INSTITUTE – UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES

DIVISION – Physics

Electricity and Magnetism

Instructor: Dr. Neha Kondal

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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 BOOK:

Introduction to Electrodynamics, Edition 4th (2012), PHI Learning Private Limited, New
Delhi.
By Griffiths D.J,

Electricity and Magnetism (Berkley, Phys. Course 2), Edition 2nd (1985), Tata McGraw Hill,
Noida.
By Purcell E.M.,

Engineering Electromagnetics, Edition 8th (2011), Tata McGraw Hill, Noida.

By Hayt. H William,

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 BOOK:

• Introduction to Solid State Physics, Seventh Edition

By Charles Kittel

• Solid State Physics

By Ashcroft/Mermin

• Solid state Physics, seventh edition,

By S O Pillai

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 Course structure

UNIT -1 UNIT -2 UNIT -3

Total hours 15 Total hours 15 Total hours 15
Chapters = 2 Chapters = 2 Chapters = 2

Sample Assessment Model

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Sample Assessment Components

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 Basic course information
Credits: Lecture per week: 3
Credits : 3
Total hours: 45 h
Hours/Unit : 15 h
Total Units: 3

UNIT I
Vector Calculus and Electrostatics: (7 Hours)
Gradient, Divergence, curl and their physical significance. Laplacian in rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinates Vector Integration,
Line, and surface and volume integrals of Vector fields, Gauss-divergence theorem and Stoke's theorem of vectors (statement only).
Properties of Electric Charges, Coulomb’s Law, Electric Field, Electric field due to continuous charge distribution, Electric field lines,
Motion of charge particle in uniform electric field.
 
Gauss’s Law and Electric Potential: (8 Hours)
Electric flux, Gauss's theorem of electrostatics. Applications of Gauss theorem- Electric field due to point charge, infinite line of charge,
uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere, plane charged sheet, charged conductor. Electric potential and potential difference,
Electric Potential energy, potential due to a point charge, electric dipole, uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere. .

 
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 UNIT II
Capacitance and Dielectrics: (5 Hours)
Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor. Parallel plate, spherical and cylindrical condenser, series and parallel
combination of capacitors, energy stored in capacitor, capacitor with dielectrics, electric dipole in an electric field, an
atomic description of dielectrics.
Magnetism: (10 Hours)
Magnetic field and forces, Motion of charged particle in a uniform magnetic field, magnetic force acting on a current acting
conductor, torque on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field, Hall Effect. Sources of Magnetic field: Biot-Savart's law &
its applications- straight conductor and circular coil, Magnetic force between two parallel current carrying conductors.
Ampere’s law and its applications, magnetic field of a solenoid, Gauss’s Law in magnetism.

  UNIT III
Electrodynamics: (8 Hours)
Poisson and Laplace’s equation and their solutions in Cartesian and spherical coordinates, Calculation of electric potential
and field due to a point charge placed near an infinitely conducting sheet. Current and current density, equation of
continuity, Microscopic form of Ohm’s Law and conductivity, Failure of ohm’s law, Ballistic Galvanometer and
Applications.
Magnetic Field Induction: (5 Hours)
Behavior of various substances in magnetic field. Definition of M and H and their relation to free and bound currents.
Permeability and susceptibility and their interrelationship. Orbital motion of electrons and diamagnetism.
Electromagnetic Waves: Equation in free space, Boundary conditions.

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A total justice to course electricity and magnetism

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 Chapter 1.
Vector Calculus and Electrostatics

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Scalars 
Scalar quantities are those quantities which require only the magnitude for their complete
specifications. 

Physical quantities which can be completely specified by a number and unit, and therefore have
the magnitude only, are scalars.

MASS
LENGTH
TIME
ENERGY
VOLUME
DENSITY
TEMPERATURE
ELECTRIC CHARGE
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ETC.
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 Vectors

Vector quantities are those quantities which require magnitude as well as direction for
their complete specifications.

Vectors obey the law of geometrical addition.

The law of geometrical addition, i.e. the law of triangular addition and law of
parallelogram

Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, etc.

Vector quantities cannot, in general, be added in algebraically.

Important Note:- Electric current possesses magnitude and direction (through the

conductor), but it is not a vector quantity. Electric current is a scalar quantity.

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Representation of a Vector

The length of the line represents the

magnitude of vector and direction of the
arrow represents the direction of the
vector. 

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 Vector and Scalar Quantities
 Vectors  Scalars:
 Displacement  Distance
 Velocity (magnitude and  Speed (magnitude of
direction!) velocity)
 Acceleration  Temperature
 Force  Mass
 Momentum  Energy
 Time
To describe a vector we need more information than to describe a
scalar! Therefore vectors are more complex!

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Unit Vectors
A unit vector is a vector having a magnitude of unity. Its only purpose is
to describe a direction in space. On x-y co-ordinate system     denote
unit vector in positive x direction and    denotes unit vector in positive y
direction.

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 Ordinary derivative
Suppose we have a function of one variable f(x)
Then what does

It tells us how rapid the function f(x) varies when we change the argument x by tiny amount dx.

Geometrical interpretation
gives the slope of the graph
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 Gradient

Suppose we have a function of three variables

For example: Temperature T
Let us set the frame of reference at corner and for every point (x,y,z) there is a unique
value of temperature T.

Now temperature depends on 3 variables x,y,z

How fast will T vary ?

If we go up temperature will probably increase fairly rapid
But horizontally it might not change.

Fortunately problem is not as bad as it looks. A theorem of partial derivative

says that

………..Eq.1.
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Eq.1 is a reminiscent of dot product

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Geometrical interpretation
Like all other vectors gradient have magnitude and direction.

Gradient of T at points in the direction of maximum increase of function T.

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 The dell operator

Gradient has a formal appearance

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 Ordinary vector A can multiply in three ways:

1. By a scalar a = Aa
2. By a vector B using dot product:
3. By a vector B using cross product:

Correspondingly three ways in which  can be operated

1. By a scalar a =

2. By a vector B using dot product: =

3. By a vector B using cross product: =

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 Divergence
We construct divergence by definition of 

.V =

Divergence of a vector field is scalar itself

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Physical significance

The name chosen is a very valid name i.e. how much

the vector V spreads out or diverges out from point of
question.

The vector in this figure has a large positive divergence.

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Numerical

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CURL
Numerical

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Gradient, divergence and curl are only first derivatives we can make with .

By applying it twice we can construct 5 specie of second derivative.

The gradient T is a vector so we can take divergence and curl of it.

1. . (T) Divergence of gradient
2.   (T) Curl of Gradient
The divergence .V is a scalar quantity so we can only take its gradient
3.  (. V) Gradient of divergence

The curl   T is a vector so we can take divergence and curl of it.

4. . (  T) Divergence of Curl
5.   (  T) Curl of Curl

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Divergence of gradient . (T)

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The divergence of the gradient of a scalar function is called the Laplacian.
In rectangular coordinates:

In cylindrical polar coordinates:

In spherical polar coordinates:

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Vector integration

Line integral
Surface integral
Volume integral

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Line integral

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Surface integral

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Volume integral

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Gauss divergence theorem

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