Some symbols used widely in

mathematics.

This is a list of mathematical symbols used in

all branches of mathematics to express a formula
26/06/2020, 8:44 am
or to represent a constant.

A mathematical concept is independent of the

symbol chosen to represent it. For many of the
symbols below, the symbol is usually synonymous
with the corresponding concept (ultimately an
arbitrary choice made as a result of the cumulative
history of mathematics), but in some situations, a
different convention may be used. For example,
depending on context, the triple bar "≡" may
represent congruence or a definition. However, in
mathematical logic, numerical equality is
sometimes represented by "≡" instead of "=", with
the latter representing equality of well-formed
formulas. In short, convention dictates the
meaning.

Each symbol is shown both in HTML, whose

display depends on the browser's access to an
appropriate font installed on the particular device,
and typeset as an image using TeX.

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
Guide
Basic symbols
Symbols based on equality
Symbols that point left or right
Brackets
Other non-letter symbols
Letter-based symbols
Letter modifiers
Symbols based on Latin letters
Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters
Variations
See also
References
External links

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
This list is organized by symbol type and is
intended to facilitate finding an unfamiliar symbol
by its visual appearance. For a related list
organized by mathematical topic, see List of
mathematical symbols by subject. That list also
includes LaTeX and HTML markup, and Unicode
code points for each symbol (note that this article
doesn't have the latter two, but they could
certainly be added).

There is a Wikibooks guide for using maths in

LaTeX,[1] and a comprehensive LaTeX symbol
list.[2] It is also possible to check to see if a
Unicode code point is available as a LaTeX
command, or vice versa.[3] Also note that where
there is no LaTeX command natively available for
a particular symbol (although there may be
options that require adding packages), the symbol
could be added via other options, such as setting
the document up to support Unicode,[4] and
entering the character in a variety of ways (e.g.
copying and pasting, keyboard shortcuts, the

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
\unicode{<insertcodepoint>} command[5])
as well as other options[6] and extensive additional
information.[7][8].

Basic symbols: Symbols widely used in

mathematics. More advanced meanings are
included with some symbols listed here.
Symbols based on equality : Symbols
derived from or similar to the equal sign "=",
including double-headed arrows. These
symbols are often associated with an
equivalence relation.
Symbols that point left or right: Symbols,
such as "<" and ">", that appear to point to
one side or another.
Brackets: Symbols that are placed on either
side of a variable or expression, such as | x|.
Other non-letter symbols: Symbols that do
not fall in any of the other categories.
Letter-based symbols: Many mathematical
symbols are based on, or closely resemble, a
letter in some alphabet. This section includes
such symbols, including symbols that resemble
upside-down letters. Many letters have
26/06/2020, 8:44 am
conventional meanings in various branches of
mathematics and physics. These are not listed
here. The See also section, below, has several
lists of such usages.
Letter modifiers: Symbols that can be
placed on or next to any letter to modify the
letter's meaning.
Symbols based on Latin letters, including
those symbols that resemble or contain an
X.
Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek
letters e.g. ‫א‬, ‫ב‬, δ, Δ, π, Π, σ, Σ, Φ. Note:
symbols resembling Λ are grouped with V
under Latin letters.
Variations: Usage in languages written right-
to-left.

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Name
Symbol Symbol
Read as
in HTML in TeX
Category
addition
plus; 2+7
add and 7
arithmetic
disjoint union
the disjoint A1 +
union of ...
union of
and ...
set theory
subtraction
minus;
take;
36 − 11
subtractio
subtract
arithmetic
negative sign
negative;
minus; −3 mean
the opposite inverse
of
arithmetic

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 A−B
set-theoretic contains
complement of A that
minus;
without (∖ can a
set theory set-theor
as descri
plus-minus
plus or minus
6±3
and 6 − 3
arithmetic
\pm plus-minus 10 ± 2
plus or minus
10 ± 20%
range fro
measurement 10 + 2
minus-plus 6 ± (3
minus or plus 6 + (3 −
\mp
arithmetic 6 − (3 +
multiplication
times; 3×4
multiplied by multiplica
\times arithmetic
dot product
scalar product
\cdot u⋅v
dot product o
linear algebra

