List of Mathematical Symbols

10/23/2019 List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia
List of mathematical symbols

This is a list of mathematical symbols used in all branches of mathematics to express a formula or to represent a constant.
A mathematical concept is independent of the symbol chosen to represent it. For many of the symbols below, the symbol is usually
synonymous with the corresponding concept (ultimately an arbitrary choice made as a result of the cumulative history of mathematics), but in
some situations, a different convention may be used. For example, depending on context, the triple bar "≡" may represent congruence or a
definition. However, in mathematical logic, numerical equality is sometimes represented by "≡" instead of "=", with the latter representing
equality of well-formed formulas. In short, convention dictates the meaning.
Each symbol is shown both in HTML, whose display depends on the browser's access to an appropriate font installed on the particular device,
and typeset as an image using TeX.
Some symbols used widely in

Contents mathematics.
Guide
Basic symbols
Symbols based on equality
Symbols that point left or right
Brackets
Other non-letter symbols
Letter-based symbols
Letter modifiers
Symbols based on Latin letters
Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters
Variations
See also
References
External links
Guide
This list is organized by symbol type and is intended to facilitate finding an unfamiliar symbol by its visual appearance. For a related list organized by mathematical topic, see List of
mathematical symbols by subject. That list also includes LaTeX and HTML markup, and Unicode code points for each symbol (note that this article doesn't have the latter two, but they
could certainly be added).
There is a Wikibooks guide for using maths in LaTeX,[1] and a comprehensive LaTeX symbol list.[2] It is also possible to check to see if a Unicode code point is available as a LaTeX
command, or vice versa.[3] Also note that where there is no LaTeX command natively available for a particular symbol (although there may be options that require adding packages), the
symbol could be added via other options, such as setting the document up to support Unicode,[4] and entering the character in a variety of ways (e.g. copying and pasting, keyboard
shortcuts, the \unicode{<insertcodepoint>} command[5]) as well as other options[6] and extensive additional information.[7][8].
Basic symbols: Symbols widely used in mathematics. More advanced meanings are included with some symbols listed here.
Symbols based on equality : Symbols derived from or similar to the equal sign "=", including double-headed arrows. These symbols are often associated with an equivalence
relation.
Symbols that point left or right: Symbols, such as "<" and ">", that appear to point to one side or another.
Brackets: Symbols that are placed on either side of a variable or expression, such as |x|.
Other non-letter symbols: Symbols that do not fall in any of the other categories.
Letter-based symbols: Many mathematical symbols are based on, or closely resemble, a letter in some alphabet. This section includes such symbols, including symbols that
resemble upside-down letters. Many letters have conventional meanings in various branches of mathematics and physics. These are not listed here. The See also section, below,
has several lists of such usages.
Letter modifiers: Symbols that can be placed on or next to any letter to modify the letter's meaning.
Symbols based on Latin letters, including those symbols that resemble or contain an X.
Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters e.g. ‫א‬, ‫ב‬, δ, Δ, π, Π, σ, Σ, Φ. Note: symbols resembling Λ are grouped with V under Latin letters.
Variations: Usage in languages written right-to-left.
Basic symbols
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols 1/23
Name
Symbol Symbol
Read as Explanation Examples
in HTML in TeX
Category
addition
plus;
add
2 + 7 means the sum of 2 and 7. 2+7=9
arithmetic
+ disjoint union
the disjoint A1 + A2 means the disjoint union of sets A1 A1 = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∧ A2 = {7, 8, 9, 10} ⇒
union of ...
and A2. A1 + A2 = {(3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1), (7, 2), (8, 2), (9, 2), (10, 2)}
and ...
set theory
subtraction
minus;
take; 36 − 11 means the subtraction of 11 from 36. 36 − 11 = 25
subtract
arithmetic
negative sign
negative;
minus; −3 means the additive inverse of the number
− the opposite 3.
−(−5) = 5
of
arithmetic
set-theoretic A − B means the set that contains all the
complement elements of A that are not in B.
minus; {1, 2, 4} − {1, 3, 4} = {2}
without (∖ can also be used for set-theoretic
set theory complement as described below.)
plus-minus
plus or minus 6 ± 3 means both 6 + 3 and 6 − 3. The equation x = 5 ± √4 , has two solutions, x = 7 and x = 3.
arithmetic
± \pm plus-minus
10 ± 2 or equivalently 10 ± 20% means the
plus or minus If a = 100 ± 1 mm, then a ≥ 99 mm and a ≤ 101 mm.
range from 10 − 2 to 10 + 2.
measurement
minus-plus
6 ± (3 ∓ 5) means 6 + (3 − 5) and Used paired with ± to mean the opposite
∓ \mp
minus or plus
6 − (3 + 5). cos(x ± y) = cos(x) cos(y) ∓ sin(x) sin(y).
arithmetic
multiplication
times; 3 × 4 or 3 ⋅ 4 means the multiplication of 3 by
7 ⋅ 8 = 56
multiplied by 4.
arithmetic
dot product
scalar product
dot u ⋅ v means the dot product of vectors u and
(1, 2, 5) ⋅ (3, 4, −1) = 6
× linear algebra v
vector
\times algebra
⋅ cross product
vector
\cdot product i j k
· cross
u × v means the cross product of vectors u
and v
(1, 2, 5) × (3, 4, −1) = 1 2 5 = (−22, 16, −2)
linear algebra 3 4 −1
vector
algebra
placeholder A · means a placeholder for an argument of a
(silent) function. Indicates the functional nature of an
|·|
functional expression without assigning a specific symbol
analysis for an argument.
division
(Obelus) 2 ÷ 4 = 0.5
divided by; 6 ÷ 3 or 6 ⁄ 3 means the division of 6 by 3.
over 12 ⁄ 4 = 3
arithmetic
÷ quotient
\div
group G / H means the quotient of group G modulo
{0, a, 2a, b, b + a, b + 2a} / {0, b} = {{0, b}, {a, b + a}, {2a, b + 2a}}
⁄ mod its subgroup H.
group theory
quotient set
A/~ means the set of all ~ equivalence If we define ~ by x ~ y ⇔ x − y ∈ ℤ, then
mod
classes in A. ℝ/~ = {x + n : n ∈ ℤ, x ∈ [0,1)}.
set theory
square root
√ \surd (radical
symbol) √x means the nonnegative number whose
the (principal) square is x.
√4 = 2
\sqrt{x}
square root of
real numbers
complex If z = r exp(iφ) is represented in polar √−1 = i
square root coordinates with −π < φ ≤ π, then
√z = √r exp(iφ/2).
the (complex)
square root of
complex
numbers
summation
sum over ...
∑ \sum
from ... to ... means .
of
calculus
indefinite
integral or
antiderivative
indefinite
integral of
∫ f(x) dx means a function whose derivative is
- OR - f.
the
antiderivative
of
calculus
definite
integral
b
∫ \int
integral from ∫ a f(x) dx means the signed area between the b 2 b3 − a3
... to ... of ... x-axis and the graph of the function f between ∫ a x dx = 3
with respect x = a and x = b.
to
calculus
line integral ∫ C f ds means the integral of f along the curve

line/ path/ C, ∫ b f(r(t)) |r'(t)| dt, where r is a
curve/ integral a
parametrization of C. (If the curve is closed,
of ... along ...
calculus the symbol ∮ may be used instead, as
described below.)
Similar to the integral, but used to denote a
single integration over a closed curve or loop.
It is sometimes used in physics texts involving
equations regarding Gauss's Law, and while
these formulas involve a closed surface
integral, the representations describe only the
first integration of the volume over the
enclosing surface. Instances where the latter
requires simultaneous double integration, the
Contour symbol ∯ would be more appropriate. A third
integral; related symbol is the closed volume integral,
closed line
integral denoted by the symbol ∰ . 1
∮ \oint contour The contour integral can also frequently be
If C is a Jordan curve about 0, then ∮
C z
dz = 2πi.
integral of
calculus
found with a subscript capital letter C, ∮ C,
denoting that a closed loop integral is, in fact,
around a contour C, or sometimes dually
appropriately, a circle C. In representations of
Gauss's Law, a subscript capital S, ∮ S, is

