ElECTROMAGNETIC

FIELDS AND WAVES

REVIEW OF VECTOR
ALGEBRA AND CALCULUS
(MODULE 1)

1
 Module Learning Outcomes
• Define Electromagnetics (EM).
• State six applications of Electromagnetics (EM).
• Solve problems involving scalar products.
• Solve problems involving vector products.

2
 TO THE STUDENT
• Electromagnetic theory is generally regarded by
students as one of the most difficult courses in physics
or the electrical engineering curriculum.
• But this conception may be proved wrong if you take
some precautions.

3
 TO THE STUDENT
1. Pay particular attention to vector analysis, the
mathematical tool for this course. Without a clear
understanding of this section, you may have
problems with the rest of the course.
2. Do not attempt to memorize too many formulas.
Memorize only the basic ones, which are usually
highlighted, and try to derive others from these.
4
 TO THE STUDENT
3. Try to understand how formulas are related. There is
nothing like a general formula for solving all
problems.
4. Each formula has limitations owing to the
assumptions made in obtaining it. Be aware of those
assumptions and use the formula accordingly.

5
 TO THE STUDENT
5. Try to identify the key words or terms in a given
definition or law. Knowing the meaning of these key
words is essential for proper application of the
definition or law.
6. Attempt to solve as many problems as you can.
Practice is the best way to gain skill.

6
 TO THE STUDENT
7. The best way to understand the formulas and
assimilate the material is by solving problems.
8. It is recommended that you solve at least the
problems in the Practice Exercise immediately.

7
 TO THE STUDENT
9. following each illustrative example. Sketch a
diagram illustrating the problem before attempting
to solve it mathematically.
10. Sketching the diagram not only makes the problem
easier to solve, but also helps you understand the
problem by simplifying and organizing your
thinking process.
8
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
AND WAVES

• Microwaves
• Radar
• Coaxial, two-line, and planar lines
• Optical fiber
• Smart antenna
• Typical antennas
• Electromagnetic interference and compatibility
• Grounding and filtering
9
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
AND WAVES

• EM devices include transformers, electric relays,

radio/TV, telephones, electric motors, transmission
lines, waveguides, antennas, optical fibers, radars, and
lasers. The design of these devices requires thorough
knowledge of the laws and principles of EM.

10
 DEFINITION OF ELECTROMAGNETICS (EM)
• Electromagnetics (EM) may be regarded as the study of
the interactions between electric charges at rest and in
motion. It entails the analysis, synthesis, physical
interpretation, and application of electric and magnetic
fields.
• Electromagnetics (EM) is a branch of physics or electrical
engineering in which electric and magnetic phenomena are
studied.
11
 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
• The subject of electromagnetic phenomena in this book can be summarized in
Maxwell’s equations:

12
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS

13
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
• Vector analysis is a mathematical tool with which electromagnetic
concepts are most conveniently expressed and best comprehended.

• We must learn its rules and techniques before we can confidently

apply it.

• This module introduces the basic concepts of vector algebra in

Cartesian coordinates only.

14
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
A quantity can be either a scalar or a vector.

A scalar is a quantity that is completely specified by its magnitude.

Quantities such as time, mass, distance, temperature, entropy, electric
potential, and population are scalars.

A vector has not only magnitude, but direction in space. Vector quantities
include velocity, force, momentum, acceleration displacement, and
electric field intensity.
15
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
To distinguish between a scalar and a vector it is customary to
represent a vector by a letter with an arrow on top of it, such as
and
or by a letter in boldface type such as
A and B.
A scalar is represented simply by a letter—

for example, A, B, U, and V.

16
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity everywhere in
a region.
A field may indicate variation of a quantity throughout space and
perhaps with time. If the quantity is scalar (or vector), the field is said
to be a scalar (or vector) field.
Examples of scalar fields are temperature distribution in a building,
sound intensity in a theater, electric potential in a region, and
refractive index of a stratified medium.
The gravitational force on a body in space and the velocity of
raindrops in the atmosphere are examples of vector fields.
17
 UNIT VECTOR
• A unit vector aA along is defined as a vector whose magnitude is
unity (i.e., 1) and its direction is along ; that is

- the magnitude of vector

• Note: is specified in magnitude by A and direction by .

