003 Elect - Electrical Earthing System Installation PDF

MEP TECHNICAL TRAINING
ON
ELECTRICAL EARTHING
1
2
What is Electrical earthing ?
• The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy directly
to the earth by the help of the low resistance wire is known as the electrical earthing.
3
How it is done ?
.
• The electrical earthing is done by connecting the non-current carrying part of the
equipment or neutral of supply system to the ground.
• The earthing provides the simple path to the leakage current.
4
Why it is done ?
.
• The short circuit current of the equipment passes to the earth which has zero potential.
• Thus, Protect personnel against electrical hazards like electric shock and electrocution..
• Safeguards and protects electrical devices, appliances, power tools, machinery etc. from
damage.
• Avoids interference with communication circuits.
• Mostly, the galvanized iron is used for the earthing.
5
HOW IT WORKS
6
7
HOW IT WORKS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM WITH EARTHING

8
9
CONTENTS
• Training objectives
• Standard process
• List of PPES
• Earthing schematic layouts or drawings
• List of tools and tackles
• List of materials and accessories
• Types of earthing
• Methods of earthing
• Bad and good practices
10
TRAINING OBJECTIVES
To enhance knowledge and skills –Why
To adopt standard installation procedure
To deliver the best quality product
To avoid rework
To minimize the defects or quality observation
To set as ‘ZERO’ rework Target
11
Standard Process
Safety Preparation set

Drawing Layout
up
Quality check &

Standardised
Testing List of Tools
Process
Installation List of List of

Process Accessories Materials
12
LIST OF PPES
Safety goggles Safety footware Safety mask
13
LIST OF PPES
Safety reflective
Cotton hand gloves Ear plugs
jacket
1.To identify the catergory of

1.Use where decibel of sounds is person.
1.For handling material
more 2.To identify the person during
night or dark area
14
LIST OF PPES
Full body safety

Safety helmet-Green Safety helmet-white
harness
1.Working at heights 1.For safety officers 1,For Engineers and Supervisors
15
LIST OF PPES
Safety Helmet for Leather hand

Welding helmet
workers gloves
16
LIST OF PPES
Welding apron
17
Drawing Layout
Conventional Arrangement Installation of maintenance free earthing

18
Drawing Layout
Earthing pit details for neutral/body earthing

Installation of maintenance free earthing
(GI)
19
Drawing Layout
20
Preparation set up
1.Check for site

work fronts and
clearance.
2.Check for availability

of safety equipment's.
Check for access to

the work location.
4.Check for any

hindrances.
5.Check for proper

house keeping.
21
LIST OF TOOLS & TACKLES
Measuring tape Vernier Caliper Elcometer
1.For measuring precision

1.For measuring various
parameters like thickness, 1.For checking coating thickness
dimension
diameter, etc.
22
Clamp on meter Earth Tester Continuity tester
1.Measure AC current ,AC/DC

Voltage Resistance ,continuity.
1.GI strip, Cu strip and Earthing
2.With some models measure 1.Measuring earth pit resistance
cable checking continuity
DC current Capacitance
,Temperature Frequency .
23
24
Strip bending Welding Machine Chop saw

machine with welding cable meter
1. For bending bigger size GI or

1.For welding of GI strip 1.For cutting of GI strips
Cu strip e,g,50 x 10 ,75 x 12 etc
25
Screw driver set Ring Spanners

DE Spanners set
set
26
Hack saw, Cable cutter ‘C’ Clamp.
1.For cutting of Earthing 1,for cutting flexible copper 1, for holding GI strips for
Material cables welding
27
Auger for drilling hole Auger machine for

Type of auger
in Earth drilling hole
28
Welding chipping
Steel wire brush Hammer 5kg
hammer
29
LIST OF CONSUMABLES
Zinc rich
galvanized spray Zinc rich paint Bitumen paint
1.For above ground welded 1.For above ground welded 1.For under ground welded
portion portion portion
30
LIST OF CONSUMABLES
Painting brush Wire brush Sand paper
31
LIST OF CONSUMABLES
Bucket Charcoal Sea Salt
1.For earthing compound mixture 1 For conventional earth pits 1. For conventional earth pits
32
LIST OF CONSUMABLES
Earthing compound Mixture of Bentonite Earthing

back fill powder and Marcionite compound
33
LIST OF MATERIALS
Copper/GI plate Copper Electrode