used to denote that the integration is over a
closed surface.
...
\ldots
⋯
\cdots ellipsis
⋮ and so forth Indicates omitted values from a pattern. 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + ⋯ = 1
everywhere
\vdots
⋰
\ddots
⋱
therefore
therefore;
Sometimes used in proofs before logical
∴ \therefore
so;
consequences.
All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. ∴ Socrates is mortal.
hence
everywhere
because
because;
∵ \because since
Sometimes used in proofs before reasoning. 11 is prime ∵ it has no positive integer factors other than itself and one.
everywhere
factorial
! factorial means the product .
combinatorics
logical The statement !A is true if and only if A is !(!A) ⇔ A
negation false. x ≠ y ⇔ !(x = y)
not
A slash placed through another operator is the
propositional
same as "!" placed in front.
logic
(The symbol ! is primarily from computer
science. It is avoided in mathematical texts,
where the notation ¬A is preferred.)
The statement ¬A is true if and only if A is
false.
logical
¬ negation A slash placed through another operator is the
\neg same as "¬" placed in front. ¬(¬A) ⇔ A
not
x ≠ y ⇔ ¬(x = y)
˜ propositional (The symbol ~ has many other uses, so ¬ or
logic the slash notation is preferred. Computer
scientists will often use ! but this is avoided in
mathematical texts.)
proportionality
is proportional
∝ \propto
to; y ∝ x means that y = kx for some constant k. if y = 2x, then y ∝ x.
varies as
everywhere
infinity ∞ is an element of the extended number line
∞ \infty
infinity that is greater than all real numbers; it often
numbers occurs in limits.
□ \blacksquare end of proof

QED;
Used to mark the end of a proof.
tombstone;
∎ \Box Halmos
(May also be written Q.E.D.)
finality symbol
▮ \blacktriangleright
everywhere
Symbols based on equality
Name
Symbol Symbol
in HTML in TeX
Category
equality
is equal to;
= equals
means and represent the same thing or value.
everywhere
means that and do not represent the same thing or
inequality value.
is not equal to;
≠ \ne, \neq does not equal (The forms !=, /= or <> are generally used in programming
everywhere languages where ease of typing and use of ASCII text is
preferred.)
approximately
equal x ≈ y means x is approximately equal to y.
is approximately π ≈ 3.14159
equal to This may also be written ≃, ≅, ~, ♎ (Libra Symbol), or ≒.
≈ \approx
everywhere
isomorphism G ≈ H means that group G is isomorphic (structurally
identical) to group H.
is isomorphic to Q8 / C2 ≈ V
group theory (≅ can also be used for isomorphic, as described below.)
probability
distribution X ~ D, means the random variable X has the probability X ~ N(0,1), the standard
has distribution distribution D. normal distribution
statistics
row equivalence
is row A ~ B means that B can be generated by using a series of
equivalent to elementary row operations on A
matrix theory
same order of
magnitude
roughly similar; m ~ n means the quantities m and n have the same order of 2~5
poorly magnitude, or general size.
approximates; 8 × 9 ~ 100
is on the order (Note that ~ is used for an approximation that is poor,
of otherwise use ≈ .) but π2 ≈ 10
approximation
~ \sim theory
similarity
△ABC ~ △DEF means triangle ABC is similar to (has the
is similar to[9]
same shape) triangle DEF.
geometry
asymptotically
equivalent
is asymptotically
f ~ g means . x ~ x+1
equivalent to
asymptotic
analysis
equivalence
relation
are in the same 1 ~ 5 mod 4
a ~ b means (and equivalently ).
equivalence
class
everywhere
definition
=: is defined as;
In definitions, the symbol "=" is preferred over "≡" or ":=".
(see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Writing style in
:= is equal by mathematics)
definition to
everywhere x := y, y =: x or x ≡ y means x is defined to be another name
≡
for y, under certain assumptions taken in context.
:⇔
(Some writers use ≡ to mean congruence).
\equiv
≜
P ⇔ Q means P is defined to be logically equivalent to Q.
:\Leftrightarrow
≐
\triangleq
\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}
\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}
{}}{=}
\doteq
congruence
△ABC ≅ △DEF means triangle ABC is congruent to (has the
is congruent to
same measurements as) triangle DEF.
geometry
≅ \cong isomorphic G ≅ H means that group G is isomorphic (structurally
identical) to group H. V ≅ C2 × C2
is isomorphic to
abstract algebra (≈ can also be used for isomorphic, as described above.)
congruence
relation
... is congruent
a ≡ b (mod n) means a − b is divisible by n 5 ≡ 2 (mod 3)
to ... modulo ...
modular
arithmetic
≡ \equiv identical
equality
is identically
for two functions f, g, means for all x.[10]
equivalent to
mathematical
analysis
material
\Leftrightarrow equivalence
⇔
if and only if;
\iff A ⇔ B means A is true if B is true and A is false if B is false. x+5=y+2⇔x+3=y
iff
↔ propositional
\leftrightarrow logic
:= Assignment
Let a := 3, then...
is defined to be A := b means A is defined to have the value b.
f(x) := x + 3
=: everywhere
Symbols that point left or right
Name
Symbol Symbol
in HTML in TeX
Category
strict inequality
is less than, means x is less than y.
is greater than means x is greater than y.
< order theory
> proper subgroup
is a proper
means H is a proper subgroup of G.
subgroup of
group theory
significant (strict)
inequality
is much less
x ≪ y means x is much less than y.
than, 0.003 ≪ 1000000
is much greater
x ≫ y means x is much greater than y.
than
order theory
asymptotic
comparison
≪ is of smaller
order than,
f ≪ g means the growth of f is asymptotically bounded by g.
≫ \ll
is of greater
(This is I. M. Vinogradov's notation. Another notation is the Big O notation, x ≪ ex
\gg which looks like f = O(g).)
order than
analytic number
theory
absolute
continuity
is absolutely means that is absolutely continuous with respect to , i.e., whenever If is the counting measure on and is
continuous with , we have . the Lebesgue measure, then .
respect to
measure theory
inequality x ≤ y means x is less than or equal to y.