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 vector algebra
cross product
vector
product
cross
u×v
product o
linear algebra
vector
algebra
A · mean
placeholder for an arg
function.
(silent)
functiona
functional expressio
analysis assigning
symbol fo
division
divided by; 6÷3
over division o
arithmetic
quotient
\div group G/H
of group
mod
subgroup
group theory
quotient set
mod
A/~ mea
equivalen
set theory

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 square root
(radical
symbol) √x mean
nonnega
the (principal)
whose sq
square root of
\surd real numbers
complex
\sqrt{x} square root If z =
represen
the (complex)
coordina
square root of
−π <
complex √z =
numbers
summation
sum over ...
from ... to ...
\sum of
calculus
indefinite
integral or
antiderivative
indefinite
integral of f(x
- OR -
∫
\int whose de
the
antiderivative
of
calculus

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 definite
integral b
∫ f(a
integral from signed
... to ... of ... x-axis an
with respect function
to
and x
calculus

∫ f
C
of f along
line integral
b
line/ path/ ∫ f(a
curve/ integral r is a par
of ... along ... (If the cu
calculus symbol
instead, a
below.)

Similar to
used to d
Contour integratio
integral; curve or
closed line sometime
integral texts invo
\oint contour regarding
integral of and while
involve a
calculus
integral
represen

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 only the f
the volum
enclosing
Instances
requires
double in
symbol
appropria
symbol is
volume in
by the sy

The co
can als
found w
capital
denotin
loop int
around
sometim
appropr
C. In r
of Gau
subscrip

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 , is
S
that the
over a c

\ldots

\cdots
ellipsis
Indicates
and so forth
from a pa
everywhere
\vdots

\ddots

therefore
therefore; Sometim
\therefore so; before
hence conseque
everywhere
because
Sometim
because;
\because before re
since

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 everywhere
factorial
means
factorial
combinatorics
The state
and only

logical A slash p
negation another o
same as
not
propositional (The sym
logic from com
is avoide
texts, wh
¬A is pre

The state
and only

logical A slash p
negation another o
\neg same as
not front.
propositional
logic (The sym
other use
slash not
Compute

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 often use
avoided i
texts.
proportionality
is proportional
y∝x
\propto to;
varies as some con
everywhere
∞ is an e
infinity extended
\infty infinity is greate
numbers numbers
limits

\blacksquare end of proof

Used to m
QED;
proof.
tombstone;
\Box Halmos
(May also
finality symbol
Q.E.D.)
everywhere
\blacktriangleright

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
26/06/2020, 8:44 am
Symbol Symbol
in HTML in TeX

\ne, \neq

\approx

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
\sim

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
:=

:⇔

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 \equiv

:\Leftrightarrow

≜ \triangleq

≝
\stackrel{\mathrm{def

\overset{\underset{\m
{}}{=}

\doteq

\cong

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 \equiv

\Leftrightarr

\iff

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
\leftrightarr

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Name
Symbol Symbol
Read as Explana
in HTML in TeX
Category
strict
inequality mean
is less than
is less than,
mean
is greater than
is greater th
order theory
proper
subgroup
is a proper H is a prope
subgroup of subgroup of
group theory
significant
(strict) x ≪ y mean
inequality is much less
is much less y.
than, x ≫ y mean
is much is much gre
greater than than y.
\ll
\gg order theory
asymptotic f ≪ g mean
comparison growth of
is of smaller asymptotica
order than, bounded by

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 (This is
is of greater Vinogradov
order than notation. An
notation is th
analytic Big O notati
number theory which looks
f = O(g
mea
absolute
continuity that is
absolutely
is absolutely
continuous w
continuous
respect to
with respect to
whenever
measure
theory have

x ≤ y means
less than or
equal to
inequality x ≥ y means
greater than
is less than or
equal to
equal to,
\le (The forms
is greater than
\ge and >=
or equal to
generally us
order theory programmin
languages,
where ease
typing and u

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 ASCII text is
preferred.