Pipe earthing
earthing pipe
34
LIST OF MATERIALS
Pipe in pipe earthing

GI earthing rod Bi-metal Plate
rod
35
LIST MATERIALS
GI strips GI plate Copper plate
36
LIST OF MATERIALS
Earthing Wire Copper strips GI earth clamp
37
LIST OF MATERIALS
Flexible strand Stranded bare

rope Flexible strips
copper wire
38
LIST OF MATERIALS
Lattice copper
earth mate Welding rods
39
LIST OF ACCESSORIES
Earthing Rod clamp Rod to tape clamp U rod bolt to

tamp clamp
40
Category of Earthing
Types of Earthing Method of Earthing
➢ Plate Earthing(where digging is

easy)
➢ Pipe earthing(very Common,
➢ Body Earthing used for domestic ,small
➢ Neutral Earthing substation)
➢ Electronics Earthing ➢ Strip Earthing(where earth bed
have rocky soil)
➢ Rod Earthing(sandy area/small
lamp post)
41
Types of Equipment Earthing
➢ TRANSFORMER BODY EARTHING

➢ DG BODY EARTHING .
➢ TRASFORMER NEUTRAL EARTHING.
➢ DG Neutral EARTHING .
➢ LIFT EARTHING
➢ Panel body EARTHING.
➢ MECH EQUIPMENT EARTHING / DG STACK.
➢ HSD(high speed diesel) TANK EARTHING .
➢ UPS EARTHING FOR ISOLATION TRANSFORMER.
➢ LIGHTNING PROTECTION EARTHING
42
TYPES OF EARTHING
Neutral Grounding
The process of connecting neutral point of 3 phase system to earth either
directly or through some circuit element (e.g. resistance, reactance etc.) is
called neutral grounding.
Neutral grounding provides protection to personal and equipment.
43
Category of Earthing
44
Body earthing
The body of the transformer or generator, structure or body of

the equipment is connected to zero potential then it is known
as body earthing.
Earth having zero potential whereas neutral may have some

potential.
45
Electronics earthing
Earthing for electronics is similar to that for electrical

systems and consists of grounding the metal frame(s) to
a earth bus and then to the ground.
Basically, electronic systems are designed with great

care to keep transients out of the system and circuitry.
46
47
Standards followed during Electrical
Installations and Earthing
➢National Electric Code, 2011

➢Indian Electricity Rules,1956
➢IS 3043 : Indian Standard for Code of practice for
Earthing
➢IS : 2309-1989 [Indian Standard for Protection of
Buildings and Allied Structures against Lightning]
➢Central Electricity Authority Regulations(CEAR)
48
Important to know about:
➢Earth Pit Resistance Value (1.0 ohm or less, Ref: IS 3043

➢Size of the Earth Conductor (Based on Fault current)
➢Soil Resistivity
➢EPR (Earth potential rise) or GPR(ground potential rise) –occur
when large current flow to earth through earth grid impedance-
Creation of equipotential zone
➢Earth Loop Impendence (< 1.0 Ohm Ref: IS-3043-1966)
49
What is soil resistivity?
Soil resistivity is a measure of how much the soil resists or conducts electric
current. It is a critical factor in design of systems that rely on passing current
through the Earth's surface.
The resistivity of the soil depends on the various factors likes soil
composition, moisture, temperature, etc. ... The soil having a low resistivity
is good for designing the grounding system.
50
What is soil resistivity Test
Soil resistivity testing is the process of measuring a volume of soil to

determine the conductivity of the soil.
The resulting soil resistivity is expressed in ohm-meter or ohm-centimeter.
Soil resistivity testing is the single most critical factor in electrical

grounding design.
51
52
53
54
Types OF Earthing System
•T – Earth (from
French ‘Terre’)
•N – Neutral
•I – Isolated
•S – Separate
•C – Combined
55
( TT, TNC, TNS, TNCS )
TT System
➢ One point at the supply source
is connected directly to earth.
All exposed- and extraneous-
conductive-parts are
connected to a separate earth
electrode at the installation.
➢ This electrode may or may not
be electrically independent of
the source electrode. The two
zones of influence may
overlap without affecting the
operation of protective
devices.
56
TN-C System
➢ One point at the supply source
is connected directly to earth.
All exposed- and extraneous-
conductive-parts are connected
to a separate earth electrode at
the installation.
➢ This electrode may or may not
be electrically independent of
the source electrode. The two
zones of influence may overlap
without affecting the operation
of protective devices.
57
TN-S System
➢ The TN-C and TN-S systems can