is less than or
x ≥ y means x is greater than or equal to y.
(The forms <= and >= are generally used in programming languages, where
equal to, 3 ≤ 4 and 5 ≤ 5
ease of typing and use of ASCII text is preferred.)
is greater than or 5 ≥ 4 and 5 ≥ 5
equal to
(≦ and ≧ are also used by some writers to mean the same thing as ≤ and ≥,
order theory but this usage seems to be less common.)
subgroup
≤ is a subgroup of H ≤ G means H is a subgroup of G.
Z≤Z
A3 ≤ S3
≥ \le
\ge
group theory
If
reduction
is reducible to A ≤ B means the problem A can be reduced to the problem B. Subscripts can
computational be added to the ≤ to indicate what kind of reduction. then
complexity theory
congruence
relation
... is less than ...
is greater than ...
10a ≡ 5 (mod 5) for 1 ≦ a ≦ 10
modular
arithmetic
≦
x ≦ y means that each component of vector x is less than or equal to each
≧ \leqq
\geqq
vector inequality corresponding component of vector y.
... is less than or x ≧ y means that each component of vector x is greater than or equal to each
equal... is greater corresponding component of vector y.
than or equal... It is important to note that x ≦ y remains true if every element is equal.
order theory However, if the operator is changed, x ≤ y is true if and only if x ≠ y is also
true.
Karp reduction
is Karp reducible
to;
is polynomial- If L1 ≺ L2 and L2 ∈ P, then L1 ∈ P.
L1 ≺ L2 means that the problem L1 is Karp reducible to L2.[11]
time many-one
reducible to
≺ computational
\prec complexity theory
≻ \succ Nondominated
order
is nondominated If P1 ≺ Q2 then
by
P ≺ Q means that the element P is nondominated by element Q.[12]
Multi-objective
optimization
◅ normal subgroup
is a normal
▻ \triangleleft subgroup of
N ◅ G means that N is a normal subgroup of group G. Z(G) ◅ G
\triangleright
◅ group theory
▻ ideal I ◅ R means that I is an ideal of ring R. (2) ◅ Z
is an ideal of
ring theory
antijoin
the antijoin of
R ▻ S means the antijoin of the relations R and S, the tuples in R for which
there is not a tuple in S that is equal on their common attribute names.
relational algebra
material
implication A ⇒ B means if A is true then B is also true; if A is false then nothing is said
⇒ implies;
about B.
x = 6 ⇒ x2 − 5 = 36 − 5 = 31 is true, but
(→ may mean the same as ⇒, or it may have the meaning for functions given
→ \Rightarrow
if ... then
below.) x2 − 5 = 36 −5 = 31 ⇒ x = 6 is in general
false (since x could be −6).
⊃ \rightarrow
\supset
propositional (⊃ may mean the same as ⇒,[13] or it may have the meaning for superset
logic, Heyting given below.)
algebra
subset (subset) A ⊆ B means every element of A is also an element of B.[14] (A ∩ B) ⊆ A
⊆ is a subset of (proper subset) A ⊂ B means A ⊆ B but A ≠ B. ℕ⊂ℚ
\subseteq
⊂ \subset set theory (Some writers use the symbol ⊂ as if it were the same as ⊆.) ℚ⊂ℝ
superset A ⊇ B means every element of B is also an element of A.

⊇ is a superset of A ⊃ B means A ⊇ B but A ≠ B.
(A ∪ B) ⊇ B
⊃ \supseteq ℝ⊃ℚ
\supset set theory (Some writers use the symbol ⊃ as if it were the same as ⊇.)
compact
embedding
\Subset is compactly A ⋐ B means the closure of A is a compact subset of B.
contained in
set theory
function arrow
from ... to
→ \to set theory, type
f: X → Y means the function f maps the set X into the set Y. Let f: ℤ → ℕ ∪ {0} be defined by f(x) := x2.
theory
function arrow
↦ \mapsto
maps to f: a ↦ b means the function f maps the element a to the element b. Let f: x ↦ x + 1 (the successor function).
set theory
Converse a ← b means that for the propositions a and b, if b implies a, then a is the
implication converse implication of b.a to the element b. This reads as "a if b", or "not b
← \leftarrow .. if .. without a". It is not to be confused with the assignment operator in computer
logic science.
subtype
is a subtype of T1 <: T2 means that T1 is a subtype of T2. If S <: T and T <: U then S <: U (transitivity).
<: type theory
<· cover
{1, 8} <• {1, 3, 8} among the subsets of
is covered by x <• y means that x is covered by y.
{1, 2, ..., 10} ordered by containment.
order theory
entailment
A ⊧ B means the sentence A entails the sentence B, that is in every model in
⊧ \vDash
entails
which A is true, B is also true.
A ⊧ A ∨ ¬A
model theory
inference
infers;
is derived from
x ⊢ y means y is derivable from x. A → B ⊢ ¬B → ¬A
propositional
⊢ \vdash
logic, predicate
logic
partition
is a partition of p ⊢ n means that p is a partition of n. (4,3,1,1) ⊢ 9,
number theory
bra vector
the bra ...; ⟨φ| means the dual of the vector |φ⟩, a linear functional which maps a ket |ψ⟩
⟨| \langle the dual of ... onto the inner product ⟨φ|ψ⟩.
Dirac notation
ket vector
A qubit's state can be represented as α|0⟩+
the ket ...;
|⟩ \rangle the vector ...
|φ⟩ means the vector with label φ, which is in a Hilbert space. β|1⟩, where α and β are complex numbers s.t.
|α|2 + |β|2 = 1.
Dirac notation
Brackets
Name
Symbol Symbol
in HTML in TeX
Category
combination;
binomial means (in the case of n = positive integer) the number of
coefficient combinations of k elements drawn from a set of n elements.
{\ \choose\ } n choose k
combinatorics (This may also be written as C(n, k), C(n; k), nCk, nCk, or
.)
multiset
coefficient
\left(\!\!{\ u multichoose
\choose\ k (when u is positive integer)
}\!\!\right) combinatorics means reverse or rising binomial coefficient.
means the function f(x) is defined as a if

piecewise- the condition p(x) holds, or as b if the condition q(x) holds.
defined
function; (The body of a piecewise-defined function can have any finite
pattern number (not only just two) expression-condition pairs.)
matching;
Switch This symbol is also used in type theory for pattern matching the
\left\{ statement
\begin{array}{lr} constructor of the value of an algebraic type. For example
\ldots \\ \ldots is defined as
... if ..., or as does pattern matching on
\end{array}\right.
... if ...;
match ... with the function's arguments and means that g(x) is defined as a,
and g(y) is defined as b.
everywhere
(A pattern matching can have any finite number (not only just
two) pattern-expression pairs.)
absolute |3| = 3
value;
modulus |–5| = |5| = 5
|x| means the distance along the real line (or across the
absolute
complex plane) between x and zero.
value of; |i|=1
modulus of
numbers | 3 + 4i | = 5
Euclidean
norm or
Euclidean
length or For x = (3,−4)
magnitude |x| means the (Euclidean) length of vector x.
|...| | \ldots | \!\,
Euclidean
norm of
geometry
determinant
determinant
|A| means the determinant of the matrix A
of
matrix theory
cardinality
cardinality of; |X| means the cardinality of the set X.
size of; |{3, 5, 7, 9}| = 4.
order of (# may be used instead as described below.)
set theory
norm
norm of; ǁ x ǁ means the norm of the element x of a normed vector
ǁx+yǁ≤ǁxǁ+ǁyǁ
length of space.[15]
linear algebra
ǁ...ǁ \| \ldots \| \!\,

nearest
integer
function ǁxǁ means the nearest integer to x.
ǁ1ǁ = 1, ǁ1.6ǁ = 2, ǁ−2.4ǁ = −2, ǁ3.49ǁ = 3
nearest
(This may also be written [x], ⌊x⌉, nint(x) or Round(x).)
integer to
numbers
set brackets
{,} {\{\ ,\!\ \}} \!\,
the set of ... {a,b,c} means the set consisting of a, b, and c.[16] ℕ = { 1, 2, 3, ... }
set theory
{:} \{\ :\ \} \!\, set builder

