Chapter 1

Vectors
Section 1
PRELIMINARIES

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Definition of a vector

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Transposed vector

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Graph of a vector

• We can graph a vector as an arrow

• It is often assumed that the starting point is the origin of the coordinate

system.

• A vector has magnitude (size) and direction:

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Example

Representation of two-dimensional vectors a and b 1-6

 Relations on vectors of the same
dimension

Remark: Note that not every pair of n-dimensional

vectors may be compared by the relations ≤, ≥,
respectively.
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Example

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Special vectors

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Section 2
OPERATIONS ON VECTORS

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Addition

Multiplication by a scalar
Difference
Using the last definitions we can define the
difference of two vectors

Notice that the sum and the difference of

two vectors are only defined when both
vectors a and b have the same dimension
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Example

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The sum of a and b is the vector obtained when
adding vector b to the terminal point of vector a.
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• The multiplication by a positive scalar does not
change the orientation of the vector .
• The multiplcation by a negative scalar reverses
the orientation of a vector.

Next we summarize some rules of vector

operations

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Rules of vector addition and scalar
multiplication

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The scalar product

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Example

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The norm of a vector

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Distance between vectors

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Rules for scalar product and the
length

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Example

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Angle between two vectors

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 1-25

Orthogonal vectors

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 1-26

Section 3

LINEAR DEPENDENCE AND

INDEPENDENCE

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Linear combination

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Example

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Linear dependence and
independence

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Section 4
VECTOR SPACE

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A vector space consists of a set V (elements of V are called
vectors) on which two operations are defined:
•Vector addition (adding two elements of V yields another
element in V.
•Scalar multiplication (multiplying an element of V by a
scalar yields another element in V.
The object in V can be anything, even though we call them
vectors. They could be any type of mathematical object that
can be multiplied and added together.
Example: Collection of column vectors, polynomials,
functions, infinite sequence of real numbers, etc.
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The set of elements in V satisfy certain rules listed in the
following definition:

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More examples of vector spaces

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To prove example 4, we need to show that the sum of any two
elements as well as multiplication by a scalar again gives an
element of this space.
Consider the set of all polynomials of degree n:

The sum of such two polynomials gives:

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Basis of a vector space

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Example

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 Change of a basis
While the dimension of a vector space is uniquely determined,
the basis is not uniquely determined. This leads to the question
of whether we can replace a particular vector in the basis by
some other vector not contained in the basis such that again a
basis is obtained.
The following theorem shows that there is an easy way to
answer this question.

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Change of a basis

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Example

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