Summary of the RATEY Method for Graphing Rational Expressions

x-axis

point(s)

Root(s) are the x-intercepts of the function (where y = 0).

To locate the roots:
Set the numerator = 0 and solve for x. Write as an ordered pair.
Note: if the numerator can never = 0, there are no roots, and the
graph does not touch or cross the x-axis.

x-axis

line(s)

Asymptotes refer to the vertical asymptotes of the function.

To locate the vertical asymptotes:
Set the denominator = 0 and solve for x, factoring if needed.
These equations (x = #) are where the function is discontinuous.
If the discontinuity is non-removable (cannot be canceled with a
factor in the numerator, it is a vertical asymptote.
Note: If the discontinuity is removable (can be canceled with a factor
in the numerator), it is a "hole" in the graph.

Two identical factors refers to two identical factors, in the numerator or denominator.
In the numerator:
(yes) The curve is tangent to the x-axis (takes a "bounce") at that x value.
(no) Otherwise, the curve crosses the x-axis at that x-value.
In the denominator:
(yes) curve approaches the same direction (is "together") both sides of the VA.
(no) Otherwise, the curve approaches different directions (is NOT "together")
on either side of the vertical asymptote.

y-axis

line(s)

End behavior refers to what happens at the "ends" of the function.

(it also locates horizontal asymptotes by considering the degrees of
the numerator and denominator.
Top-heavy (larger degree in the numerator):
Implies there are no horizontal asymptotes.
Consider the parent function for the "ends."
Same degree:
Implies there is a horizontal asymptote at
leading coefficient of numerator
y
leading coefficient of denominator
Bottom-heavy (larger degree in the denominator):
Implies there is a horizontal asymptote at y = 0.

y-axis

point

Y-intercept is the point where x = 0

Set x = 0 and solve for y. Write as an ordered pair.