = I3
4
  5 / 4 1/ 4 3/ 4 
A  7 / 4 1/ 4  5 / 4
 B–1 = =
4  1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4 

 5  7  6 
 4 4 4
 x   5 / 4 1/ 4 3 / 4  1   7 7 10 
 y 2
 z = X = B–1C =  7 / 4 1/ 4  5 / 4 7 = 4 4 4  = 1
   1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4   2 1 7 2  1
   
4 4 4

 x = 2, y = 1, z = –1.

Sample Problem 15:

A trust fund has Rs. 50,000 that is to be invested into two types of bonds. The first bond pays 5%
interest per year and the second bond pays 6% interest per year. Using matrix multiplication
determine how to divide Rs. 50,000 among the two types of bonds so as to obtain an annual total
interest of Rs. 2,780.

Solution: Let Rs. x and Rs. y be invested in first and second type of bonds respectively. Thus
x + y = 50,000

-1. 33 -
 Matrices

5x 6y
 = 2780
100 100
 x + y = 50000
5x + 6y = 278000

1 1  x   50000 
5 6  y   278000
    

 x   6  1  50000 
  y    5 1  278000
    

 x = 22000, y = 28000

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-1.4 AND 1.5:

3 2 4 
 1 2 1 –1 1
1. If matrix A =   and A = adj(A), then K is
 0 1 1  K

(a) 7 (b) –7 (c) 1/7 (d) 11

adj(A) 1
Hint (d): We know that A–1 = . We have A–1 = adj (A) i.e K = |A|
|A| K
3 2 4
1 2 1
and K = = 3(3) –2(1) + 4(1) = 9 –2 + 4 = 111
0 1 1

cos   sin  0
sin  cos  0, –1
2. Let f (a) = where a Î R, then [f(a)] is equal to
0 0 1
–1
(a) f () (b) f( ) (c) f (2) (d) none of these

cos   sin  0 cos  sin  0

sin  cos  0 1  sin  cos  0
Hint (a): |f (a)| = , adj of f(a) =
0 0 1 0 0 1

 cos  sin  0 
( f ())   sin  cos  0 
1

 0 0 1 
= f (–a)

 3 1  x 2 
 3 1 x  2 
3. For how many value(s) of x in the closed interval [–4, –1] is the matrix  singular
 x  3 1 2 

(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 1

-1. 34 -
Matrices

3 1  x 2
3 1 x2
Hint (d): =0
x3 1 2

0 x x 0 x x
3 1 x  2 x 0 x
= 0 [R1 ® R1 – R2], = 0 [R2 ® R2 – R3]
x  3 1 2 x  3 1 2

0 0 x
x x x
= 0 [C2 ® C2 + C3]
x3 1 2

–x[(–x) – x(x + 3)] = 0 Þ x(x2 + 4x) = 0 Þ x = 0, –4

4. Inverse of diagonal matrix (if it exists) is a
(a) Skew-symmetric matrix (b) Diagonal matrix
(c) Non invertible matrix (d) none of these
Hint (b): Let A = diag (d1, d2, d3......, dn)
As A is invertible, therefore det (A) ¹ 0 d1, d2, d3 ......, dn ¹ 0 for i = 1, 2, 3..... n
|A|
Here, cofactor of each non diagonal entry is 0 and cofactor of aii = d
i

1 1 1 1 
A–1 = | A | (adjA) = diag  d , d ......, d  , which is a diagonal matrix.
 1 2 n 
 3 1 2
 2 0 1
5. (Use elementary row transformation) the inverse of the matrix A =  
 3 5 0 
 5 5 1 
 8 4 5 
 
 3 3 1  5 5 1  5 5 1
  3
 8 6 1 3 6 1
(a)  8 4
 (b)  (c)  (d) none of these
 5 3 1  10 12 2  10 12 2 
 4 2 4 

 3 1 2  1 0 0 
 2 0 1   0 1 0 
Hint (a): We have I = IA Þ    A
 3 5 0   0 0 1 

 1 1 1 1 1 0
 2 0 1   0 1 0 
Applying (R1 ® R1 – R2)    A.
 3 5 0  0 0 1 
1 1 1  1 1 0
0 2 1   2 3 0
Applying R2 ® R2 – 2R1 and R3 ® R3 – 3 R1,  A.
 0 2 3   3 3 1 

-1. 35 -
 Matrices

 1 1 1   1 1 0 
 0 2 1 / 2    1 3 / 2 0 
Applying R2 ® R2 /2     A.
 0 2 3   3 3 1 

 1 0 1 / 2   0 1 / 2 0 
 0 1 1 / 2    1 3 / 2 0 
Applying R1 ® R1 + R2 and R3 ® R3 + 2 R2,     A.
 0 0 4   5 6 1 

 1 0 1 / 2   0 1/ 2 0 
 0 1 1 / 2    1 3 / 2 0 
Applying R3 ® R3/4,     A.
 0 0 1   5 / 4 6 / 4 1 / 4 

 5 5 1 
 8 4 5 
1 0 0   
1 1 0 1 0   3 3 1
Applying R1 ® R1 + R3 and R2 ® R2 – R3,   =   A
2 2  0 0 1  8 4 8
 
 5 3 1 
 4 2 4 
 5 5 1 
 8 4 5 
 
 3 3 1
A–1 =   
8 4 8
 
 5 3 1 
 4 2 4 
–1 2
6. If A and B are two square matrices such that B = –A BA then (A + B) =
2 2 2 2
(a) 2(A+ B) (b) A + B (c) A + B (d) A – B
Hint (c): B = –A–1 BA Þ AB = –AA–1 BA = – BA
 AA–1 = I
 AB + BA = 0 ....(i)
Now (A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B)
= AA + (AB + BA) + BB = A2 + B2 by (i)