(≦ and ≧
also used by
some writers
mean the sa
thing as
but this usag
seems to be
common.
subgroup
is a subgroup
H ≤ G mea
is a subgrou
of
G.
group theory
A ≤ B mean
problem
reduction be reduced
is reducible to the problem
computational Subscripts c
complexity be added to
theory ≤ to indicate
what kind of
reduction.
congruence
relation
\leqq ... is less than

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 ... is greater
than ...
modular
arithmetic
x ≦ y mean
each compo
of vector
than or equa
each
correspondi
component
vector y
x ≧ y mean
vector each compo
\geqq inequality of vector
... is less than greater than
or equal... is equal to eac
greater than correspondi
or equal... component
order theory vector y
It is importa
note that
remains true
every eleme
equal. Howe
if the operat
changed,
true if and o
x ≠ y is also

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Karp reduction
is Karp
reducible to; L1 ≺ L2
is polynomial-
that the prob
time many-
L1 is Karp
one reducible
reducible to
to
L2.[11]
computational
complexity
\prec theory
\succ
Nondominated
order P ≺ Q mea
is that the elem
nondominated P is
by nondominat
Multi-objective element
optimization
normal
subgroup N ◅ G mea
that N is a
is a normal
normal subg
subgroup of
of group
\triangleleft group theory
◅ \triangleright ideal
▻ I ◅ R mean
is an ideal of that I is an id
ring theory of ring R

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 R ▻ S mea
the antijoin o
antijoin relations
S, the tuples
the antijoin of
for which the
relational not a tuple i
algebra that is equa
their commo
attribute nam

A ⇒ B mean
A is true the
is also true;
is false then
nothing is sa
material about B
implication (→ may me
the same as
implies;
or it may ha
\Rightarrow if ... then
the meaning
\rightarrow propositional functions
\supset logic, Heyting below.)
algebra (⊃ may mea
same as
it may have
meaning for
superset
below.)

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 (subset)
means ever
element of
also an elem
of B.[14]
subset (proper subs
\subseteq is a subset of A ⊂ B mean
\subset set theory A ⊆ B but
A ≠ B.
(Some write
use the sym
as if it were
same as

A ⊇ B mean
every eleme
B is also an
superset element of
A ⊃ B mean
is a superset A ⊇ B but
\supseteq of
\supset
A ≠ B.
set theory (Some write
use the sym
as if it were
same as
compact A ⋐ B mean
embedding the closure
\Subset
is compactly is a compac

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 contained in
subset of
set theory
function arrow f: X →
from ... to the function
\to set theory, maps the se
type theory into the set

f: a ↦ b
function arrow the function
\mapsto maps to maps the
set theory element
element

a ← b mea
that for the
propositions
and b, if
implies
is the conve
Converse implication o
implication to the eleme
\leftarrow This reads a
.. if ..
if b", or "not
logic without a". I
not to be
confused wi
the assignm
operator in
computer
science

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 subtype T1 <: T
is a subtype of that T1 is a
type theory subtype of
cover x <• y mean
is covered by that x is cov
order theory by y.
A ⊧ B mean
sentence
entailment entails the
sentence
entails
\vDash is in every m
model theory in which
true, B is als
true.
inference
infers;
is derived
from
x ⊢ y mean
derivable fro
propositional
\vdash logic,
predicate logic
partition p ⊢ n mean
is a partition of that p is a
number theory partition of

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 ⟨φ| means th
bra vector dual of the v
|φ⟩, a linear
the bra ...;
functional
\langle the dual of ...
maps a ket
Dirac notation onto the inn
product
ket vector |φ⟩ means th
the ket ...; vector with l
\rangle the vector ... φ, which is i
Dirac notation Hilbert spac

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Name
Symbol Symbol
Read as
in HTML in TeX
Category

combination;
binomial means (i
coefficient combina
{\ \choose\ } n choose k
combinatorics (This ma

.)

multiset
coefficient
\left(\!\!{\ u
\choose\ multichoose k (when
}\!\!\right) combinatorics means

piecewise-
defined
function;
\left\{ pattern the cond
\begin{array}{lr} matching;
\ldots \\ \ldots Switch (The bod