notation
{x : P(x)} means the set of all x for which P(x) is true.[16] {x |
{|} \{\ |\ \} \!\,
the set of ...
P(x)} is the same as {x : P(x)}.
{n ∈ ℕ : n2 < 20} = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
such that
set theory
{;} \{\ ;\ \} \!\,
floor ⌊x⌋ means the floor of x, i.e. the largest integer less than or ⌊4⌋ = 4, ⌊2.1⌋ = 2, ⌊2.9⌋ = 2, ⌊−2.6⌋ = −3
⌊...⌋ equal to x.
\lfloor \ldots floor;
\rfloor \!\, greatest (This may also be written [x], floor(x) or int(x).)
integer;
entier
numbers
ceiling ⌈x⌉ means the ceiling of x, i.e. the smallest integer greater than
or equal to x.
⌈...⌉ \lceil \ldots ceiling ⌈4⌉ = 4, ⌈2.1⌉ = 3, ⌈2.9⌉ = 3, ⌈−2.6⌉ = −2
\rceil \!\, numbers (This may also be written ceil(x) or ceiling(x).)
nearest
integer
function ⌊x⌉ means the nearest integer to x.
⌊...⌉ \lfloor \ldots nearest
⌊2⌉ = 2, ⌊2.6⌉ = 3, ⌊−3.4⌉ = −3, ⌊4.49⌉ = 4
\rceil \!\, (This may also be written [x], ||x||, nint(x) or Round(x).)
integer to
numbers
degree of a [ℚ(√2) : ℚ] = 2
field
[:] [\ :\ ] \!\,
extension [K : F] means the degree of the extension K : F. [ℂ : ℝ] = 2
the degree of
field theory [ℝ : ℚ] = ∞
equivalence
class
[a] means the equivalence class of a, i.e. {x : x ~ a}, where ~ is Let a ~ b be true iff a ≡ b (mod 5).
the
an equivalence relation.
equivalence Then [2] = {..., −8, −3, 2, 7, ...}.
class of
[a]R means the same, but with R as the equivalence relation.
abstract
algebra
floor
[x] means the floor of x, i.e. the largest integer less than or
floor;
equal to x.
greatest
[3] = 3, [3.5] = 3, [3.99] = 3, [−3.7] = −4
integer;
(This may also be written ⌊x⌋, floor(x) or int(x). Not to be
entier
confused with the nearest integer function, as described below.)
numbers
nearest
integer [x] means the nearest integer to x.
function
[2] = 2, [2.6] = 3, [−3.4] = −3, [4.49] = 4
nearest (This may also be written ⌊x⌉, ||x||, nint(x) or Round(x). Not to
integer to be confused with the floor function, as described above.)
numbers
Iverson
bracket
[] 1 if true, 0
otherwise
[S] maps a true statement S to 1 and a false statement S to 0. [0=5]=0, [7>0]=1, [2 ∈ {2,3,4}]=1, [5 ∈ {2,3,4}]=0
[\ ] \!\,
propositional
[,] logic
[\ ,\ ] \!\, f[X] means { f(x) : x ∈ X }, the image of the function f under the
image set X ⊆ dom(f).
[,,] image of ...
under ... (This may also be written as f(X) if there is no risk of confusing
everywhere the image of f under X with the function application f of X.
Another notation is Im f, the image of f under its domain.)
closed
interval
closed . 0 and 1/2 are in the interval [0,1].
interval
order theory
commutator
the
[g, h] = g−1h−1gh (or ghg−1h−1), if g, h ∈ G (a group). xy = x[x, y] (group theory).
commutator
of
[a, b] = ab − ba, if a, b ∈ R (a ring or commutative algebra). [AB, C] = A[B, C] + [A, C]B (ring theory).
group theory,
ring theory
triple scalar
product
the triple
scalar [a, b, c] = a × b · c, the scalar product of a × b with c. [a, b, c] = [b, c, a] = [c, a, b].
product of
vector
calculus
function
() (\ ) \!\, application
f(x) means the value of the function f at the element x. If f(x) := x2 − 5, then f(6) = 62 − 5 = 36 − 5=31.
of
(,) set theory
(\ ,\ ) \!\,
f(X) means { f(x) : x ∈ X }, the image of the function f under the
image set X ⊆ dom(f).
image of ...
under ... (This may also be written as f[X] if there is a risk of confusing
everywhere the image of f under X with the function application f of X.
Another notation is Im f, the image of f under its domain.)
precedence Perform the operations inside the parentheses first. (8/4)/2 = 2/2 = 1, but 8/(4/2) = 8/2 = 4.
grouping
parentheses
everywhere
tuple An ordered list (or sequence, or horizontal vector, or row
vector) of values. (a, b) is an ordered pair (or 2-tuple).
tuple; n-tuple;
ordered (Note that the notation (a,b) is ambiguous: it could be an (a, b, c) is an ordered triple (or 3-tuple).
pair/triple/etc;
row vector; ordered pair or an open interval. Set theorists and computer
( ) is the empty tuple (or 0-tuple).
sequence scientists often use angle brackets ⟨ ⟩ instead of parentheses.)
everywhere
highest
common
factor
highest
common
(a, b) means the highest common factor of a and b.
factor;
(3, 7) = 1 (they are coprime); (15, 25) = 5.
greatest
(This may also be written hcf(a, b) or gcd(a, b).)
common
divisor; hcf;
gcd
number
theory
.
(,) (\ ,\ ) \!\,(\ ,\ open interval (Note that the notation (a,b) is ambiguous: it could be an 4 is not in the interval (4, 18).
) \!\,
open interval ordered pair or an open interval. The notation ]a,b[ can be used (0, +∞) equals the set of positive real numbers.
],[ order theory instead.)
]\ ,\ [ \!\,]
left-open
interval
(,] (\ ,\ ] \!\, half-open
interval; . (−1, 7] and (−∞, −1]
left-open
],] \ ,\ ] \!\,] interval
order theory
right-open
interval
[,) [\ ,\ ) \!\, half-open
interval; . [4, 18) and [1, +∞)
right-open
[,[ [\ ,\ [ \!\, interval
order theory
⟨u,v⟩ means the inner product of u and v, where u and v are
⟨⟩ \langle\ \rangle members of an inner product space.
\!\,
Note that the notation ⟨u, v⟩ may be ambiguous: it could mean
⟨,⟩ inner product the inner product or the linear span.
\langle\ ,\ inner product The standard inner product between two vectors x = (2, 3) and y
\rangle \!\, of There are many variants of the notation, such as ⟨u | v⟩ and (u | ⟨x, y⟩ = 2 × −1 + 3 × 5 = 13
linear algebra v), which are described below. For spatial vectors, the dot
product notation, x · y is common. For matrices, the colon
notation A : B may be used. As ⟨ and ⟩ can be hard to type, the
more "keyboard friendly" forms < and > are sometimes seen.
These are avoided in mathematical texts.
for a time series :g(t) (t = 1, 2,...)
average
let S be a subset of N for example, represents the average we can define the structure functions Sq( ):
average of
of all the elements in S.
statistics
For a single discrete variable of a function , the

expectation expectation value of is defined as
value
, and for a single continuous variable
the
expectation
value of the expectation value of is defined as
probability ; where is the PDF of the variable
theory
.[17]
⟨S⟩ means the span of S ⊆ V. That is, it is the intersection of all
subspaces of V which contain S.
⟨u1, u2, ...⟩ is shorthand for ⟨{u1, u2, ...}⟩.
linear span
(linear) span
of; Note that the notation ⟨u, v⟩ may be ambiguous: it could mean .
linear hull of the inner product or the linear span.
linear algebra
The span of S may also be written as Sp(S).
subgroup
generated by
a set means the smallest subgroup of G (where S ⊆ G, a group)
containing every element of S. In S3, and
the subgroup
is shorthand for .
generated by
group theory
tuple An ordered list (or sequence, or horizontal vector, or row is an ordered pair (or 2-tuple).
tuple; n-tuple; vector) of values.
ordered is an ordered triple (or 3-tuple).
(The notation (a,b) is often used as well.)
pair/triple/etc; is the empty tuple (or 0-tuple).
row vector;
sequence
everywhere
⟨u | v⟩ means the inner product of u and v, where u and v are
members of an inner product space.[18] (u | v) means the same.
⟨|⟩ \langle\ |\ inner product
Another variant of the notation is ⟨u, v⟩ which is described
\rangle \!\, inner product
of above. For spatial vectors, the dot product notation, x · y is
common. For matrices, the colon notation A : B may be used.
(|) linear algebra As ⟨ and ⟩ can be hard to type, the more "keyboard friendly"
(\ |\ ) \!\,
forms < and > are sometimes seen. These are avoided in
mathematical texts.
Other non-letter symbols
Name
Symbol Symbol
in HTML in TeX
Category
convolution
convolution;
convolved with f ∗ g means the convolution of f and g. .
functional
analysis
complex
conjugate z∗ means the complex conjugate of z.
conjugate .
( can also be used for the conjugate of z, as
complex described below.)
numbers
group of units R∗ consists of the set of units of the ring R,