1 2 2
 
2 1 2
7. If A =  , where I and O are the unit matrix and the null matrix of order 3 respectively, then
2 2 1
 
A2
(a) 4A + 5I (b) 4A – 5I (c) –4A + 5I (d) none of these

1 2 2  1 2 2  1 2 2  9 8 8
       
2 1 2 2 1 2  2 1 2   8 9 8 
Hint (a): Given A =   A2 =  =
2 2 1  2 2 1  2 2 1  8 8 9
       

-1. 36 -
Matrices

9 8 8  1 2 2 1 0 0
 2      
A  4A  5I   8 9 8   4  2 1 2   5  0 1 0 
8 8 9  2 2 1 0 0 1
     

 9 8 8   4 8 8   5 0 0  0 0 0 
     
  8 9 8    8 4 8    0 5 0  0 0 0 
=
 8 8 9   8 8 4   0 0 5  0 0 0 
     

 A2 – 4A – 5I = 0
or 5I = A2 – 4A

 1 tan x 
8. If A =   , then the value of A A 1 is
  tan x 1 
(a) cos4x (b) sec 2 x (c) –cos4x (d) 1

 1  tan x 
Hint (d): A  
 tan x 1 

1  1  tan x   cos 2 x  sin 2 x 

A1   tan x , AA1  
1  tan 2 x  1   sin 2 x cos 2 x 


| A A–1| = 1

9. The system of equations

2x + 3ky + (3k + 4) z = 0

x + (k + 4) y + (4k + 2) z = 0

x + 2(k + 1)y + (3k + 4) z = 0 For k = 2 has

(a) no solution (b) infinite no. of solutions
(c) unique solution (d) none of these

2 3k 3k  4   x
 1 k  4 4k  2  
Hint (b): The given system of equations is AX = 0, where A =   and X =  y  .
1 2k  2 3k  4  z
Now | A | = 0  k =  2

Hence if k   2, then | A |  0  the given system has only trivial solution

i.e., x = y = z = 0.

However if k = – 2 or 2, then | A | = 0 for k = 2, the system reduces into 2 independent linear

equations

-1. 37 -
 Matrices

 cos x  sin x 0  cos y 0 sin y 

 sin x cos x 0  0 1 0  –1
10. If F(x) =   , G(y) =  then [F(x). G(y)] is equal to
 0 0 1    sin y 0 cos y 
–1 –1 –1 –1
(a) F(x) G(–y) (b) F (x) G (y) (c) G (y) F (x) (d) G(–y) F(–x)
–1 –1 –1
Hint (d):  [F(x) G(y)] = G (y) F (x); ( |F(x)|  0, |G(y)|  0)
Also, F(x) = 1, G(y) = 1

 cos x sin x 0   cos y 0  sin y 

–1
  sin x cos x 0   F( x) –1
 0 1 0 
Now, F (x) =   and G (y) =  = G(–y)
 0 0 1   sin y 0 cos y 



-1. 38 -
 CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1 1
1. A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that A      and A2  1   1  . The sum of the elements of A is
 1  2  1 0 

(a) – 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 5

2. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A then A2 + B2 is equal to

(a) 2 AB (b) 2 BA (c) A + B (d) AB

3. If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order then AB – BA is a

(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) null matrix (d) unit matrix

4. If nth order square matrix A is a orthogonal, then, |adj(adj A)| is

(a) always –1 if n is even (b) always 1 if n is odd
(c) always 1 (d) none of these

 a b c  q b y 
5. If A   x y z  , B    p a  x  and if A is invertible, then which of the following is not true?
 p q r   r c z 

(a) | A | = | B | (b) | A | = – |B |

(c) | adj A | = | adj B | (d) A is invertible if the only if B is invertible

6. For a square matrix A and a non-singular matrix B of the same order, value of determinant of
B–1AB is

(a) |A| (b) |B| (c) |B–1 | (d) |A–1 |

a 1 n 6 n
2
7. If a = (a  1) 2n 2 4n  2 , then  a is equal to
(a  1) 3 3n 3 3n 2  3n a 1

 n( n  1)   aa  1) 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)     (d) none of these
 2  2 

1 1
z  z2   z1 z2 
8. For two unimodular complex numbers z1 and z2,  z1 z1    z2 z1  is equal to
 2

z z2  1 0  1/ 2 0 
(a)  z1 z2  (b) 0 1  (c)  0 1/ 2 (d) none of these
 1    

-1. 39 -
 Matrices

9. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. The following system of equations in x, y and z.

x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
2 + – 2 = 1, 2 – + 2 = 1, – 2 + 2 + = 1 has
a b 2
c a b 2
c a b c2
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) finitely many solutions

1  2   2 1 1
10. If A    2 1  , B   2 1  and C     where  is the complex cube root of 1, then
 2 1    2 1   2 
 

(A+ B) C is equal to

0 1 0 0  1  1
(a)  0 (b)  0 1 0  (c)  0 (d) 1
 0  0 0 1  1  1

 1 1 1  | adj B |
11. If A   0 2 3 , B  ( adjA) and C = 5A, then is equal to
 2 1 0  |C |

(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) –1 (d) 1

12. Let p be a on-singular matrix I + p + p2 + ... + pn = 0 (O denotes the null matrix), then p–1 is
(a) p n (b) –p n (c) –(I + p + ...+ pn) (d) none of these

13. Let A be an orthogonal non-singular matrix of order n, then |A – In| is equal to

(a) |In – A| (b) |A|
(c) |A| | In –A| (d) (–1)n | A| | In – A|

14. A and B are square matrices and A is non-singular matrix (A–1 BA)n, n  I+ is equal to
(a) A–n Bn An (b) An Bn A–n (c) A–1 Bn A (d) A–n BAn