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 number (

statement This sym

construc
is defined as
\end{array} ... if ..., or as
\right. ... if ...;
match ... with the funct
and
everywhere
(A patter
two) patt
absolute
value;
modulus
|x| mean
absolute
complex
value of;
modulus of
numbers
| \ldots | \!\, Euclidean
norm or
Euclidean
length or
magnitude |x| mean
Euclidean
norm of
geometry

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 determinant
determinant
|A| mean
of
matrix theory
cardinality
cardinality of; |X| mean
size of;
order of (# may b
set theory
norm
norm of; ǁ x ǁ mea
length of space
linear algebra
nearest
\| \ldots \| \!\, integer
function ǁxǁ mean
nearest
integer to (This ma
numbers
set brackets
{\{\ ,\!\ \}} the set of ... {a,b,
\!\, set theory
set builder
\{\ :\ \} \!\, notation {x : P
the set of ... P(x)} is t

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
\{\ |\ \} \!\, such that
set theory
\{\ ;\ \} \!\,
floor
floor; ⌊x⌋ mea
greatest equal to
\lfloor \ldots
integer;
\rfloor \!\,
entier (This ma
numbers

ceiling ⌈x⌉ mea

ceiling or equal
\lceil \ldots
\rceil \!\, numbers (This ma

nearest
integer
function ⌊x⌉ mea
\lfloor \ldots
nearest
\rceil \!\,
integer to (This ma
numbers
degree of a
field
extension [K : F
[\ :\ ] \!\,
the degree of
field theory

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 equivalence
class
[a] mean
the
an equiv
equivalence
class of
[a]R mea
abstract
algebra
floor [x] mean
floor; equal to
greatest
[\ ] \!\, integer; (This ma
entier confused
numbers below.
[\ ,\ ] \!\, nearest
integer [x] mean
function
nearest (This ma
integer to be confu
numbers
Iverson
bracket
1 if true, 0
[S] maps
otherwise
propositional
logic

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 f[X] mea
image
set X
image of ...
under ... (This ma
everywhere the imag
Another
closed
interval
closed
interval
order theory
commutator
the
[g, h
commutator
of
[a, b
group theory,
ring theory
triple scalar
product
the triple
scalar [a, b
product of
vector
calculus

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 function
application
f(x) mean
of
set theory
f(X) mea
image
set X
image of ...
under ... (This ma
everywhere the imag
Another
precedence
grouping
(\ ) \!\, Perform
parentheses
everywhere
(\ ,\ ) \!\, An order
tuple vector) o
tuple; n-tuple;
ordered (Note t
pair/triple/etc;
be an o
row vector;
sequence and co
everywhere instead

highest
(a, b
common
factor
(This ma

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 highest
common
factor;
greatest
common
divisor; hcf;
gcd
number
theory

(\ ,\ ) \!\,(\ ,\ open interval

) \!\, (Note t
open interval
be an o
order theory
]a,b
]\ ,\ [ \!\,]

left-open
interval
(\ ,\ ] \!\, half-open
interval;
left-open
\ ,\ ] \!\,] interval
order theory
right-open
[\ ,\ ) \!\, interval
half-open
interval;
right-open

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 interval
[\ ,\ [ \!\,
order theory
⟨u,v⟩
members

Note tha
inner product the inner
inner product
of There ar
linear algebra v), which
product
notation
more "ke
\langle\ \rangle These ar
\!\,

average
\langle\ ,\ let S be a
\rangle \!\, average of
of all the
statistics

expectation For a sin

value
expectat
the
expectation
value of
the expe
probability

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 theory
.[17]

⟨S⟩ mean
subspac
⟨u1, u
linear span
(linear) span
of;
linear hull of
Note th
could m
linear algebra

The spa

subgroup
generated by
a set mea
containin
the subgroup
generated by
group theory
tuple
tuple; n-tuple; An order
ordered vector) o
pair/triple/etc;
row vector; (The no
sequence

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 everywhere
⟨u | v
members
\langle\ |\ inner product
\rangle \!\, inner product Another
of above. F
common
linear algebra
(\ |\ ) \!\, As ⟨
forms
mathema

Name
Symbol Symbol
Read as
in HTML in TeX
Category

convolution
convolution;
\ast or * convolved wi
function
analys

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
Includes upside-down letters.