along with the operation of multiplication.
the group of
units of
This may also be written R× as described
ring theory above, or U(R).
* \ast
hyperreal
numbers
the (set of) ∗R means the set of hyperreal numbers. Other ∗N is the hypernatural numbers.
hyperreals sets can be used in place of R.
non-standard
analysis
Hodge star
operator ∗v means the Hodge dual of a vector v. If v is
If are the standard basis vectors of ,
Hodge star; a k-vector within an n-dimensional oriented
Hodge dual quadratic space, then ∗v is an (n−k)-vector.
linear algebra
Kleene star Corresponds to the usage of * in regular
Kleene star expressions. If ∑ is a set of strings, then ∑* is If ∑ = ('a', 'b', 'c') then ∑* includes '', 'a', 'ab', 'aba',
computer the set of all strings that can be created by 'abac', etc. The full set cannot be enumerated here
science, concatenating members of ∑. The same string since it is countably infinite, but each individual string
mathematical can be used multiple times, and the empty must have finite length.
logic string is also a member of ∑*.
proportionality
is proportional
to; y ∝ x means that y = kx for some constant k. if y = 2x, then y ∝ x.
varies as
everywhere
Karp
reduction[19]
∝ \propto \!\, is Karp
reducible to;
is polynomial- A ∝ B means the problem A can be If L1 ∝ L2 and L2 ∈ P, then L1 ∈ P.
time many-one polynomially reduced to the problem B.
reducible to
computational
complexity
theory
set-theoretic
complement A ∖ B means the set that contains all those
minus; elements of A that are not in B.[14]
∖ \setminus
without; {1,2,3,4} ∖ {3,4,5,6} = {1,2}
throw out; (− can also be used for set-theoretic
not complement as described above.)
set theory
conditional
event P(A|B) means the probability of the event A if X is a uniformly random day of the year P(X is 25 | X
given occurring given that B occurs. is in May) = 1/31
probability
restriction
restriction of ... f|A means the function f is restricted to the set
The function f : R → R defined by f(x) = x2 is not
| to ...; A, that is, it is the function with domain A ∩
injective, but f|R+ is injective.
restricted to dom(f) that agrees with f.
set theory
such that
S = {(x,y) | 0 < y < f(x)}
such that;
| means "such that", see ":" (described below). The set of (x,y) such that y is greater than 0 and less
so that
than f(x).
everywhere
a ∣ b means a divides b.
a ∤ b means a does not divide b.
∣ \mid divisor, divides
divides (The symbol ∣ can be difficult to type, and its Since 15 = 3 × 5, it is true that 3 ∣ 15 and 5 ∣ 15.
∤ number theory negation is rare, so a regular but slightly
\nmid shorter vertical bar | character is often used
instead.)
exact
divisibility pa ∣∣ n means pa exactly divides n (i.e. pa
∣∣ \mid\mid exactly divides divides n but pa+1 does not).
23 ∣∣ 360.
number theory
parallel x ∥ y means x is parallel to y. If l ∥ m and m ⊥ n then l ⊥ n.
∥ \| x ∦ y means x is not parallel to y.
is parallel to
Requires the viewer to support x ⋕ y means x is equal and parallel to y.
geometry
∦ Unicode: \unicode{x2225},
\unicode{x2226}, and (The symbol ∥ can be difficult to type, and its
\unicode{x22D5}. negation is rare, so two regular but slightly
\mathrel{\rlap{\,\parallel}} longer vertical bar || characters are often used
⋕ requires \setmathfont{MathJax}.[20] instead.)
incomparability
is
incomparable x ∥ y means x is incomparable to y. {1,2} ∥ {2,3} under set containment.
to
order theory
cardinality
#X means the cardinality of the set X.
cardinality of;
size of; #{4, 6, 8} = 3
(|...| may be used instead as described
order of
above.)
set theory
connected
sum
connected
A#B is the connected sum of the manifolds A
# \sharp
sum of;
and B. If A and B are knots, then this denotes A#Sm is homeomorphic to A, for any manifold A, and
knot sum of;
knot
the knot sum, which has a slightly stronger the sphere Sm.
condition.
composition of
topology, knot
theory
primorial
n# is product of all prime numbers less than or
primorial 12# = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 = 2310
equal to n.
number theory
such that
such that; : means "such that", and is used in proofs and
∃ n ∈ ℕ: n is even.
so that the set-builder notation (described below).
everywhere
field extension
K : F means the field K extends the field F.
extends;
ℝ:ℚ
over
This may also be written as K ≥ F.
field theory
A : B means the Frobenius inner product of
inner product the matrices A and B.
of matrices
inner product The general inner product is denoted by ⟨u, v⟩,
: of ⟨u | v⟩ or (u | v), as described below. For
linear algebra spatial vectors, the dot product notation, x·y is
common. See also bra–ket notation.
index of a
subgroup The index of a subgroup H in a group G is the
index of "relative size" of H in G: equivalently, the
subgroup number of "copies" (cosets) of H that fill up G
group theory
division
divided by A : B means the division of A with B (dividing
10 : 2 = 5
over A by B)
everywhere
vertical ellipsis Denotes that certain constants and terms are
⋮ \vdots \!\,
vertical ellipsis missing out (e.g. for clarity) and that only the
everywhere important terms are being listed.
wreath product A ≀ H means the wreath product of the group
wreath product A by the group H. is isomorphic to the automorphism group of
≀ \wr \!\, of ... by ... the complete bipartite graph on (n,n) vertices.
group theory This may also be written A wr H.
\blitza downwards Denotes that contradictory statements have x+4=x−3※
↯ \lightning: requires zigzag arrow been inferred. For clarity, the exact point of
\usepackage{stmaryd}.[21] contradiction; contradiction can be appended. Statement: Every finite, non-empty, ordered set has a
this contradicts largest element. Otherwise, let's assume that is a
\smashtimes requires
that finite, non-empty, ordered set with no largest element.
⇒⇐ \usepackage{unicode-math} and
everywhere Then, for some , there exists an with
\setmathfont{XITS Math} or another , but then there's also an with
Open Type Math Font.[22] , and so on. Thus, are distinct
elements in . ↯ is finite.
[2]
\Rightarrow\Leftarrow
[2]
\bot
[2]
\nleftrightarrow
\textreferencemark[2]
Contradiction![2]
exclusive or
xor The statement A ⊕ B is true when either A or
propositional B, but not both, are true. A ⊻ B means the (¬A) ⊕ A is always true, A ⊕ A is always false.
⊕ logic, Boolean same.
\oplus \!\, algebra
direct sum The direct sum is a special way of combining
⊻ \veebar \!\,
direct sum of
several objects into one general object. Most commonly, for vector spaces U, V, and W, the
following consequence is used:
abstract (The bun symbol ⊕, or the coproduct symbol U = V ⊕ W ⇔ (U = V + W) ∧ (V ∩ W = {0})
algebra ∐, is used; ⊻ is only for logic.)
Kulkarni–
Nomizu Derived from the tensor product of two
product symmetric type (0,2) tensors; it has the
algebraic symmetries of the Riemann tensor.
Kulkarni– has components
{~\wedge\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\bigcirc~}
Nomizu
product
.
tensor algebra
D'Alembertian; It is the generalisation of the Laplace operator
wave operator in the sense that it is the differential operator
which is invariant under the isometry group of
□ \Box \!\
non-Euclidean
the underlying space and it reduces to the
Laplacian
Laplace operator if restricted to time
vector calculus independent functions.
Letter-based symbols
Includes upside-down letters.
Letter modifiers
Also called diacritics.
Name
Symbol Symbol
in HTML
in TeX
Category
mean
overbar; (often read as "x bar") is the mean (average value
.
... bar of ).
statistics
finite
sequence,
tuple
finite means the finite sequence/tuple
.
sequence, .
tuple
model
theory
algebraic
a \bar{a}
closure
The field of algebraic numbers is sometimes denoted as
algebraic is the algebraic closure of the field F.
closure of because it is the algebraic closure of the rational numbers .
field theory
complex
conjugate means the complex conjugate of z.
conjugate .
(z∗ can also be used for the conjugate of z, as
complex described above.)
numbers
topological
closure
is the topological closure of the set S.
(topological) In the space of the real numbers, (the rational numbers are
closure of This may also be denoted as cl(S) or Cl(S). dense in the real numbers).
topology
vector
harpoon
\overset{\rightharpoonup}
{a} linear
algebra
unit vector
(pronounced "a hat") is the normalized version of
hat
vector , having length 1.
geometry
â \hat a estimator
estimator for is the estimator or the estimate for the parameter The estimator produces a sample estimate for
.
statistics the mean .
derivative f ′(x) means the derivative of the function f at the