15. The homogeneous system of equation

 2 abcd ab  cd   x
a  b  c  d 2( a  b)(c  d ) ab(c  d )  cd (a  b)    y   0 has non-trivial solutions if
 ab  cd ab (c  d )  cd ( a  b ) 2abcd   z 

(a) a + b + c + d = 0 (b) ab + cd = 0
(c) ab(c + d) + cd (a + b) = 0 (d) for any a, b, c, d

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

16. If A is matrix of size n × n such that A2 + A + 2In = 0, then

(a) A is non singular (b) A  0 (c) |A|  0 (d) A–1 = – ½ (A + I)

-1. 40 -
Matrices

17. The set of equations x – y + 3z = 2, 2x – y + z = 4, x – 2y + z = 3 has

(a) unique solution only for  = 0 (b) unique solution for  8
(c) infinite number of solution for  = 8 (d) no solution for  = 8

1 2 2 
18. Let A   2 1 2 , then the correct statement
 2 2 1 

1
(a) A2 – 4A – 5I3 = 0 (b) A–1 = (A – 4I3)
5

(c) A3 is not invertible (d) A2 is invertible

19. If AB = A and BA = B, then

(a) A2 = A (b) B2 = B (c) A = I (d) B = I

20. If D is a 3 × 3 diagonal matrix. Which of the following statement is not true?

(a) D = D (b) AD = DA, for every matrix A of order 3 × 3

(c) D–1 if exist is a scalar matrix (d) none of these

21. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) is equal to

(a) adj (B) adj (A) (b) |B| || A| B–1 A–1 (c) |B| |A| A–1 B–1 (d) |A| |B| (AB)–1

  cos  sin  
22. Let   and A    sin  cos   , then B = A +A2 + A3 + A4 is
5  

(a) singular (b) non-singular (c) skew-symmetric (d) |B| = 1

23. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then

(a) |adj A| = |A|2 (b) A(adjA) = |A|I3

(c) A is invertible if |A|  0 (d) none of these

24. If f(x) satisfies the equation |A| = 0  x  R , where

 f ( x  2) f ( x  5) f ( x  2) 
A 5 4 5  , then the value of f(2009) is equal to
 10 12 30 

(a) f(0) (b) f(7) (c) f(11) (d) f(17)

25. The system of equations –2x + y + z = a, x – 2y + z = b, x + y – 2z = c has

(a) no solution if a + b + c  0 (b) unique solution if a + b + c = 0

(c) infinite number of solutions if a + b + c = 0 (d) none of these

-1. 41 -
 Matrices

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Comprehension-1
If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 × 3 which satisfy AB = 4 and BA = B, then
26. Which of the following is true?
(a) If matrix A is singular then matrix B is non-singular
(b) If matrix A is non-singular then matrix B is singular
(c) If matrix A is singular then matrix B is also singular
(d) cannot say anything.

27. (A + B)7 is equal

(a) 7(A + B) (b) 7 × I3×3 (c) 64 (A + B) (d) 8 I

28. (A + I)5 is equal to (where I is identity matrix)

(a) I + 60I (b) I + 16A (c) I + 31A (d) none of these

Comprehension-2
r is called the rank of matrix A if there exists at least one non-zero minor of order r and every minor
of order r + 1 of the matrix equal zero. Again if A is a square matrix and I is the unit matrix of the same
order then the equation | A – xI | = 0 is called the characteristic equation and roots of the characteristic
 8 6 2  4 1 0 0
  6 7  4  
equation are called eigen values of matrix A. Let A =   B = 3 0 1 0
 2  4 3  5 0 0 1
29. The rank of A is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) none of these
30. The characteristic equation of A is
(a) x3 – 18 x2 + 45 x = 0 (b) x3 – 6 x2 + 9 x – 4 = 0
(c) x3 – 18 x2 – 45 x = 0 (d) x3 + 6 x2 – 9 x + 4 = 0
31. One of the eigen values of A is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

n 1
ak 1 0 a 0 
32. Let ak = nCk for 0  k  n and Ak =   and B =  A ·A k k 1 =  
0 b 
 0 ak  k 1

2n 2n
A. a (p) ( Cn) – 2n
n 1
B. a–b (q) 0
2n
C. a+b (r) Cn +1 – n
a
D. (s) 1
b

-1. 42 -
Matrices

33. The system of equations x + y + z = 3

x + 2y + 3z = 6
x + 3y + z = m
A. has unique solution (p)  = 5, m = 9
B. has no solution (q)  = 5, m  9
C. has infinite number of solution (r)   5, m  9
D. is consistent (s)   5

INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

1 2 a b
34. Let A  3 4 and B   c d  be two matrices such that they are commutative and c  3b, then
   
ad
the value of is
3b  c

35. Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0. If n is the number of such matrices, then n/2 is

 cos  sin    1 0
36. If A =   and A(adj A) =    , then  is
  sin  cos   0 1

 ab b2  0 0
37. If A =  2  and An =  0 0 , then minimum value of n is
  a  ab  

1 2 2 
1
2 1 2
38. If A = 3  is orthogonal matrix, then y– x is
 x 2 y 

128
39. If A is a 4 × 4 matrix such that |A| = 4 and |adj A|  , then value of k is
k
40. Suppose a matrix A satisfies A2 – 5A + 7I = 0 and A8 = aA + bI. If a.k = 5060. Then value of k is

1 2 3
41. A   1 2 3  , then A is a nilpotent matrix of index
 1 2 3

1 2 0  2 1 5 
42. Let A + 2B   6  3 3  , and 2A – B  2 1 6  , then Tr(A) – Tr(B) has value equal to

 5 3 1   0 1 2

 1 1 1  4 2 2
43. Let A   2 1  3  and 10 B    5 0   , if B is the inverse of matrix A, then  is equal to
 1 1 1   1 2 3 

-1. 43 -
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS

 0 1 0
1. If A =   and B =   , then value of  for which A2 = B is [IIT Sc.]
 1 1  5 1 
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) no real values

 2
If A =  2  3
2.
  and | A | = 125 then the value of  is [IIT Sc.]

(a) ±1 (b) ±2 (c) ±3 (d) ±5

1 0 0   1 0 0
    1 2 
3. A = 0 1 1 , I = 0 1 0 and A–1 =  ( A  cA  dI )  , then the value of c and d
 0 – 2 4 0 0 1  6 
   

are [IIT Sc.]