be used in the same installation.
➢ In the TN-C-S system, the TN-C
(4 wires) system must never be
used downstream of the TN-S (5
wires) system,
➢ since any accidental interruption
in the neutral on the upstream
part would lead to an interruption
in the protective conductor in the
downstream part and therefore a
danger.
58
TNCS System
➢ The TN-C and TN-S systems can

be used in the same installation.
➢ In the TN-C-S system, the TN-C
(4 wires) system must never be
used downstream of the TN-S (5
wires) system,
➢ since any accidental interruption in
the neutral on the upstream part
would lead to an interruption in the
protective conductor in the
downstream part and therefore a
danger.
59
Preparation Work
➢ Earthing conductor will be checked physically for its proper sizes, galvanizing (As per
approved Material Submittal/TDS)
➢ The Gi/Cu flats will be straightened and stored near field location with supports provided
to raise above floor level
➢ Straighten the hot dip galvanized / G.I earthing strips using bench hammer & Cu earth
strips using Plastic or Rubber mallet
➢ Check that all the allocated earthing installation position is clear, or fronts are ready for
installation
➢ Earthing layout and routes shall be approved before starting of work.
➢ Earthing routes shall be chosen for easy, straight runs with a minimum of bends
and crossings.
➢ Earthing grid shall be kept 600mm below the Finish Ground Level Overlapping of the two
strips shall be as per width of the earthing strip.
➢ As per IS Pit to Pit distance is 6m BS7032 or twice the distance of earth electrode
60
Installation Procedure
Earthing
Copper pipe
GI Pipe in Pipe
Earthing(Chemical
GI pipe Earthing copper plate Earthing Earthing(Chemical
maintenance free earthing
earthing electrode)
electrode)
61
Procedure for Pipe or Rod earthing
Make a borehole of 500 mm diameter and 3.5 meters deep or as per the approved design and drawing.
Lower the Pipe electrode made of a 65 mm diameter GI perforated pipe of 3.0-meter length attached at the top
with a funnel covered with wire mesh. A G.I. strip is fixed to the electrode to act as an earthing connection. For
rod earthing, a copper rod of required diameter is used in place of the pipe.
Fill the annular space between the electrode and borehole walls with alternating layers of coke or charcoal and
common salt.
Inspection chamber: Construct brick chamber of size 450 x 450 x 450 mm with 100 mm thick brick walls over a
P.C.C. layer. Keep 100 mm of the chamber above ground level. Cover the top with a cast iron (CI) cover.
Follow the approved design and drawing for fixing and laying of earth wires or GI/copper strips between the
earth electrode and the electrical room.
62
Procedure for Plate earthing
Earth pit: Excavate and make an earth pit of size 900 mm x 900 mm x minimum 3.0 meter deep. Level the
bottom surface
Plate electrode: Use GI plate of minimum size 600 Mm x 600 Mm x 6.3 mm thickness. In case of a
Copperplate, a minimum thickness of 3.15 mm can be used
Earthing connection: Fix two numbers of 50 mm x 6 mm GI strips to GI plate firmly with GI nut, check nut,
bolt, and washer with each strip fixed to GI plate at two locations. Weld the GI strips to GI plate. Join the two
strips at the top with a GI strip of the same size. Any loose earthing connection with the earth plate will have an
adverse effect on the electrode system resistivity.
Water connection: Fix a 25 mm diameter GI pipe attached at the top with a funnel covered with wire mesh.
Water poured through this pipe will keep the area surrounding the earth plate moistened.
Backfill the excavated pit with soil free of stones and lumps.
Inspection chamber: Construct brick chamber of size 450 x 450 x 450 mm with 100 mm thick brick walls over
a P.C.C. layer. Keep 100 mm of the chamber above ground level. Cover the top with a cast iron (CI) cover.
earth electrode and the electrical room.
earth electrode and the electrical room. 63
Preparation Work
The Gi/Cu flats will be straightened and stored near

field location with supports provided to raise above
floor level.
64
Preparation Work
➢ Straighten the hot dip galvanized / G.I

earthing strips using bench hammer & Cu
earth strips using Plastic or Rubber mallet
65
Preparation Work
➢ Welding area shall be minimum 150 %

of the cross-section of the earthing strip
66
Earthing strip(GI) welding joints process
➢ Take overlap of earth strip(approx.