point x, i.e., the slope of the tangent to f at x.
... prime;
′ ' derivative of If f(x) := x2, then f ′(x) = 2x.
(The single-quote character ' is sometimes used
calculus instead, especially in ASCII text.)
derivative
... dot; means the derivative of x with respect to time.
• time If x(t) := t2, then .
\dot{\,} That is .
derivative of
calculus
Symbols based on Latin letters
Name
Read as
Symbol Symbol
Category Explanation Examples
in HTML in TeX
universal quantification
for all;
for any;
∀ \forall for each;
∀ x, P(x) means P(x) is true for all x. ∀ n ∈ ℕ, n2 ≥ n.
for every
predicate logic
boolean domain
𝔹 \mathbb{B} B; 𝔹 means either {0, 1}, {false, true}, {F, T}, or
the (set of) boolean values;
.
(¬False) ∈ 𝔹
the (set of) truth values;
B \mathbf{B} set theory, boolean algebra
ℂ \mathbb{C}
complex numbers
C;
ℂ means {a + b i : a,b ∈ ℝ}. i∈ℂ
the (set of) complex numbers
C \mathbf{C} numbers
cardinality of the continuum
cardinality of the continuum;
The cardinality of is denoted by or by the
𝔠 \mathfrak c
c;
symbol (a lowercase Fraktur letter C).
cardinality of the real numbers
set theory
partial derivative
partial; ∂f/∂xi means the partial derivative of f with respect
If f(x,y) := x2y, then ∂f/∂x = 2xy,
d to xi, where f is a function on (x1, ..., xn).
calculus
boundary
∂ \partial boundary of ∂M means the boundary of M ∂{x : ||x|| ≤ 2} = {x : ||x|| = 2}
topology
degree of a polynomial ∂f means the degree of the polynomial f.
degree of ∂(x2 − 1) = 2
algebra (This may also be written deg f.)
𝔼 \mathbb E expected value the value of a random variable one would "expect"
to find if one could repeat the random variable
expected value
process an infinite number of times and take the
E \mathrm{E}
probability theory average of the values obtained
existential quantification
there exists;
∃ x: P(x) means there is at least one x such that
∃ \exists
there is;
P(x) is true.
∃ n ∈ ℕ: n is even.
there are
predicate logic
uniqueness quantification
∃! x: P(x) means there is exactly one x such that
∃! \exists!
there exists exactly one
P(x) is true.
∃! n ∈ ℕ: n + 5 = 2n.
predicate logic
set membership
∈ \in (1/2)−1 ∈ ℕ
is an element of; a ∈ S means a is an element of the set S;[16] a ∉ S
is not an element of means a is not an element of S.[16]
2−1 ∉ ℕ
∉ \notin everywhere, set theory
set membership
S ∌ e means the same thing as e ∉ S, where S is a
∌ \not\ni
does not contain as an element
set and e is not an element of S.
set theory
often abbreviated as "s.t."; : and | are also used to
such that symbol abbreviate "such that". The use of ∋ goes back to
early mathematical logic and its usage in this sense Choose ∋ 2| and 3| . (Here | is used in the sense
such that
is declining. The symbol ("back epsilon") is of "divides".)
mathematical logic sometimes specifically used for "such that" to avoid
∋ \ni confusion with set membership.
set membership
S ∋ e means the same thing as e ∈ S, where S is a
contains as an element
set and e is an element of S.
set theory
, for any prime p and integer n, is the unique
Galois field is , the finite field in
finite field with order , often written , and
𝔽 \mathbb{F}
Galois field, or finite field
sometimes also known as , , or , whose quadratic extension the popular elliptic curve
Field (mathematics) theory Curve25519 is computed.
although this last notation is ambiguous.
quaternions or Hamiltonian
ℍ \mathbb{H} quaternions
H; ℍ means {a + b i + c j + d k : a,b,c,d ∈ ℝ}.
the (set of) quaternions
H \mathbf{H} numbers
Indicator function The indicator function of a subset A of a set X is a
𝕀 \mathbb{I} the indicator of function defined as :
Boolean algebra
I \mathbf{I}
Note that the indicator function is also sometimes

denoted 1.
N means either { 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} or { 1, 2, 3, ...}.
The choice depends on the area of mathematics

being studied; e.g. number theorists prefer the
ℕ \mathbb{N} natural numbers latter; analysts, set theorists and computer
scientists prefer the former. To avoid confusion,
the (set of) natural numbers ℕ = {|a| : a ∈ ℤ} or ℕ = {|a| > 0: a ∈ ℤ}
always check an author's definition of N.
N \mathbf{N}
numbers
Set theorists often use the notation ω (for least
infinite ordinal) to denote the set of natural
numbers (including zero), along with the standard
ordering relation ≤.
For two matrices (or vectors) of the same
○ \circ
Hadamard product
dimensions the Hadamard product
entrywise product, elementwise
is a matrix of the same dimensions
[23][24] product, circled dot
with elements given by
⊙ \odot linear algebra .
function composition
∘ \circ
composed with f ∘ g is the function such that (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)).[25] if f(x) := 2x, and g(x) := x + 3, then (f ∘ g)(x) = 2(x + 3).
set theory
Big O notation The Big O notation describes the limiting behavior
If f(x) = 6x4 − 2x3 + 5 and g(x) = x4, then
O O
big-oh of of a function, when the argument tends towards a
Computational complexity theory particular value or infinity.
∅ \emptyset empty set