(a) –6, –11 (b) 6, 11 (c) –6, 11 (d) 6, –11

 3 1 
  1 1
4. If P =  2 2 , A    and Q = PAPT and x = PT Q2005P, then x is equal to [IIT Sc.]
 1 3  0 1
 2 2 
 

1 2005  4  2005 3 6015 

(a)   (b)  
0 1   2005 4 – 2005 3 

1 2  3 1  1  2005 2  3 
(c)   (d)  
4   1 2  3  4  2  3 2005 

Comprehension (Q.5 to Q.7)

1 0 0  1 2
Let A   2 1 0 and U is any matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 satisfying Au1  0 , Au 2   3 ,
 
 
 3 2 1 0  0

3
Au3   2 . Then answer the following questions. [IIT]
1 

5. Determinant of U [IIT]
(a) 13 (b) –13 (c) 3 (d) –3

-1. 44 -
Matrices

6. The sum of element in U–1 [IIT]

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3

 3
 
7. The value of 3 2 0  U  2  [IIT]
0
 5 3
(a) 5 (b) (c) 4 (d)
2 2
Paragraph for Question Nos. 8 to 10

Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0. [IIT]

8. The number of matrices in A is

(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d 3

 x   1
A  y    0
9. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
 z   0

has a unique solution is

(a) less than 4 (b) at least 4 but less than 7
(c) at least 7 but less than 10 (d) at least 10

 x   1
A  y    0
10. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
 z   0
is inconsistent, is
(a) 0 (b) more than 2 (c) 2 (d) 1

 x   1
11. The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system A  y    0
 z   0
has exactly two distinct solutions, is [IIT]
(a) 0 (b) 29 – 1 (c) 168 (d) 2

Paragraph
Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices.

 a b 
Tp   A    : a, b, c  {0,1,2,... p  1} [IIT]
 c a 

12. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) divisible
by p is
(a) (p – 1)2 (b) 2(p – 1) (c) (p – 1)2 + 1 (d) 2p – 1

-1. 45 -
 Matrices

13. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries]
(a) (p – 1) (p2 – p + 1) (b) p3 –(p – 1)2 (c) (p – 1)2 (d) (p – 1) (p2 – 2)
14. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is
(a) 2p 2 (b) p3 – 5p (c) p3 – 3p (d) p3 – p2

15. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes
the transpose of P, then M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) 1 ( MN 1 )T is equal to [IIT]
(a) M 2 (b) –N 2 (c) –M 2 (d) MN

Paragraph for Question

1 9 7 
Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying [ a b c] 8 2 7   [0 0 0] (E)
7 3 7 
16. If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of
7a + b + c is [IIT]
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 7 (d) 6

17. Let  be a solution of x3 – 1 = 0 with Im() > 0. If a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the value of
3 1 3
a
 b  c is equal to [IIT]
  
(a) –2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) –3

18. Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation
n

 1 1
2
ax + bx + c = 0, then     is [IIT]
n0  
6
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) (d) 
7

1 a b
19. Let   1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form   1 c 
 2  1 
where each of a, b, and c is either  or 2. Then the number of distinct matrices in the set S is
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8 [IIT]

 0  –1 1 1 1  0 

20. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying M 1  2 , M –1  1 , and M 1   0  .
       
           
 0  3   0   –1 1 12 
Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is [IIT]

21. Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2i + jaij for 1 < i, j < 3. If the determinant of
P is 2, then the determinant of the matrix Q is [IIT]
(a) 210 (b) 211 (c) 212 (d) 213

-1. 46 -
Matrices

22. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity
 x  0 
matrix, then there exists a column matrix X   y   0  such that [IIT]
   
 z  0 
 0
 
(a) PX   0 (b) PX = X (c) PX = 2X (d) PX = –X
 0
23. For 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ?
(a) NT M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(b) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(c) M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (M N) for all invertible matrices M and N [JEE-ADV.]

24. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, If M  N2 and M2 = N4, then
(a) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0 [JEE-ADV.]
(b) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)U is the zero matrix
(c) determinant of (M2 + MN2)  1
(d) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U equals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix.

25. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if [JEE-ADV.]
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of M
(c) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main diagonal
(d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the square of an integer.

26. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3,
non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is(are) skew symmetric ?
[JEE-ADV.]

(a) Y3Z4 – Z4Y3 (b) X44 + Y44 (c) X4Z3 – Z3X4 (d) X23 + Y23

1  3i ( z )r z2s 
27. Let z = , where i  1, and r, s  {1, 2, 3}. Let P =  2 s  and I be the identity
2  z zr 
matrix of order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for which P2 = – I is [JEE-ADV.]

 1 0 0
28. Let P   4 1 0 and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q   qif  is a matrix such that
 
16 4 1 

q31  q32
P 50  Q  I , then equals [JEE-ADV.]
q21
(a) 52 (b) 103 (c) 201 (d) 205

-1. 47 -
 Matrices

29. Let a,  ,   . Consider the system of linear equations

ax  2 y  
3x  2 y  
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct ? [JEE-ADV.]