100mm)or twice width of earth strip &
keep it at center on jointing surfaces.
➢ Hold the earth strip joint area with “C”

clamp to avoid gaps in between after
welding performed
➢ Welding should be done with correct

polarity and suitable current
67
Earthing strip(GI) welding joints process
➢ Perform the strip joint welding with

qualified welder
➢ After welding clean the sludge and

spatter with wire price for smooth
finishing
➢ Cover the weld joint area with

anticorrosive( zinc rich) paint to avoid
oxidation
➢ For under ground earthing GI welded

strip should be paint with bituminous
paint to avoid rusting
68
Copper earthing
The copper has very low resistance and the good conductor of
electricity. The copper plate is used to pass the fault current with a
minimum resistance of the circuit.
69
Brazing & Bolt joint for Earth copper strip
➢ Flat Copper strip –cross section
➢ Flat copper section –Tee section
➢ Flat copper section –Lap Connection
➢ Flat copper section –Bolted

Connection
70
Bolted Joint.9.5):Connections (Refer IS
3043 –Clause No
➢ Bolted joints above ground should be overlapped as shown below
Linear or Straight Joints Branch or “T”Joints
(Two bolts require for straight

joints) (One bolt used for “T”joints)
BOLTED/SCREWED JOINTS IN THE GROUND ARE NOT

PERMITTED
71
Earthing strip bolted joints shall be made as follows
➢ Screw Joints above ground should be

overlapped as shown below. Straight Corrosion Protection
joints require two screws while only Material Method of
In Soil In Concrete
Jointing
one screw is used for T joints.
Corrosion -
Copper Strip Screwed Joint protective
binding
Galvanized Zinc paste or Zinc paste or

Steel Strip Welded Joint corrosion corrosion
protective protective
binding binding
72
Bolted Joint Connections (Refer IS
3043 –Clause No.9.5):
➢ Bolted joint needs to be provided with two flat washers(one under head of bolt and one under
the nut) and one spring washer under nut
➢ This will ensure proper bonding between joint connection
Strip to Conductor
Strip to Strip connection
connection
73
Bolted Joint Connections (Refer IS
3043 –Clause No.9.5):
➢ Bolted joint needs to be provided with two flat washers(one under head of bolt and one under
the nut) and one spring washer under nut
➢ This will ensure proper bonding between joint connection
2 hole lug earth Structural Earth connection
connection
74
Bolted Joints (Gi or Cu Strip):
➢ Procedure to make Bolted joint -
➢ Surface of the earth strip should be cleaned thoroughly by wire brushing

➢ Apply greased or an approved jointing compound immediately on both the
contact surfaces
➢ Bolts should be then tightened and all excess grease or compound wiped off
and discarded
➢ To ensure adequate contact pressure and avoid overstressing, torque
wrenches should be used
75
Bolted Joints (Gi or Cu Strip):
USE TORQUE WRENCHES
76
Panel body earthing
77
Distribution board earthing
DB door earthing conductor
DB door earthing using green insulated

PVC cable
Distribution board main cables
78
Laying of cable on cable tray
➢ In case of earth fault, earth bus may

carry 3 to 4 times rated current and
earth bus may adopt temperature upto
300⁰C
➢ This may cause damage to the cable
insulation and result into failure of cable
or reduce service life of cable
Precautions During Installations:

➢ Minimum clearance of 5 mm should be
left between earth bus and plastic
insulated cables
➢ At crossing over of earth conductor and
plastic insulated cables, install earth bus
either in plastic conduits or over a heat
dissipating material such as mineral
wool.
79
Installation of Exposed Earthing
➢ All surface Earthing strip shall

be run in a vertical or
horizontal direction
80
➢ The earth electrode should be either

plate /pipe /pipe in pipe /compound fill
pip earthing
➢ The earth pit chamber is either of PVC

or pre cast concrete chamber as per
requirment
➢ Fill the charcoal and salt in earth pits in

alternate layers or as per IS 3043
➢ Vertically place the electrode in the

center of the pit
81
➢ Fixing of GI/cu strip with earth rod & inspection joint

box
82
Tripod Earthing
➢ Tripolar earthing consist of three electrode of copper bonded steel

rod arranged in a triangular shape by means of three no of tripod
clamps ,surrounded by ground enhance compound .
➢ The std length of tripolar earth pit is 5ft ,6ft ,and 10 ft.
➢ The min no of earth pit cover is 300X300mm.The chamber cover

may be CI,MS and PVC
➢ Because of soil condition the installation procedure of tripolar earth

pit changes and based on the fault current carrying capacity the
electrode diameter changes
➢ The lowest value of of fault current carrying capacity of one copper
bonded electrode is 75KVA.
➢ Using ground enhancing material life increases upto 30yrs.