Letter modifiers

Also called diacritics.

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Name
Symbol Symbol
Read as
in HTML in TeX
Category
mean
overbar;
... bar
statistics
finite
sequence
tuple
finite
sequence,
tuple
model
\bar{a}, \overline{a} theory

algebraic
closure
algebraic
closure of
field theory

complex
conjugate
conjugate

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 complex
numbers

topological
closure
(topological)
closure of
topology

vector
harpoon
\overset{\rightharpoonup}{a} linear
algebra

unit vector
hat
geometry
\hat a

estimator
estimator

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 for
statistics

derivative
... prime;
' derivative of
calculus

derivative
... dot;
• time
\dot{\,}
derivative of
calculus

Symbols based on Latin letters

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Name

Read as
Symbol Symbol
Category
in HTML in TeX

universal quantification
for all;
for any;
\forall for each;
for every
predicate log
boolean domain
\mathbb{B} B;
the (set of) boolean values
the (set of) truth values;
\mathbf{B} set theory, boolean algeb
complex numbers
\mathbb{C} C;
the (set of) complex
numbers
\mathbf{C} numbe
cardinality of the continuum
\mathfrak c cardinality of the continuum

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 c;
cardinality of the real
numbers
set theo
partial derivative
partial;
d
calculu
boundary
\partial boundary of
topolog
degree of a polynomial
degree of
algeb

\mathbb E expected value

expected value
probability theo
\mathrm{E}
existential quantification
there exists;
there is;
\exists
there are
predicate log

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 uniqueness quantification
there exists exactly one
\exists!
predicate log

set membership
\in
is an element of;
is not an element of
\notin everywhere, set theo

set membership
does not contain as an
\not\ni element
set theo

such that symbol

such that
mathematical log
\ni

set membership
contains as an element
set theo

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Galois field
Galois field, or finite field
\mathbb{F}
Field (mathematics) theo

quaternions or Hamiltonian
\mathbb{H} quaternions
H;
the (set of) quaternions
\mathbf{H} numbe

\mathbb{I} Indicator function

the indicator of
Boolean algeb
\mathbf{I}

\mathbb{N} natural numbers

the (set of) natural number
numbe
\mathbf{N}

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Hadamard product
\circ entrywise product,
elementwise product, circle
[23][24] dot
\odot linear algeb

function composition
\circ composed with
set theo
Big O notation
big-oh of
O Computational complex

empty set
\emptyset the empty set null set
\varnothing set theo

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 \{\}
set of primes
P;
the set of prime numbers
arithme
projective space
P;
the projective space;
the projective line;
the projective plane
topolog
polynomials
\mathbb{P}
the space of all possible
polynomials
\mathbf{P} vector spac

probability
the probability of
probability theo

Power set
the Power set of
Powers

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 rational numbers
\mathbb{Q} Q;
the (set of) rational number
the rationals
\mathbf{Q} numbe

p-adic numbers
p \mathbb{Q}_p
the (set of) p-adic numbers
the p-adics
p \mathbf{Q}_p numbe

real numbers
\mathbb{R} R;
the (set of) real numbers;
the reals
\mathbf{R} numbe

conjugate transpose
conjugate transpose;
† adjoint;
{}^\dagger Hermitian adjoint/conjugat
/transpose/dagger
matrix operation

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 transpose
T transpose
{}^{\mathsf{T}}
matrix operation

top element
the top element
lattice theo
\top top type
the top type; top
type theo
perpendicular
is perpendicular to
geomet
orthogonal complement
orthogonal/ perpendicular
complement of;
perp
\bot linear algeb
coprime
is coprime to
number theo
independent
is independent of
probabil

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 bottom element
the bottom element
lattice theo
bottom type
the bottom type;
bot
type theo

comparability
is comparable to
order theo

all numbers being

considered
\mathbb{U} U;
the universal set;
the set of all numbers;
\mathbf{U} all numbers considered
set theo
set-theoretic union
the union of ... or ...;
\cup union