(a) If a = –3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of  and 
(b) If a  3 , then the system has a unique solution for all values of  and 
(c) If     0 , then the system has infinitely many solutions for a = –3
(d) If     0 , then the system has no solution for a = –3

30. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the sum of the diagonal
entries of MTM is 5 ? [JEE-ADV.]

(a) 126 (b) 198 (c) 162 (d) 135

31. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries ?
[JEE-ADV.]

1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0   1 0 0 
0 1 0   0 1 0  0 1 0   0 1 0 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 1   0 0 1

1  2   x   1 
 
 1    y    1
32. For a real number , if the system 
 2  1   z   1 


of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions, then 1 + 2 = [JEE-ADV.]

 b1 
b 
33. Let S be the set of all column matrices  2  such that b1, b2, b3  R and the system of equations (in
 b3 
real variables)
–x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x –2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least

 b1 
b   S
one solution for each  2  ? [JEE-ADV.]
 b3 

(a) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3

(b) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
(c) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(d) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3

-1. 48 -
Matrices

DCE QUESTIONS

1 0  0 0 
1. If A =  , B =   then [DCE]
 2 0 0 12
(a) AB = 0, BA = 0 (b) AB = 0, BA  0 (c) AB  0, BA = 0 (d) AB  0, BA  0

 3  3 4
 
2. If A =  2  3 4 , then A–1 = [DCE]
0  1 1
 
(a) A (b) A 2 (c) A 3 (d) A 4

1
3. 1 3  = [DCE]
 
3 10

10 3  10  3 1 3   1  3 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 3 1  3 1  3 10   3  10

4 5 6 x 
 
 5 6 7 y
4. x, y, z are in AP then the value of the det A is, where A = [DCE]
6 7 8 z 
 
 x y z 0 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these

5. If A is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar then adj (kA) is equal to [DCE]
(a) k adj A (b) kn adj A (c) kn – 1 adj A (d) kn + 1 adj A

 1 1 1
0 1 2   2 2 2 
  
6. If A = 1 2 3 , and A–1 =  4 3 c  , then [DCE]
3 a 1  5 3 1
    
 2 2 2
1 1 1
(a) a = 2, c =  (b) a = 1, c = –1 (c) a = – 1, c = 1 (d) a = ,c=
2 2 2

 0  1 2
 
7. If A =  1 0 3 , then A + 2AT equals [DCE]
 2  3 0
 
(a) A (b) –A T (c) AT (d) 2A2

-1. 49 -
 Matrices

4 5 6 x 
 
 5 6 7 y
8. If x, y, z are in AP then the value of the det A is, where A = [DCE]
6 7 8 z 
 
 x y z 0 

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these

1 x  3 1
9. If A    and B   
2
x 4 y  1 0

1 0 
adj. A + B =   , then values of x and y are [DCE]
0 1 

(a) 1, 1 (b)  1, 1 (c) 1, 0 (d) none of these

 a 0 0
10. If A = 0 b 0 then A–1 is (DCE)
 
 0 0 c 

1 / a 0 0   1 / a 0 0 
 0 1/ b 0   0  1 / b 0 
(a)   (b) 
 0 0 1 / c   0 0 1 / c 

a 0 0 
0 b 0 
(c)   (d) none of these
0 0 1 / c 

 1 2
11. Let A =  5 1 and A–1 = xA + yI, then the value of x and y are (DCE)
 

(a) x = –1, y = 2 (b) x = –1, y = –2 (c) x = 1, y = 2 (d) x = 1, y = –2

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS

a b    
1. If A =   and A2 =   , then [AIEEE]
b a    

(a)  = 2 ab,  = a2 + b2 (b)  = a2 + b2,  = ab

(c)  = a2 + b2 ,  = 2ab (d)  = a2 + b2,  = a2 – b2

2. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is [AIEEE]

(a) A – I (b) I – A (c) A + I (d) A

-1. 50 -
Matrices

1 0  1 0 
3. If A    and I    , then which one of the following holds for all n  1, by the principle
1 1  0 1 
of mathematical induction [AIEEE]
(a) An = nA + (n – 1)I (b) An = 2n–1A + (n – 1)I
(c) An = nA – (n – 1)I (d) An = 2n–1A – (n – 1)I

4. If A and B square matrices of size n × n such that A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then which of the following
will be always true? [AIEEE]
(a) Either of A or B is an identity matrix (b) A = B
(c) AB = BA (d) Either of A or B is a zero matrix

1 2  a 0
5. Let A    and B   0 b  , a, b  N. Then [AIEEE]
3 4  
(a) there exist infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA
(b) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
(c) there exist more than one but finite number of B’s such that AB = BA
(d) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA

6. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denote by tr(A), the sum
of diagonal entries of A. Assume that A2 = I. (AIEEE)
Statement-1: If A  I and A  –I, then det A = –1.
Statement-2: If A  I and A  –I, then tr(A)  0.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
7. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is
(AIEEE)
(a) at least 7 (b) less than 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
8. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix. Define
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A. (AIEEE)
Statement - 1 : Tr(A) = 0.
Statement - 2 : |A| = 1.
(a) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.