➢ To decreases resistance to earth no of TPE can be interconnected to
form GRID ,RING or RADIAL earthing .
83
Comparison between Traditional & Chemical
Earthing
Traditional Earthing Chemical Earthing Advantage
➢ GI Pipe with funnel and holes Dual pipe with flat technology Double protection and more strength
Additional attachment of copper strip Heavy terminal strip Direct connection to the terminal flat
eliminates restive oxidation and theft
problem of strip.
Inadequate galvanization leads to Good amount of galvanization up to Leads to longer life and fast
corrosion 100/300 micron dissipation of fault current.
Require compulsory routine No maintenance Massive recurring expenses are
maintenance avoided
Heavy fluctuation in Ohmic value No fluctuation in ohmic value Long life to end equipment and safety
to human life
Use of charcoal and salt can lead to No charcoal or salt is used. Instead a No soil pollution. Essential for
soil pollution special compound is used, which environment conscious ISO 14000
does not get mixed with soil and certified companies
hence no soil pollution
More space required for installation Requires a maximum of 8-10” dia Easier and quick to install
(3’x3’ or 4’x4’) bore
Dissipation of fault/static current is Fast dissipation of fault current due to Faster dissipation of fault current
less due to less surface area and more surface area, maintenance of saves critical equipment and human
corrosion moisture content and no corrosion. life
84
Advanced Earthing compound
Features
1.Highly conductive
2.Capable of reducing soil resistivity by 90%
3.Non-corrosive so improving life of earthing system ,do not
damage electrode metal.
4.Compatible with all type of earth electrode,
5.Increase total surface area of earthing electrode ensuring
quick dissipation of fault current
6.Maintain constant volume regardless of moisture contents
7long self life
8.Do not pollute environment
Bentonite moisture retaining compound
1.It is used to maintain moisture level in area of dry and rocky

terrain.
2.It obsorbs and retains moisture for very long periods and
tends to reduce soil resistivity to a certain extent.
85
Erection Methodology of Earthing strip with Bolt & Nut type
86
What is double earthing
The double earthing is done to ensure that at least one earthing will be in
operation if the other earthing gets disconnected.
The equipment must be earthed at the two distinct positions of the equipment.
Also, with the double earthing the effective earthing resistance gets reduced
because of the two parallel circuits.
87
GOOD PRACTICE - अच्छा अभ्यास
88
Installation of Earthing Conductor and

Equipment Earthing
➢ The metallic case of all equipment's

shall be earthed by two separate
connections to earthing system.
89

Equipment Earthing
The cable tray shall be earthed at

minimum two places by GS/Cu flats to
earthing system.
90

Equipment Earthing
The cable tray shall be earthed at

minimum two places by Cu strip to
earthing system
91

Equipment Earthing
➢ Earthing of the multi core cable shall be

earthed with earthing system at both
the terminated ends.
92

Equipment Earthing
➢ Suitable threaded rod is used for

holding
➢ All HT, LT Panels and Transformer
body earthing is done as per the
drawing
93
Jointing of Two Dissimilar Metal Conductors
(Gi/Al & Cu )
➢ Whenever two different metal conductors (i.e. Cu & Gi/Al) jointed, it may leads to galvanic action and
result into corrosion of metal surfaces.
➢ Eventually leads to failure of such metal joints during earth fault occurrence.
Corrosion taken place

due to “Galvanic Action”
94
Earthing Installation
Bolted joints installation observed on site:
95
In case of high and extra high voltages the neutral points shall be earthed by not less than two separate
and distinct connections with earth each having it’s own electrode at the generating station or sub-
station. If necessary, the neutral point may be earthed through a suitable impendence.
96
All medium voltage equipment's shall be earthed by two separate and distinct connections with earth
through an earth electrode.
97
BAD PRACTICE - बुरा अभ्यास GOOD PRACTICE - अच्छा अभ्यास
As far as possible, all earthing connections shall be visible for inspection.
98
BAD PRACTICE - बुरा व्यवहार - GOOD PRACTICE - अच्छा अभ्यास -
Not done Proper overlapping Equipment earthing strip

,chipping and also holes are mad overlapping done properly with
with welding rod. bitumen paint.
99
BAD PRACTICE - बुरा व्यवहार - GOOD PRACTICE - अच्छा अभ्यास -
Not done Proper size of nut,bolt Earthing strip overlapping done

