NAME: Dr.

Peri K Kameswaran

School of Advanced Sciences

MAT2002 Applications of Differential and Difference Equations

MARTICES

1. A set of mn numbers (real or complex) arranged in a rectangular array having m rows (horizontal
lines) and n columns (vertical lines), the numbers being enclosed by brackets [ ] or () is called an m × n
matrix. An m × n matrix is also called a matrix of order m × n. Each of the mn numbers is called
an element
 of the
 matrix.
2 −1 5
Ex: is a 2 × 3 matrix or matrix of order 2 × 3. It has two rows and three columns.
3 0 4
Thus an m × n matrix A may be written as A = [aij ]m×n or A = [aij ], where i = 1, 2, 3, ...m, j =
1, 2, 3, ...n

2. A matrix
 √ is said to be
 real if all its elements are real numbers.
5 −3√ 1
Ex:
0 − 2 7
3. Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a
square matrix, other wise it is said to be rectangular matrix. Thus, a matrix A = [aij ]m×n is a square
matrix if m = n and rectangular matrix if m 6= n.
A square matrix having n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of order n or n-rowed square
matrix  
a11 a12 a13
For Ex:  a21 a22 a23  is a three rowed square matrix.
a31 a32 a33

The elements a11 , a22 , a33 of a square matrix are called it’s diagonal elements and the diagonal along
which these elements lie is called the principal diagonal.
(i)for elements along the principal diagonal i = j
(ii)for elements above the principal diagonal i < j
(iii)for elements below the principal diagonal i > j
(iv)for non-diagonal elements i 6= j

4. The sum of diagonal elements of a square matrix is called it’s trace.

Pn
5. The trace of the n rowed square matrix A = [aij ] is a11 + a22 + a33 + ... + ann = i=1 aij

6. Row Matrix: A matrix having only one row and any number of columns i.e., a matrix of order 1 × n
is called
 a row matrix.

Ex: 2 5 3 0 is a row matrix.

7. Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column and any number of rows i.e., a matrix of order
m × 1 is
√ called
 a column matrix.
2
Ex:  0  is a column matrix.
−1
8. Null Matrix: A matrix in which each element is zero is called a null matrix or zero matrix. A
null   order m × n is denoted by Om×n .
matrix of
0 0
Ex:  0 0  = O3×2
0 0

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NAME: Dr.Peri K Kameswaran

9. Sub square Matrix: A matrix obtained form a given matrix A by deleting some of its rows or
columns or both is called a sub matrix of A 
  0 −1 2 5
3 0
Thus B = is a sub matrix of A = 3 5 0 7  obtained by deleting the first row,
1 4
1 6 4 −2
second and Fourth columns.

10. Diagonal matrix: A square matrix in which all non-diagonal elements are zero is called a diagonal
 A = [aij ]m×n is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i 6= j
matrix. Thus
2 0 0
Ex: A =  0 −1 0  is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 0
11. Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal to a scalar say k is
called a scalar matrix. Thus a scalar matrix is a square matrix in which all non-diagonal elements are
zero and all diagonal elements are equal to a scalar say k. i.e., A = [aij ]n×n is a scalar matrix
 
  −5 0 0 0
2 0 0 
0 −5 0 0 
Ex:  0 2 0    are scalar matrices.
 0 0 −5 0 
0 0 2
0 0 0 −5
12. Unit matrix or Identity matrix: A Scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is unity i.e., 1
is called a unit matrix or identity matrix. Thus a unit matrix is a square matrix in which all
non-diagonal elements are zero and all diagonal elements are equal to 1 ie., A = [aij ]n×n is a unit
matrix A Unit
 matrix
 of order n is denoted by In . If the order is evident, it may be simply denoted
1 0
by I Thus = I2
0 1
13. Upper triangular matrix: A square matrix in which all the elements below the principal diagonal
are zero is called an upper triangular matrix. Thus, A = [aij ]n×n is an upper triangular matrix if
[aij ] 
= 0 for i > j 
2 3 4
Ex:  0 −1 5 
0 0 3
14. Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix in which all the elements above the principal diagonal
are zero is called an lower triangular matrix. Thus, A = [aij ]n×n is an lower triangular matrix if
[aij ] 
= 0 for i < j 
−1 0 0
Ex:  5 6 0 
3 2 0
15. Triangular matrix: A square matrix in which all the elements either below or above principal
diagonal are zero is called a triangular matrix. Thus a triangular matrix is either upper triangular or
lower triangular.

16. Equal matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be equal (written A = B) if and only if they have
the same order and their corresponding elements are equal. Thus if A = [aij ]m×n and B = [bij ]p×q ,
then A = B if and only if
(i) m = p and n = q (ii) aij = bij for all i = j

17. Transpose of a matrix: Given matrix is A, then the matrix obtained from A by changing it’s rows
0
into columns and columns into rows iscalled thetranspose of A and is denoted by A or AT
  1 2
1 0 2 5 0  0 −1 
Ex: A = , then A =  
2 −1 3 7  2 3 
5 7
0 0
Clearly (i)If the order A is m × n then order of A is n × m (ii)(i, j)th element of A = (j, i)th element
0
of A In symbols, if A = [aij ]m×n , then A = [bij ]n×m , where bij = aji

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NAME: Dr.Peri K Kameswaran

item symmetric matrix: A square matrix A = [aij ] is said to be symmetric if c i.e., if the transpose
of thematrix is equal
 to the matrix it self. i.e., (i, j) th element of A = (j, i) th element of A
a h g
Ex :  h b f  are symmetric matrices
g f c

18. Skew-Symmetric matrix (or) Anti-Symmetric matrix: A square matrix A = [aij ] is said to be
0
skew-symmetric if A = A i.e., if the transpose of the matrix is equal to the negative of the matrix.
Thus, for a skew-symmetric matrix A = [aij ], aij = −aji
i.e., (i, j) th element of A = negative of (j, i) th element of A
putting j = i , aii = −a ii =⇒ 2aii = 0 or aii = 0 for all i
0 h −g
Ex :  −h 0 f  are skew-symmetric matrices.
g −f 0
0 0
19. Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if A ∗ A = I = A ∗ A

20. Singular and Non-singular matrices: A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| = 0 and
non-singular if |A| =
6 0