-1. 51 -
 Matrices

9. Consider the system of linear equations : (AIEEE)

x1  2 x2  x3  3
2 x1  3 x2  x3  3
3 x1  5 x2  2 x3  1
The System has
(a) no solution (b) infinite number of solutions
(c) exactly 3 solutions (d) a unique solution

10. Let A and B be two symmetric materices of order 3. [AIEEE)

Statement-1: A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric materices.
Statement-2: AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative.
(a) Statement-1 and Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not correct explanation of Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true

11. The number of values of k for which the linear equations (AIEEE)
4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0, possess a non-zero solution is:
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) zero

 1 0 0 1 0
     
12. Let A   2 1 0  . If u 1 and u 2 are column matrices such that Au1   0  and Au2   1  ,
 3 2 1 0 0
     

then u1 + u2 is equal to (AIEEE)

 1  1  1 1
       
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c)  1 (d)  1
0  1 0  1
       

13. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices with P  Q. If P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2)
is equal to (AIEEE)
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) –1

14. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations :

(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k; kx + (k + 3)y = 3k –1, has no solution, is [JEE-Mains]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) infinite (d) 1

1  3
15. If P =  1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then  is equal to [JEE-Mains]
 2 4 4 
(a) 5 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 11

-1. 52 -
Matrices

16. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA = AA and B = A–1 A, then BB equals
[JEE-Mains]
–1 –1
(a) 1 + B (b) 1 (c) B (d) (B )

1 2 2 
 2 1 2
17. If A =   is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9 I, where I is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then
 a 2 b 
the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to [JEE-Mains]
(a) (2, –1) (b) (–2, 1) (c) (2, 1) (d) (–2, –1)

18. The system of linear equations [JEE-Mains]

x  λy  z  0
λx  y  z  0
x  y  λz  0
has a non-trivial solution for
(a) exactly three values of  (b) infinitely many values of 
(c) exactly one value of  (d) exactly two values of 

5a b 
19. If A    and A adj A = A AT, then 5a + b is equal to [JEE-Mains]
3 2

(a) 13 (b) –1 (c) 5 (d) 4

 2 3
20. If A    , then adj (3A2 + 12A) is equal to: [JEE-Mains]
 4 1 

 72 63  72 84  51 63  51 84 

(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 84 51   63 51  84 72   63 72 



-1. 53 -
 CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.

1. If E() =  cos 
2
cos  sin   and ,  differ by an odd multiple of  , then E().E() is a
cos  sin  sin 2   2


(a) null matrix (b) unit matrix (c) diagonal matrix (d) none of these

1 3 2   1 
2. The value of x, so that 1 x 1  0 5 1   1   0 , is
 0 3 2   x 

7  35 9  53
(a) (b) (c) ± 2 (d) 0
2 2

 2 1  3 4  3 4   ABC   A(BC) 2 
3. Let A =  ,B= 
 2 3 , C =  2 3  then tr(A) + tr  2  r  t  + ...... ¥
 4 1        4 
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 4 (d) 3

 1 2r  1 3 1 2r  1 1 k 
4. If A =   , then the value of 12 0 1  is equal to   then k =
0 1  r 1
  0 1 

(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 6

 3 4 4 
1 2 4 
5. If A =   and A satisfies the equation A3 –4A2 + A + kI = 0, then the value of k is
1 1 3 

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.

6. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then which of the following are not true?
(a) (AB) = AB (b) (AB) = BA
(c) AB = 0 If |A| = 0 or |B| = 0 (d) AB = 0 If A = I, or B = I

-1. 54 -
Matrices

 0 2  
    
7. If the matrix   is orthogonal then
    

1 1 1
(a)  (b)    (c)    (d)    3
2 3 6

8. Let An be an n × n matrix, all of whose elements are n, except diagonal elements, given aii = 1 for i =
1, 2, 3, ...., n then
(a) det An = n. det An –1 (b) det An = – n . det An –1
(c) det An = (–1)n n! (d) det A n = (–1)n + 1n!

0 0 1 
0 1 0 
9. If A =   , then
 1 0 0 

 0 0 1
 0 1 0 
(a) Adj A is a zero matrix (b) Adj A =  
 1 0 0 

(c) A–1 = A (d) A2 = I

 sin   cos  0
 cos  sin  0
10. If A =   , then which of the following are true?
 0 0 1 

(a) |AT| = 1 (b) |A–1| = 1 (c) A–1 = adj A (d) |AAT| = 101

SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.

For a given square matrix A, if there exists a matrix B such that AB = BA = I, then B is called inverse
of A. Energy non-singular square matrix possess inverse and it exists if |A| ¹ 0

adj(A)
A–1 = det (A) or adj (A) = |A| A–1

 2 3
11. Let a matrix A =   , then it will satisfy the equation
1 2
(a) A2 – 4A + I = 0 (b) A2 + 4A + I = 0 (c) A2 – 4A – 5I = 0 (d) A2 – 4A + 5I = 0

-1. 55 -
 Matrices

 2 3
12. Let a matrix A =   , then A–1 will be
1 2

 2 3  3 2   1 2   2 3 
(a)  1 2  (b)   (c)   (d)  
   2 1  2 3  1 2 

3 2  4b
13. Let matrix A =   satisfies the equation A2 + aA + bI = 0, then the value of  x3 cos xdx equals
1 1  a

a b a  2b a  4b a  4b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ab a b 4a  b 4a  b

SECTION- IV: MATRIX MATCH TYPE

This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.

 1 tan x 
14. Let A = 
  tan x 1 

 1 tan x 
A–1   tan x 1 
A. (p)


 1  tan x 
(adj A)–1 2
1 
B. (q)
 tan x

1 1  cos 2 x  sin x 
C. adj (adj A) (r)  sin x 1  cos 2 x 
2

1  cos x sin 2 x 
D. adj (2A) (s)   sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x 
 

SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.

a b c 
b c a 
15. If matrix A =   , where a, b, c are real positive number, abc = 1 and ATA = I, then the
 c a b 

value of a3 + b3 + c3 is ?