∅ means the set with no elements.[16] { } means the
the empty set null set
same.
{n ∈ ℕ : 1 < n2 < 4} = ∅
\varnothing
{} set theory
\{\}
set of primes
P;
ℙ is often used to denote the set of prime numbers.
the set of prime numbers
arithmetic
projective space
P;
the projective space;
ℙ means a space with a point at infinity. ,
the projective line;
the projective plane
topology
ℙ
polynomials
ℙ means anxn + an-1xn-1...a1x+a0
\mathbb{P} the space of all possible
polynomials ℙn means the space of all polynomials of degree
less than or equal to n
P \mathbf{P}
vector space
ℙ(X) means the probability of the event X
probability
occurring.
the probability of If a fair coin is flipped, ℙ(Heads) = ℙ(Tails) = 0.5.
probability theory This may also be written as P(X), Pr(X), P[X] or
Pr[X].
The power set P({0, 1, 2}) is the set of all subsets of {0,
Given a set S, the power set of S is the set of all 1, 2}. Hence,
Power set
subsets of the set S. The power set of S0 is
the Power set of P({0, 1, 2}) = {∅, {0}, {1}, {2}, {0, 1}, {0, 2}, {1, 2}, {0, 1,
denoted by P(S).
Powerset 2} }.
rational numbers
ℚ \mathbb{Q} Q; 3.14000... ∈ ℚ
the (set of) rational numbers; ℚ means {p/q : p ∈ ℤ, q ∈ ℕ}.
the rationals π∉ℚ
Q \mathbf{Q} numbers
ℚp \mathbb{Q}_p
p-adic numbers
the (set of) p-adic numbers;
ℚ means {p/q : p ∈ ℤ, q ∈ ℕ}.
the p-adics
Qp \mathbf{Q}_p
numbers
real numbers π∈ℝ

ℝ \mathbb{R} R;
the (set of) real numbers; ℝ means the set of real numbers. √(−1) ∉ ℝ
the reals
R \mathbf{R} numbers
† conjugate transpose A† means the transpose of the complex conjugate If A = (aij) then A† = (aji).
{}^\dagger conjugate transpose; of A.[26]
adjoint;
Hermitian This may also be written A∗T, AT∗, A∗, AT or AT.
adjoint/conjugate/transpose/dagger
matrix operations
transpose AT means A, but with its rows swapped for

T transpose
columns.
If A = (aij) then AT = (aji).
{}^{\mathsf{T}}
matrix operations This may also be written A′, At or Atr.
top element
the top element ⊤ means the largest element of a lattice. ∀x : x ∧ ⊤ = x
lattice theory
⊤ \top top type
⊤ means the top or universal type; every type in the
the top type; top ∀ types T, T <: ⊤
type system of interest is a subtype of top.
type theory
perpendicular
x ⊥ y means x is perpendicular to y; or more
is perpendicular to If l ⊥ m and m ⊥ n in the plane, then l || n.
generally x is orthogonal to y.
geometry
orthogonal complement
W⊥ means the orthogonal complement of W
orthogonal/ perpendicular
(where W is a subspace of the inner product space
complement of; Within , .
V), the set of all vectors in V orthogonal to every
perp
vector in W.
linear algebra
coprime
x ⊥ y means x has no factor greater than 1 in
is coprime to 34 ⊥ 55
common with y.
number theory
A ⊥ B means A is an event whose probability is
independent independent of event B. The double perpendicular
⊥ \bot is independent of symbol ( ) is also commonly used for the purpose If A ⊥ B, then P(A|B) = P(A).
probability of denoting this, for instance: (In LaTeX,
the command is: "A \perp\!\!\!\perp B".)
bottom element
the bottom element ⊥ means the smallest element of a lattice. ∀x : x ∨ ⊥ = x
lattice theory
bottom type
⊥ means the bottom type (a.k.a. the zero type or
the bottom type;
empty type); bottom is the subtype of every type in ∀ types T, ⊥ <: T
bot
the type system.
type theory
comparability {e, π} ⊥ {1, 2, e, 3, π} under set containment.
is comparable to x ⊥ y means that x is comparable to y.
order theory
all numbers being considered
𝕌 means "the set of all elements being
𝕌 \mathbb{U}
U;
considered." 𝕌 = {ℝ,ℂ} includes all numbers.
the universal set;
It may represent all numbers both real and
the set of all numbers;
complex, or any subset of these—hence the term
U \mathbf{U}
all numbers considered
"universal".
If instead, 𝕌 = {ℤ,ℂ}, then π ∉ 𝕌.
set theory
set-theoretic union
the union of ... or ...; A ∪ B means the set of those elements which are
∪ \cup union either in A, or in B, or in both.[14]
A ⊆ B ⇔ (A ∪ B) = B
set theory
set-theoretic intersection
intersected with; A ∩ B means the set that contains all those
∩ \cap intersect elements that A and B have in common.[14]
{x ∈ ℝ : x2 = 1} ∩ ℕ = {1}
set theory
logical disjunction or join in a
lattice The statement A ∨ B is true if A or B (or both) are
true; if both are false, the statement is false.
or;
∨ \lor max;
n ≥ 4 ∨ n ≤ 2 ⇔ n ≠ 3 when n is a natural number.
For functions A(x) and B(x), A(x) ∨ B(x) is used to
join
mean max(A(x), B(x)).
propositional logic, lattice theory
logical conjunction or meet in a
lattice The statement A ∧ B is true if A and B are both
true; else it is false.
and;
n < 4 ∧ n > 2 ⇔ n = 3 when n is a natural number.
min;
\land For functions A(x) and B(x), A(x) ∧ B(x) is used to
meet
(logical and) mean min(A(x), B(x)).
∧ propositional logic, lattice theory
\wedge wedge product u ∧ v means the wedge product of any multivectors
(wedge product)
wedge product; u and v. In three-dimensional Euclidean space the
exterior product wedge product and the cross product of two
exterior algebra vectors are each other's Hodge dual.
× \times
multiplication 3 × 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4.
times;
(The symbol * is generally used in programming 7 × 8 = 56
multiplied by
languages, where ease of typing and use of ASCII
arithmetic text is preferred.)
Cartesian product
X × Y means the set of all ordered pairs with the
the Cartesian product of ... and ...;
first element of each pair selected from X and the {1,2} × {3,4} = {(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)}
the direct product of ... and ...
second element selected from Y.
set theory
cross product u × v means the cross product of vectors u and v (1,2,5) × (3,4,−1) =
cross (−22, 16, − 2)
linear algebra
R× consists of the set of units of the ring R, along
group of units with the operation of multiplication.
the group of units of
∗
ring theory This may also be written R as described below, or
U(R).
tensor product, tensor product of
modules means the tensor product of V and U.[27]
{1, 2, 3, 4} ⊗ {1, 1, 2} =
⊗ \otimes tensor product of
means the tensor product of modules V
{{1, 1, 2}, {2, 2, 4}, {3, 3, 6}, {4, 4, 8}}
and U over the ring R.
linear algebra
N ⋊φ H is the semidirect product of N (a normal
semidirect product subgroup) and H (a subgroup), with respect to φ.
Also, if G = N ⋊φ H, then G is said to split over N.
the semidirect product of
⋉ \ltimes group theory (⋊ may also be written the other way round, as ⋉,
or as ×.)
⋊ \rtimes semijoin R ⋉ S is the semijoin of the relations R and S, the
the semijoin of set of all tuples in R for which there is a tuple in S R S= a1,..,an(R S)
relational algebra that is equal on their common attribute names.
natural join R ⋈ S is the natural join of the relations R and S,
⋈ \bowtie
the natural join of the set of all combinations of tuples in R and S that
relational algebra are equal on their common attribute names.
ℤ means {..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
ℤ \mathbb{Z} integers ℤ+ or ℤ> means {1, 2, 3, ...} .

the (set of) integers ℤ≥ means {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} . ℤ = {p, −p : p ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}}
*
Z numbers ℤ is used by some authors to mean {0, 1, 2, 3,
\mathbf{Z}
...}[28] and others to mean {... -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, ... }[29] .
ℤn ℤn means {[0], [1], [2], ...[n−1]} with addition and