18
 UNIT VECTOR
In Cartesian coordinate
(rectangular), is
represented as:

or

19
 UNIT VECTOR
The magnitude of is represented as:

The unit vector along is given by:

20
 VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
1. Two vectors and can be added together to give
another vector . The addition of the vectors is done
component by component:
For example:
;

Thus
21
 VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
Two vectors and can be subtracted from each together to
give another vector . The subtraction of the vectors is done
component by component:
For example:
;

Thus
22
VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

23
OTHER LAWS OBEYED BY VECTORS

𝒌𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒔
24
 POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS
• The position vector (or radius vector) of point P is defined as the directed
distance from the origin O to P; that is,

• The distance vector is the displacement from one point to another.

For example
Point
Point
The distance vector or separation vector becomes:

25
POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS

26
 UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM VECTORS
• Uniform or constant vectors
A vector field is said to be constant or uniform if it does not depend
on space variables x, y, and z. For example, vector B = 3 + 2 +10 is a
uniform vector.
• Non-Uniform Vectors
A vector field is said to be non-uniform if it varies from point to point.
For example, vector is a non-uniform vector.

27
 EXAMPLES
• Example 1.1, on Page 8, Sadiku, Matthew N. O -
Elements of electromagnetics-Oxford University Press
(2018)
• Practice Exercise 1.1. on Page 9, Matthew N. O -
Elements of electromagnetics-Oxford University Press
(2018)

28
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT AND A VECTOR
Though both P and A may be represented in the same manner as and (),
respectively,

• the point P is not a vector; only its position vector is a vector. Vector A may
depend on point P.

• For example, if A = and P is then A at

P would be

29
 EXAMPLES
• Example 1.2, on Page 9, Sadiku, Matthew N. O -
Elements of electromagnetics-Oxford University Press
(2018).
• Practice Exercise 1.2 Page 10, Sadiku, Matthew N. O -
Elements of electromagnetics-Oxford University Press
(2018).

30
 VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
• When two vectors A and B are multiplied, the result is
either a scalar or a vector depending on how they are
multiplied. Thus there are two types of vector
multiplication:
1. Scalar (or dot) product: A . B
2. Vector (or cross) product: A B

31
 VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
• Multiplication of three vectors A, B, and C can result
in either:
3. Scalar triple product: A .
or
4. Vector triple product: A

32
 DOT PRODUCT
• The dot product of two vectors A and B, written as
A . B, is defined geometrically as the product of the
magnitudes of A and B and the cosine of the smaller
angle between them when they are drawn tail to tail.

- smaller angle between A and B

33
 DOT PRODUCT
• When

Two vectors A and B are said to be orthogonal (or

perpendicular) with each other if A.B = 0.
34
 DOT PRODUCT
Note also:
1. Commutative law:
2. Distributive law:

35
 CROSS PRODUCT
• The cross product of two vectors A and B, written as
AB, is a vector quantity whose magnitude is the area of
the parallelogram formed by A and B and is in the
direction of advance of a right-handed screw as A is
turned into B.

- unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B

36
 CROSS PRODUCT
If

Then,

37
CROSS PRODUCT

38
CROSS PRODUCT

39
 CROSS PRODUCT
The cross product has the following properties:
1. It is not commutative:

2. It is anti-commutative:

3. It is not associative:

4. It is distributive:

5. Scaling:

40
CROSS PRODUCT

41
 SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
Given three vectors A, B and C, the scalar triple product becomes:

If

42
 VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT
The vector triple product of vectors A, B, and C is
defined as:

Note:

But

43
 COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
Given a vector A, the scalar component of A along
vector B is given as:

Note: Scalar component:

But Vector component:

44
 EXAMPLES
• Example 1.4, on Page 17, Sadiku, Matthew N. O -
Elements of electromagnetics-Oxford University Press
(2018).
• Practice Exercise 1.4, on Page 17, Sadiku, Matthew N.
O - Elements of electromagnetics-Oxford University
Press (2018).

45
 EXAMPLES
• Example 1.5, on Page 17, Sadiku, Matthew N. O -
Elements of electromagnetics-Oxford University Press
(2018).
• Practice Exercise 1.5, on Page 20, Sadiku, Matthew N.
O - Elements of electromagnetics-Oxford University
Press (2018).

46