 1 2
16. If A =   and if A6 = 11 kA – 205 I, then the value of k is?
 1 3 

-1. 56 -
Matrices

 0 1 1
 4 3 4 
17. Let x be the solution set of the equation Ax = I where A =   and I with corresponding
 3 3 4 

unit matrix and x  N, then the minimum value of (cosxq + sinxq),  R.

4  4 8 4 
 1  A   1 2 1 
18. If     , then the sum of the elements of matrix A is?
 3   3 6 3 

1 1 3
5 2 6
19. The matrix A =   is a nilpotent matrix of index.
 2 1 3

 1 0 1 0 
20. If A =   and I =  0 1  then the value of k for which A2 = 8A – k I is true.
 1 7   

 8 6 2 
 6 7 4 
21. If A =   is a singular matrix, then is?
 2 4  

0 1 2  1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
1 2 3   4 3 1 
22. If A =   and A–1 =  , then the value of A is?
 3 a 1   5 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2

-1. 57 -
 ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (a,b,c,d) 17. (b,d) 18. (a,b,d) 19. (a,b) 20. (a,c)
21. (a,b,d) 22. (a,b) 23. (a,b,c) 24. (a,b) 25. (a,c)
26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. A-(r); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s) 33. A-(r), (s); B-(q); C-(p); D-(p),(r),(s)
34. (1) 35. (6) 36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (1)
39. (2) 40. (4) 41. (2) 42. (2) 43. (5)

Chapter Assignment Hints

a b 
1. (d): Let A =  
c d 

 1   a  b   1  1   a  2b   1 
A=       and A   =   
 1 c  d   2  2  c  2d   0 
a – b = –1, c – d = 2
– a + 2b = 1, – c + 2d = 0
b = 0, a = –1, d = 2, c = 4
a+b+c+d=5

2. (c): AB = B  BAB = B2 or AB = B2  B2 = B
also, ABA = A2  BA = A2  A2 = A
A2 + B2 = B + A.

3. (b): (AB –BA)T = (AB)T – (BA)T = BTAT – ATBT

= BA – AB = –(AB – BA)

4. (b):  adj (adj A) = |A|(n –2)A

2
|adj (adj A)| = |A|n(n –2)+1 = |A|(n –1)
Now, A is orthogonal  |A|2 = 1

5. (a): Evaluate |A| and |B| and use |adj (A)| = |A|n –1

6. (a): If C and D are square matrices then |CD| = |C| |D| = |D||C| = |DC|

-1. 58 -
Matrices

 (a  1)
a 1
n 6 ( n  1)n
n 6
2
n n
2
2n 2 ( n  1)(n  1  1)(2(n  1)  1)
7. (a):    (a  1)
a 1
n
a 1
4n  2 = 6
2n 2 4n  2
n 2
 (n  1) n 
 (a  1)3 3n3 3n2  3n   3n3 3n 2  3n
a 1  2 

1 n 6
n( n  1) (2n  1)
= 2n 2 4n  2 = 0; (as C3 6 C 1)
2 3
n( n  1)
3n3 3n 2  3n
2

1
a b  1  d b 
8. (c): Use      and |z1| = 1 = |z2|
c d  (ad  bc)  c a 

9. (b): Obtain , x, y, z and use the results.

 1     2 2  1  1 
  
  2 2  1 1     
10. (a): (A + B)C =  
2
    1  
2
  1  2 

 1   2  3  4  2   0 
 
   2  3    2  3    0 
=
2 3 3 2 0 
              
2
11. (d): |adj B| = |adj (adj A)| = |A|(3–1) = |A|4
|C| = |5A| = 53|A|

12. (a): p–1 + I + p + .... + p(n –1) = 0

p–1 – pn = 0
Þ p–1 = pn

13. (c):  AAT = In

|A – In| = |A – AAT| = |A| |In – AT|
( |In – AT| = |In –A|)

14. (c): (A–1BA)2 = (A–1BA) (A–1BA) = A–1B2A

Similarly, (A–1BA)n = A–1BnA

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 Matrices

15. (d): Determinant of the coefficient matrix is always zero.

16. (a,b,c,d):
A2 + A + 2In =
 A + I + 2A–1 = 0

1
 A–1 =  (A + I)
2

 1 1 3 2
 2 1 1 4
17. (b,d): Let [A : B] =  
 1 2  3

Applying R2 ® R2 – 2R1 ; R3 ® R3 – R1

 1 1 3 2  1 1 3 2
0 1 5  
0  ~ 0 1 5 0 

 0 1   3 1 0 0   8 1

 unique solution for  8 and no solution for  = 8

18. (a,b,d):

1 2 2  9 8 8
 2 1 2   8 9 8
A2 =    
 2 2 1  8 8 9

5 0 0 
0 5 0 
A2 – 4A =   = 5I3
 0 0 5 

 41 42 42
 42 41 42
Also |A2| ¹ 0 and A3 =    |A3|  0
 42 42 41

19. (a,b): AB = A  ABA = A2  AB = A2 A = A2

BA = B BAB = B2 BA = B2 B = B2

 1 0 0  a1 b1 c1 
0  0  a b2 c2 
20. (a,c): D =  2 ,A=  2
 0 0  3   a3 b3 c3 

 a11 b1 2 c1 3   a11 b11 c11 

a  b  c2 3  a  b2  2 c2  2 
AD =  2 1 2 2 , DA =  2 2
 a31 b3 2 c3 3   a3 3 b3 3 c3 3 