\mathbb{Z}_n integers mod n multiplication modulo n.
ℤ3 = {[0], [1], [2]}
ℤp
the (set of) integers modulo n
Note that any letter may be used instead of n, such
numbers as p. To avoid confusion with p-adic numbers, use
\mathbb{Z}_p
ℤ/pℤ or ℤ/(p) instead.
Zn p-adic integers
\mathbf{Z}_n
the (set of) p-adic integers
Note that any letter may be used instead of p, such
Zp numbers as n or l.
Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters
Name
Symbol Symbol
in HTML in TeX
Category
aleph
number
ℵ \aleph aleph
ℵα represents an infinite cardinality (specifically, the α-th one,
where α is an ordinal).
|ℕ| = ℵ0, which is called aleph-null.
set theory
beth number
ℶα represents an infinite cardinality (similar to ℵ, but ℶ does
ℶ \beth
beth
not necessarily index all of the numbers indexed by ℵ. ).
set theory
Dirac delta
function
δ(x)
Dirac delta of
hyperfunction
Kronecker
delta
Kronecker δij
delta of
δ \delta hyperfunction
Functional
derivative
Functional
derivative of
Differential
operators
∆ \vartriangle symmetric
difference A ∆ B (or A ⊖ B) means the set of elements in exactly one of
{1,5,6,8} ∆ {2,5,8} = {1,2,6}
A or B.
⊖ \ominus
symmetric
difference {3,4,5,6} ⊖ {1,2,5,6} = {1,2,3,4}
(Not to be confused with delta, Δ, described below.)
set theory
⊕ \oplus
delta Δx means a (non-infinitesimal) change in x.

delta;
(If the change becomes infinitesimal, δ and even d are used is the gradient of a straight line.
change in
instead. Not to be confused with the symmetric difference,
calculus written ∆, above.)
Δ \Delta Laplacian
Laplace If ƒ is a twice-differentiable real-valued function, then the Laplacian of
The Laplace operator is a second order differential operator in
operator
n-dimensional Euclidean space ƒ is defined by
vector
calculus
gradient
del;
nabla; ∇f (x1, ..., xn) is the vector of partial derivatives (∂f / ∂x1, ..., ∂f /
If f (x,y,z) := 3xy + z², then ∇f = (3y, 3x, 2z)
gradient of ∂xn).
vector
calculus
divergence
del dot;
∇ \nabla divergence of If , then .
vector
calculus
curl
curl of
If , then .
vector
calculus
Pi
π \pi pi; Used in various formulas involving circles; π is equivalent to
3.1415926...; the amount of area a circle would take up in a square of equal
A = πR2 = 314.16 → R = 10
≈355÷113 width with an area of 4 square units, roughly 3.14159. It is also
mathematical the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle.
constant
prime-
counting
function
prime- counts the number of prime numbers less than or equal
counting to .
function of
number
theory
projection
Projection of restricts to the attribute set.
relational
algebra
Homotopy consists of homotopy equivalence classes of base
group point preserving maps from an n-dimensional sphere (with
the nth base point) into the pointed space X.
Homotopy
group of
Homotopy
theory
product
product over
... from ... to means .
... of
arithmetic
∏ \prod
Cartesian
product
means the set of all (n+1)-tuples
the Cartesian
product of;
the direct (y0, ..., yn).
product of
set theory
coproduct
A general construction which subsumes the disjoint union of
coproduct
sets and of topological spaces, the free product of groups, and
over ... from
∐ \coprod ... to ... of
the direct sum of modules and vector spaces. The coproduct
of a family of objects is essentially the "least specific" object to
category which each object in the family admits a morphism.
theory
selection The selection selects all those tuples in for which
Selection of holds between the and the attribute. The selection
σ \sigma relational selects all those tuples in for which holds between the
algebra attribute and the value .
summation
sum over ...
∑ \sum
from ... to ... means .
of
arithmetic
Variations
In mathematics written in Persian or Arabic, some symbols may be reversed to make right-to-left writing and reading easier.[30]
See also
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
List of letters used in mathematics and science
List of common physics notations
Diacritic
ISO 31-11 (Mathematical signs and symbols for use in physical sciences and technology)
Latin letters used in mathematics
List of mathematical abbreviations
List of mathematical symbols by subject
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols (Unicode block)
Mathematical constants and functions
Mathematical notation
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
Notation in probability and statistics
Physical constants
Table of logic symbols
Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date
Typographical conventions in mathematical formulae
APL syntax and symbols
References
8. "pdflatex crashes when Latex code includes \unicode{f818} and \unicode{f817} and
1. "LaTeX/Mathematics" (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics). Wikibooks.
how to handle it" (https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/192626/pdflatex-crashes-w
Retrieved 18 November 2017.
hen-latex-code-includes-unicodef818-and-unicodef817-and). TeX Stack Exchange.
2. "The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List" (http://www.math.boun.edu.tr/instructors/gur Retrieved 18 November 2017.
el/symbols-a4.pdf) (PDF). p. 15. Retrieved 16 November 2017. "Because of the lack of
9. "Math is Fun website" (http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/symbols.html).
notational consensus, it is probably better to spell out "Contradiction!" than to use a
symbol for this purpose." 10. Hayes, Ellen (1897), Algebra: For High Schools and Colleges (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=6hMAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6), J. S. Cushing, p. 6.
3. Cook, John. "Unicode / LaTeX conversion" (https://www.johndcook.com/unicode_latex.
html). John Cook Consulting. Retrieved 18 November 2017. 11. Rónyai, Lajos (1998), Algoritmusok(Algorithms), TYPOTEX, ISBN 978-963-9132-16-0
4. "LaTeX/Special Characters" (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Special_Characters). 12. Deb, K.; Pratap, A.; Agarwal, S.; Meyarivan, T. (2002). "A fast and elitist multiobjective
Wikibooks. Retrieved 18 November 2017. genetic algorithm: NSGA-II". IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 6 (2):
182. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.17.7771 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=1
5. "\unicode - Tex Command" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034818/https://tutori
0.1.1.17.7771). doi:10.1109/4235.996017 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2F4235.996017).
alsbay.org/tex_commands/unicode.html). TutorialsBay. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
13. Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (1990) [1953], "Chapter 8.3: Conditional Statements and
6. "Unicode characters in pdflatex output using hexcode without UTF-8 input" (https://tex.
Material Implication", Introduction to Logic (8th ed.), New York: Macmillan Publishers
stackexchange.com/questions/89796/unicode-characters-in-pdflatex-output-using-hex
(United States), pp. 268–269, ISBN 978-0-02-325035-4, LCCN 89037742 (https://lccn.
code-without-utf-8-input). Tex Stack Exchange. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
loc.gov/89037742)
7. "fontenc vs inputenc" (https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/44694/fontenc-vs-inpu
14. Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 4,
tenc#44699). TeX Stack Exchange. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
ISBN 978-0-412-60610-6

List of Mathematical Symbols - Wikipedia PDF

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10/23/2019 List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia

Some symbols used widely in

line integral ∫ C f ds means the integral of f along the curve

Gauss's Law, a subscript capital S, ∮ S, is

□ \blacksquare end of proof

Symbols based on equality

Symbols that point left or right

inequality x ≤ y means x is less than or equal to y.

superset A ⊇ B means every element of B is also an element of A.

means the function f(x) is defined as a if

ǁ...ǁ \| \ldots \| \!\,

{:} \{\ :\ \} \!\, set builder

For a single discrete variable of a function , the

The span of S may also be written as Sp(S).

Other non-letter symbols

group of units R∗ consists of the set of units of the ring R,

derivative f ′(x) means the derivative of the function f at the

Symbols based on Latin letters

Note that the indicator function is also sometimes

N means either { 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} or { 1, 2, 3, ...}.

The choice depends on the area of mathematics

∅ \emptyset empty set

real numbers π∈ℝ

transpose AT means A, but with its rows swapped for

ℤ \mathbb{Z} integers ℤ+ or ℤ> means {1, 2, 3, ...} .

ℤn ℤn means {[0], [1], [2], ...[n−1]} with addition and

Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters

delta Δx means a (non-infinitesimal) change in x.

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