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 set theo
set-theoretic intersection
intersected with;
\cap intersect
set theo
logical disjunction or join
a lattice
or;
\lor max;
join
propositional logic,

logical conjunction or meet

a lattice
and;
min;
\land meet
(logical and) propositional logic,

\wedge
(wedge product) wedge product
wedge product;
exterior product
exterior algeb

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 multiplication
times;
multiplied by
arithme

Cartesian product
the Cartesian product of ..
and ...;
the direct product of ... and
...
\times set theo
cross product
cross
linear algeb

group of units
the group of units of
ring theo

tensor product, tensor

product of modules
\otimes tensor product of
linear algeb

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 semidirect product
the semidirect product of
\ltimes group theo

\rtimes
semijoin
the semijoin of
relational algeb

natural join
\bowtie the natural join of
relational algeb

\mathbb{Z} integers
the (set of) integers
numbe
\mathbf{Z}

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 n integers mod n
\mathbb{Z}_n
the (set of) integers modul
n
p
\mathbb{Z}_p numbe

n \mathbf{Z}_n p-adic integers

the (set of) p-adic integers
p numbe

Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek

letters

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Name
Symbol Symbol
Read as
in HTML in TeX
Category
aleph number
ℵα represents a
aleph
\aleph one, where
set theory
beth number ℶα represents a
beth does not neces
\beth
set theory ℵ. ).

Gamma
function
Gamma
\Gamma
function
combinatorics

Dirac delta
function
\delta Dirac delta of
hyperfunction

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Kronecker
delta
Kronecker
delta of
hyperfunction

Functional
derivative
Functional
derivative of
Differential
operators

\vartriangle symmetric
difference A ∆ B (or A
symmetric one of A or
\ominus
difference
(Not to be confu
set theory
\oplus

delta Δx means a (no

delta;
(If the change b
\Delta change in
used instead. N
calculus difference, writt

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Laplacian
Laplace
The Laplace op
operator
operator in n-di
vector
calculus
gradient
del;
nabla; ∇f (x1, ..., x
gradient of ..., ∂f / ∂xn).
vector
calculus
divergence
del dot;
\nabla divergence of
vector
calculus

curl
curl of
vector
calculus

Pi
Used in various
pi; to the amount o
3.1415926...; of equal width w
\pi ≈355÷113 3.14159. It is al
mathematical diameter of a ci

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 constant
prime-
counting
function
prime- counts the
counting equal to .
function of
number
theory
projection
Projection of
relational
algebra
Homotopy
group
the nth consists
Homotopy point preserving
group of (with base poin
Homotopy
theory
product
product over
... from ... to means
\prod ... of
arithmetic

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Cartesian
product
means th
the Cartesian
product of;
the direct
product of
set theory
coproduct A general const
coproduct of sets and
over ... from groups, and the
\coprod ... to ... of The coproduct o
category "least specific"
theory admits a morph

selection The selection

Selection of which holds b
relational selection
algebra holds between
standard
\sigma deviation
population A measure of s
standard sample populat
deviation
statistics
summation
sum over ... means
\sum from ... to ...

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 of
arithmetic

In mathematics written in Persian or Arabic, some

symbols may be reversed to make right-to-left
writing and reading easier.[30]

Greek letters used in mathematics, science,

and engineering
List of letters used in mathematics and science
List of common physics notations
Diacritic
ISO 31-11 (Mathematical signs and symbols
for use in physical sciences and technology)
Latin letters used in mathematics
List of mathematical abbreviations
List of mathematical symbols by subject
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols (Unicode

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 block)
Mathematical constants and functions
Mathematical notation
Mathematical operators and symbols in
Unicode
Notation in probability and statistics
Physical constants
Table of logic symbols
Table of mathematical symbols by introduction
date
Typographical conventions in mathematical
formulae
APL syntax and symbols

1. "LaTeX/Mathematics" (https://en.wikibooks.org/
wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics). Wikibooks.
Retrieved 18 November 2017.