 AD  DA

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Matrices

Also, if 1 = 2 = 3 = k  0
 |D| = k3

21. (a,b,d):
 A(adj A) = |A|In
Þ adj A = |A|A–1
Also, adj (AB) = adj (B) adj (A)

 cos n sin n 
22. (a,b): Use An =  
  sin n cos n 

23. (a,b,c):
Use A(adj A) = |A|I3

f ( x  2) f ( x  5) f ( x  2)
5 4 5 0
24. (a,b):
10 12 30

f (x –2) {120 + 60} – f (x + 5) {150 + 50} + f (x –2) {60 – 40} = 0

Þ f (x + 5) = f (x – 2)
Þ f (x + 7) = f (x)
Þ f (x) is periodic with period 7.
Now, f (2009) = f (287 × 7) = f (0) = f (7)

 2 1 1 a   1 2 1 b 
 1 2 1 b  ~  2 1 1 a  ;
25. (a,c): [A : B] =     (R3  R1)
 1 1 2 c   1 1 2 c 

1 2 1 b 
~  0 3 3 a  2b  ;

R2 ® R2 + 2R,; R3  R3 – R2
 0 3 3 c  b 

1 2 1 b 
~  0 3 3 a  2b  ;

R3  R3 + R2
 0 0 0 a  b  c 

Þ No solution if a + b + c  0 and infinite no. of solutions if a + b + c = 0

26. (c): AB = A, BA = B Þ A2 = A, B2 = B

Also |A||B| = |A| = |B|

Þ if |A| = 0, then |B| = 0

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 Matrices

27. (c): (A + B)7 = (A + B)5 (A + B) (A + B)

= (A + B)5 (A2 + BA + AB + B2)
= (A + B)6 (A + B + A + B)
= 2(A+B)4 (A + B)2
= 4(A + B)3 . (A + B)2
= 8(A + B)2 (A + B)2
= 32 (A + B)2 = 64 (A + B)

28. (c): (A + I)5 = (A + I)2 (A + I)2 ( A + I)

= (A2 + 2A + I) (A2 + 2A + I) (A + I)
= (3A + I) (3A + I) (A + I)
= (15A + I) (A + I)
= (31A + I), {using A2 = A every where}

29. (c): |A| = (21 – 16) + 6 (–18 + 8) + 2 (24 – 14)

8 6
= 40 – 60 + 20 = 0 and = 56 – 36 = 20 ¹ 0
6 7
 rank = 2

8 x 6 2
6 7x 4  0
30. (a):
2 4 3 x

(8 – x) {21 + x2 – 10 x – 16} + 6{–18 + 6x + 8} + 2{24 – 14 + 2x} = 0

(8 – x) { x2 – 10 x + 5} + 6{ 6x – 10} + 2{2x + 10} = 0
– x3 + 18x2 –45x = 0

31. (c): x (x2 – 18 x + 45) = 0 Þ x (x – 15) (x – 3) = 0

x = 0, 3, 15

32. A-(r); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s):

 n Ck 1 0   n Ck 0   n Ck n Ck 1 0 
Ak . Ak + 1 =  n
 n
 =  n

 0 Ck   0 Ck 1   0 Ck n Ck 1 

Þ a = nC1nC0 + nC2nC1 + .... + nCn –1nCn – 2

and b = nC1nC2 + nC2nC3 + .... + nCn –1nCn
 (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + .... + nCn –1xn –1 + nCnxn
(x + 1)n = nC0 xn + nC1xn –1 + nC2xn–2 + .... + nCn –1x + nCn
Þ a + nCn nCn –1 = coefficient of xn –1 in (1 + x)2n.
Þ a = 2nCn –1 – n
Also, a = nC1nC0 + b – nCn – 1 nCn = b

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Matrices

33. A-(r), (s); B-(q); C-(p); D-(p),(r),(s):\

1 1 1 3  1 1 1 3 
1 2 3 6  ~ 0 1 2 3 
Let A : B =    ; R2 ® R2 – R1; R3 ® R3 – R1
1 3  m   0 2   1 m  3

1 1 1 3 

~ 0 1 2 3 
R3 ® R3 – 2R2
 0 0   5 m  9 

 Unique solution for  5, m  9

no solution for  5, m  9
infinite no. of solution for  5, m  9
and consistent for  5.

34. (1): Use AB = BA

 a a ' a '' 
 a ' b a '''
35. (6): Observe  
 a '' a ''' c 

we each off diagonal elements are repeated twice and if upper off diagonal elements are fixed
then automatically lower of f-diagonal elements are fixed. So no. of symmetric matrices depends
on the no. of ways to arrange a, a and a and a, b, c.

36. (1):  =|A| = 1

 ab b2   a 2b 2  a 2b 2 ab3  ab3 
37. (2): A =  2
2    = O2×2
  a  ab    a3b  a 3b a 2b 2  a 2b 2 

38. (1): Use AAT = I

39. (2):  |adj (A)| = |A|(n –1)

 |adj A| = (4)(4 –1) = 64

Þ k = 2

40. (4): Reduce A8 into aA + bI by using A2 = 5A –7 I.

41. (2): Use An = 0 and find n.

1 1
42. (2):  A = ((A+ 2 B) + 2(2A  B)) B = (2(A+ 2 B) – (2 A  B))
5 5

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 Matrices

 4 2 2
1 
5 0  
43. (5): Find A–1 and use A–1 = 10 
 1 2 3 

Previous Year Questions

IIT/JEE-ADVANCED QUESTIONS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (9)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (c,d) 24. (a,b) 25. (c,d)
26. (c,d) 27. (1) 28. (b) 29. (b,c,d) 30. (b)
31. (a,d) 32. (1) 33. (a,c,d)
DCE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a)
AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d)

Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (a,d) 7. (a,c,d) 8. (b,d) 9. (b,c,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q)
15. (4) 16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (3)
20. (7) 21. (3) 22. (1)

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