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Vectors
Section 1
PRELIMINARIES
1-2
Definition of a vector
1-3
Transposed vector
1-4
Graph of a vector
• It is often assumed that the starting point is the origin of the coordinate
system.
1-8
Special vectors
1-9
Section 2
OPERATIONS ON VECTORS
1-10
Addition
Multiplication by a scalar
Difference
Using the last definitions we can define the
difference of two vectors
1-13
The sum of a and b is the vector obtained when
adding vector b to the terminal point of vector a.
1-14
• The multiplication by a positive scalar does not
change the orientation of the vector .
• The multiplcation by a negative scalar reverses
the orientation of a vector.
1-15
Rules of vector addition and scalar
multiplication
1-16
The scalar product
1-17
Example
1-18
1-19
The norm of a vector
1-20
Distance between vectors
1-21
1-22
Rules for scalar product and the
length
1-23
Example
1-24
Angle between two vectors
1-27
Linear combination
1-28
Example
1-29
Linear dependence and
independence
1-30
1-31
Section 4
VECTOR SPACE
1-32
A vector space consists of a set V (elements of V are called
vectors) on which two operations are defined:
•Vector addition (adding two elements of V yields another
element in V.
•Scalar multiplication (multiplying an element of V by a
scalar yields another element in V.
The object in V can be anything, even though we call them
vectors. They could be any type of mathematical object that
can be multiplied and added together.
Example: Collection of column vectors, polynomials,
functions, infinite sequence of real numbers, etc.
1-33
The set of elements in V satisfy certain rules listed in the
following definition:
1-34
More examples of vector spaces
1-35
To prove example 4, we need to show that the sum of any two
elements as well as multiplication by a scalar again gives an
element of this space.
Consider the set of all polynomials of degree n:
1-36
Basis of a vector space
1-37
Example
1-38
Change of a basis
While the dimension of a vector space is uniquely determined,
the basis is not uniquely determined. This leads to the question
of whether we can replace a particular vector in the basis by
some other vector not contained in the basis such that again a
basis is obtained.
The following theorem shows that there is an easy way to
answer this question.
1-39
Change of a basis
1-40
1-41
Example
1-42
1-43
1-44