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
2. "The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List" (htt
p://www.math.boun.edu.tr/instructors/gurel/sym
bols-a4.pdf) (PDF). p. 15. Retrieved
16 November 2017. "Because of the lack of
notational consensus, it is probably better to
spell out "Contradiction!" than to use a symbol
for this purpose."
3. Cook, John. "Unicode / LaTeX conversion" (htt
ps://www.johndcook.com/unicode_latex.html).
John Cook Consulting. Retrieved
18 November 2017.
4. "LaTeX/Special Characters" (https://en.wikiboo
ks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Special_Characters).
Wikibooks. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
5. "\unicode - Tex Command" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20171201034818/https://tutorialsba
y.org/tex_commands/unicode.html).
TutorialsBay. Archived from the original (http
s://tutorialsbay.org/tex_commands/unicode.htm
l) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved
18 November 2017.

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 6. "Unicode characters in pdflatex output using
hexcode without UTF-8 input" (https://tex.stack
exchange.com/questions/89796/unicode-chara
cters-in-pdflatex-output-using-hexcode-without
-utf-8-input). Tex Stack Exchange. Retrieved
18 November 2017.
7. "fontenc vs inputenc" (https://tex.stackexchang
e.com/questions/44694/fontenc-vs-inputenc#4
4699). TeX Stack Exchange. Retrieved
18 November 2017.
8. "pdflatex crashes when Latex code includes
\unicode{f818} and \unicode{f817} and how to
handle it" (https://tex.stackexchange.com/ques
tions/192626/pdflatex-crashes-when-latex-cod
e-includes-unicodef818-and-unicodef817-and).
TeX Stack Exchange. Retrieved 18 November
2017.
9. "Math is Fun website" (http://www.mathsisfun.c
om/geometry/symbols.html).
10. Hayes, Ellen (1897), Algebra: For High
Schools and Colleges (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=6hMAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6), J. S.
Cushing, p. 6.

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
11. Rónyai, Lajos (1998),
Algoritmusok(Algorithms), TYPOTEX,
ISBN 978-963-9132-16-0
12. Deb, K.; Pratap, A.; Agarwal, S.; Meyarivan, T.
(2002). "A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic
algorithm: NSGA-II". IEEE Transactions on
Evolutionary Computation. 6 (2): 182.
CiteSeerX 10.1.1.17.7771 (https://citeseerx.ist.
psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.17.777
1). doi:10.1109/4235.996017 (https://doi.org/1
0.1109%2F4235.996017).
13. Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (1990) [1953],
"8.3: Conditional Statements and Material
Implication", Introduction to Logic (8th ed.),
Macmillan, pp. 268–9,
ISBN 978-0-02-325035-4, LCCN 89037742 (ht
tps://lccn.loc.gov/89037742)
14. Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory,
Chapman and Hall, p. 4,
ISBN 978-0-412-60610-6

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
15. Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000),
Quantum Computation and Quantum
Information, Cambridge University Press,
p. 66, ISBN 978-0-521-63503-5,
OCLC 43641333 (https://www.worldcat.org/ocl
c/43641333)
16. Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory,
Chapman and Hall, p. 3,
ISBN 978-0-412-60610-6
17. "Expectation Value" (http://mathworld.wolfram.
com/ExpectationValue.html). MathWorld.
Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
18. Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000),
Quantum Computation and Quantum
Information, Cambridge University Press,
p. 62, ISBN 978-0-521-63503-5,
OCLC 43641333 (https://www.worldcat.org/ocl
c/43641333)
19. Berman, Kenneth A; Paul, Jerome L. (2005),
Algorithms: Sequential, Parallel, and
Distributed, Course Technology, p. 822,
ISBN 978-0-534-42057-4