& washer properly with nut,bolt & washer
type.
100
BAD PRACTICE - बरु ा व्यवहार - GOOD PRACTICE - अच्छा अभ्यास -
For minimizing the no of joints ,better ‘L’ Joint can be done especially on
connectivity and proper over lapping bend portion
the Earth strip
“ L “ JOINT
101
Earthing strip over lapping & Earthing strip over lapping &
welding, chipping/grinding not welding, chipping/grinding has
done properly. been done properly.
102
BAD PRACTICE - बरु ा व्यवहार GOOD PRACTICE - अच्छा अभ्यास
Motor/pump earthing not done Motor/pump earthing has been

before commissioning. done properly.
103
Not done Proper size of GI Size of GI Earthing pipe with

Earthing strip and also not supporting clamp has been done
provided supporting clamp properly.
between pipe and copper strip.
104
As far as possible, all earthing connections shall be visible for inspection.
105
All earthing connections shall be carefully made; if they are poorly made or inadequate then loss of life or
serious personal injury may result.
106
All earthing bolted joints should be properly tighten using torque wrench
107
All earthing bolted joints should be properly tighten using torque wrench
108
Installation Checklist
➢ Earth pits----As per drawing / Specification)

➢ No. of pits
➢ Depth
➢ Electrode CI / GI / copper
➢ Size
➢ i ) Plate _________mm
➢ ii)Pipe _________mm (Diameter)
➢ Charcoal / Salt
➢ Reducer / Funnel provided
➢ Test link provided
➢ Masonry work complete
➢ Cover installed Pit identification number fixed / painted.
➢ Earthing
➢ Size as per drawing
➢ Overlap at welded joints.
➢ Painting of Joints
➢ Tightness for Bolted Joints
➢ Laying / straightening / Bending of strips
109
110

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MEP TECHNICAL TRAINING

equipment or neutral of supply system to the ground.

• The earthing provides the simple path to the leakage current.

• Avoids interference with communication circuits.

• Mostly, the galvanized iron is used for the earthing.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM WITH EARTHING

To enhance knowledge and skills –Why

To adopt standard installation procedure

To deliver the best quality product

To minimize the defects or quality observation

To set as ‘ZERO’ rework Target

Safety Preparation set

Quality check &

Installation List of List of

Safety goggles Safety footware Safety mask

1.To identify the catergory of

Full body safety

1.Working at heights 1.For safety officers 1,For Engineers and Supervisors

Safety Helmet for Leather hand

Conventional Arrangement Installation of maintenance free earthing

Earthing pit details for neutral/body earthing

1.Check for site

2.Check for availability

Check for access to

4.Check for any

5.Check for proper

Measuring tape Vernier Caliper Elcometer

1.For measuring precision

Clamp on meter Earth Tester Continuity tester

1.Measure AC current ,AC/DC

Strip bending Welding Machine Chop saw

1. For bending bigger size GI or

Screw driver set Ring Spanners

Hack saw, Cable cutter ‘C’ Clamp.

Auger for drilling hole Auger machine for

Painting brush Wire brush Sand paper

Bucket Charcoal Sea Salt

Earthing compound Mixture of Bentonite Earthing

Copper/GI plate Copper Electrode

Pipe in pipe earthing

GI strips GI plate Copper plate

Earthing Wire Copper strips GI earth clamp

Flexible strand Stranded bare

Earthing Rod clamp Rod to tape clamp U rod bolt to

Types of Earthing Method of Earthing

➢ Plate Earthing(where digging is

➢ TRANSFORMER BODY EARTHING

The process of connecting neutral point of 3 phase system to earth either

directly or through some circuit element (e.g. resistance, reactance etc.) is

called neutral grounding.

Neutral grounding provides protection to personal and equipment.

The body of the transformer or generator, structure or body of

Earth having zero potential whereas neutral may have some

Earthing for electronics is similar to that for electrical

Basically, electronic systems are designed with great

➢National Electric Code, 2011

➢Earth Pit Resistance Value (1.0 ohm or less, Ref: IS 3043

Soil resistivity testing is the process of measuring a volume of soil to

The resulting soil resistivity is expressed in ohm-meter or ohm-centimeter.

Soil resistivity testing is the single most critical factor in electrical

➢ The TN-C and TN-S systems can

➢ The TN-C and TN-S systems can

The Gi/Cu flats will be straightened and stored near