Wireless Communications

Lecture
Non Linear Equalizers
&
Introduction To
Diversity
 Topics
 : of relevant concepts
Review
 Non Linear Equalizer Structure
 Decision Feedback Equalizer
 Maximum Likelihood Sequence
Estimator
 Measures for Adaptive Equalization
 Introduction to Diversity- Types
 Space Diversity and Combining Schemes
 Switched
 Selection
 Equal Gain Combining

2
 Maximum Ratio
Non-Linear Equalizer
Nonlinear Equalizer
(DFE)
Schematic of DFE
MLSE with Adaptive Matched filter
 Nonlinear Equalization--
MLSEMLSE
tests all possible data sequences (rather than decoding
each received symbol by itself ), and chooses the data sequence
with the maximum probability as the output.

 Usually has a large computational requirement

 MLSE requires knowledge of the channel characteristics in order

to
compute the matrices for making decisions.

MLSE also requires knowledge of the statistical distribution of

the noise corrupting the signal
Performance Measures for Adaptive
Equalization
Performance measures for an algorithm
 Rate of convergence
 Mis-adjustment
 Computational complexity
 Numerical properties
Factors dominate the choice of an equalization structure
and its algorithm
 The cost of computing platform
 The power budget
 The radio propagation characteristics
 Diversit
y that is used to develop
A diversity scheme is a method
information from several signals transmitted over independent
fading paths.

It exploits the random nature of radio propagation by

finding independent (uncorrelated) signal paths for
communication.

Space Diversity
 Selection Diversity
 Scanning Diversity
 Maximum Ratio Combining
 Equal Gain Combining
 Space Diversity

Receive Transmit Both

Space Diversity
Diversit
y
 Switched Combining

 The signal, the best of M signals, is received until it falls

below threshold and the scanning process is again initiated
 Selection Combining

 The antenna signals themselves could be sampled best

and the one
sent to a single demodulation
 Equal-Gain
Combining

The branch weights are all set to unity but the signals from
each are co- phased to provide equal gain combining diversity
 Maximum Ratio Combining

The signals from all of the M branches are weighted according

to their signal voltage to noise power ratios and then summed
Polarization diversity
Polarization diversity
 Theoretical model for polarization diversity [16] (see
Fig.15)
the signal arrive at the base x  r1cos(t 
station 1 )
y  r2 cos(t 
the correlation coefficient can be 2 )
written as
   tan2 ( ) cos2 ( )  

2 2

2tan ( ) cos ( )  
  

 R22
R12
 Frequency Diversity
It is implemented by transmitting information on more
than one Carrier frequency.

So all the carrier frequencies will not experience the same
fading effects.

 Disadvantage:
This requires multistage receiver circuitry
 Time
Diversity
Repeatedly transmitting the same information at time
spacing that exceed the coherence time of the channel.

 The signal will be received with independent fading effects.