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
20. "Parallel Symbol in TeX" (https://groups.googl
e.com/forum/#!msg/mathjax-users/r7rO-PDQtq
c/gllzD-NtOI0J). Google Groups. Retrieved
16 November 2017.
21. "Math symbols defined by LaTeX package
"stmaryrd" " (http://milde.users.sourceforge.net/
LUCR/Math/mathpackages/stmaryrd-symbols.
pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 16 November 2017.
22. "Answer to Is there a "contradiction" symbol in
some font, somewhere?" (https://tex.stackexch
ange.com/questions/28192/is-there-a-contradi
ction-symbol-in-some-font-somewhere/28201#
28201). TeX Stack Exchange. Retrieved
16 November 2017.
23. Hadamard product (https://machinelearning.wtf
/terms/hadamard-product/)
24. What does a dot in a circle mean? (https://mat
h.stackexchange.com/q/815315)
25. Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory,
Chapman and Hall, p. 5,
ISBN 978-0-412-60610-6

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
26. Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000),
Quantum Computation and Quantum
Information, Cambridge University Press,
pp. 69–70, ISBN 978-0-521-63503-5,
OCLC 43641333 (https://www.worldcat.org/ocl
c/43641333)
27. Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000),
Quantum Computation and Quantum
Information, Cambridge University Press,
pp. 71–72, ISBN 978-0-521-63503-5,
OCLC 43641333 (https://www.worldcat.org/ocl
c/43641333)
28. Z^* from Wolfram MathWorld (http://mathworld.
wolfram.com/Z-Star.html)
29. Turner, L.K.; Budden, F.J.; Knighton, D. (1975).
Advanced mathematics : a unified course. 2.
Longman. ISBN 9780582352407.

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
30. M. Benatia, A. Lazrik, and K. Sami, "Arabic
mathematical symbols in Unicode (http://www.
ucam.ac.ma/fssm/rydarab/doc/expose/unicode
me.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20110722165147/http://www.ucam.ac.ma/fssm
/rydarab/doc/expose/unicodeme.pdf)
2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine", 27th
Internationalization and Unicode Conference,
2005.

Jeff Miller: Earliest Uses of Various

Mathematical Symbols (http://jeff560.tripod.co
m/mathsym.html)
Numericana: Scientific Symbols and Icons (htt
p://www.numericana.com/answer/symbol.htm)
GIF and PNG Images for Math Symbols (http://
us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html)
Mathematical Symbols in Unicode (https://web.
archive.org/web/20070117015443/http://tlt.psu.
edu/suggestions/international/bylanguage/mat
h.html)

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
Some Unicode charts of mathematical operators
and symbols:

Index of Unicode symbols (https://www.unicod

e.org/charts/#symbols)
Range 2100–214F: Unicode Letterlike
Symbols (https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/
U2100.pdf)
Range 2190–21FF: Unicode Arrows (https://w
ww.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2190.pdf)
Range 2200–22FF: Unicode Mathematical
Operators (https://www.unicode.org/charts/PD
F/U2200.pdf)
Range 27C0–27EF: Unicode Miscellaneous
Mathematical Symbols–A (https://www.unicod
e.org/charts/PDF/U27C0.pdf)
Range 2980–29FF: Unicode Miscellaneous
Mathematical Symbols–B (https://www.unicod
e.org/charts/PDF/U2980.pdf)
Range 2A00–2AFF: Unicode Supplementary
Mathematical Operators (https://www.unicode.
org/charts/PDF/U2A00.pdf)

Some Unicode cross-references:

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
 Short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20141105143723/htt
p://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki/index.ph
p/LaTeX:Symbols) and Comprehensive LaTeX
Symbol List (https://web.archive.org/web/2009
0323063515/http://mirrors.med.harvard.edu/ct
an/info/symbols/comprehensive/)
MathML Characters (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20140222144828/http://www.robinlionheart.
com/stds/html4/entities-mathml) - sorts out
Unicode, HTML and MathML/TeX names on
one page
Unicode values and MathML names (http://ww
w.w3.org/TR/REC-MathML/chap6/bycodes.htm
l)
Unicode values and Postscript names (https://
web.archive.org/web/20141126074509/http://s
vn.ghostscript.com/ghostscript/branches/gs-db
/Resource/Decoding/Unicode) from the source
code for Ghostscript

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org

/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematical_symbols&
oldid=964352652"

26/06/2020, 8:44 am
This page was last edited on 25 June 2020, at
00:39 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-

ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

26/06/2020, 8:44 am