Guided By:

Submitted By: Shuchi Jani Enrol.No. MU09MCS019

Co Guided By: Mr. Bhoopendra Sharma Assistant Prof(EIC)

Basic principles, Algorithms for symbol detection

Shuchi jani

Motivations for the development of MIMO systems MIMO System Model Design Criterion for MIMO Systems (Diversity V/s Spatial Multiplexing) Some actual architectures based on these criterion Conclusions

High data rate wireless communications links with transmission rates nearing 1 Gigabit/second

Provide high speed links that still offer good Quality of Service (QoS)

High data rate Quality

Achieve Channel Capacity (C) Minimize Probability of Error (Pe) Minimize complexity/cost of implementation of proposed System Minimize transmission power required (translates into SNR) Minimize Bandwidth (frequency spectrum) Used

Real-life Issues

Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) antenna system

User data stream channel User data stream

Theoretically, the 1Gbps barrier can be achieved using this configuration Extensive research has been done on SISO under power and BW constraints. A combination a smart modulation, coding and multiplexing techniques have yielded good results but far from the 1Gbps barrier

Use multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas for a single user
1
1

User data stream

2 . . . . . MT

channel

. . .

User data stream

. . MR

Now this system promises enormous data rates!

Given a unit of BW (Hz), the max error-free transmission rate is C = log2(1+SNR) bits/s/Hz Define R: data rate (bits/symbol) RS: symbol rate (symbols/second) w: allotted BW (Hz) Spectral Efficiency is defined as the number of bits transmitted per second per Hz R x RS bits/s/Hz W As a result of filtering/signal reconstruction requirements, R S W. Hence Spectral Efficiency = R if RS = W
If transmit data at a rate of R C, can achieve an arbitrarily low P e

Spectral efficiencies of some widely used modulation schemes

Scheme BPSK QPSK

b/s/Hz 1 2

16-QAM
64-QAM

4
6

The Whole point: Given an acceptable Pe , realistic power and BW limits, MIMO Systems using smart modulation schemes provide much higher spectral efficiencies than traditional SISO

s1
User data stream . .

h11 h12 . . Channel Matrix H

y1
y2
. . User data stream

s2

.
. sM

yM y Received vector

s Transmitted vector

y = Hs + n
MT h11 h12 . h1M h21 h22 . h2M .. hM1 .. hM2 .. . .. hMM hij is a Complex Gaussian random variable that models fading gain between the ith transmit and jth receive antenna

Where H = MR

Fading refers to changes in signal amplitude and phase

caused by the channel as it makes its way to the receiver Define Tspread to be the time at which the last reflection arrives and Tsym to be the symbol time period
Time-spread of signal Frequency-selective Frequency-flat

Tspread
time

Tspread
time

Tsym
freq

Tsym
freq

1/Tsym
Occurs for wideband signals (small Tsym) TOUGH TO DEAL IT!

Occurs for narrowband signals (large Tsym)

1/Tsym

EASIER! Fading gain is complex Gaussian

Multipaths NOT resolvable

In addition, assume slow fading MIMO Channel Response

Channel Time-variance Time-spread

Taking into account slow fading, the MIMO channel impulse response is constructed as,

Because of flat fading, it becomes,

a and b are transmit and receive array factor vectors respectively. S is the complex gain that is dependant on direction and delay. g(t) is the transmit and receive pulse shaping impulse response

MIMO Systems can provide two types of gain

Spatial Multiplexing Gain Diversity Gain

Maximize transmission rate (optimistic approach) Use rich scattering/fading to your advantage

Minimize Pe (conservative approach) Go for Reliability / QoS etc Combat fading

System designs are based on trying to achieve either goal or a little of both

This techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full or near orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent fading in the multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity

Each pair of transmit-receive antennas provides a signal path from transmitter to receiver. By sending the SAME information through different paths, multiple independently-faded replicas of the data symbol can be obtained at the receiver end. Hence, more reliable reception is achieved A diversity gain d implies that in the high SNR region,Pe decays at a rate of 1/SNRd as opposed to 1/SNR for a SISO system The maximal diversity gain dmax is the total number of independent signal paths that exist between the transmitter and receiver The higher diversity gain, the lower my Pe

a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial signatures, the receiver can separate these streams into (almost) parallel channels. It is a very powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The maximum number of spatial streams is limited by the lesser in the number of antennas at the transmitter or receiver.

Spatial multiplexing can be used with or without transmit channel knowledge

1
R bits/symbol

2 SpaceTime Coding . . MT

Channel coding Redundancy in time Coding rate = rc

Symbol mapping

rs : number of different symbols N transmitted in T symbol periods rs = N/T

Non-redundant portion of symbols

Space- time redundancy over T symbol periods

Spatial multiplexing gain = rs

Spectral efficiency = (R*rc info bits/symbol)(rs)(Rs symbols/sec) w

= Rrcrs bits/s/Hz assuming Rs = w

rs is the parameter that we are concerned about: 0 rs MT ** If rs = MT, we are in spatial multiplexing mode (max

transmission rate) **If rs 1, we are in diversity mode

This is the only architecture that goes all out for maximum rate.
s1 y1

User data stream

s2

. .

y2

. .
sM

V-BLAST Processing

User data stream

.
yM

MT M R

Split data into MT streams maps to symbols send Assume receiver knows H Uses old technique of ordered successive cancellation to recover signals Sensitive to estimation errors in H rs = MT because in one symbol period, sending MT different symbols

MMSE BER

MIMO Detection techniques

ZF

V-BLAST

SNR Non-linear (ML) Embedded (V-BLAST) Linear (MMSE, ZF) Performance

Low BER High complexity

Low BER Moderate complexity

High BER Low complexity

V-BLAST

Complex computations ZF

MMSE SNR Complexity

Successive Interference cancellation (SIC):

With ordering : Order of detection base on SINR, stream with largest SINR is selected in each iteration [4] (V-BLAST with MMSE/ZF solution) Without ordering : Order of detection is selected randomly

MMSE V-BLAST:
Combined MMSE and iterative SIC Transmit signal from each antenna is detected at each iteration Interference due to the detected signal is cancelled form

the received signal

Repeat the iteration until all the signals are transmitted

Uncoded system: Number of transmit antennas = 4 Number of receive antennas = 4 Modulation = QPSK Number of subcarriers = 64 Cyclic prefix length = 16 samples MIMO channel TGn channel model D Max Delay spread of channel D = 390ns Spatial distance between antennas = 0.5 For adaptive scheme thres = 1.75 and 2

SER plot for 4 QAM modulated symbols under AWGN channel condition with ZF,MMSE,V-BLAST/ZF and V-BLAST/MMSE as symbol detection methods Nt = 4 and Nr = 4

SER plot for 16 QAM modulated symbols under AWGN channel condition with ZF, MMSE, V-BLAST/ZF and V-BLAST/MMSE as symbol detection methods Nt = 6 and Nr = 12

SER plot for 64 QAM modulated symbols under AWGN channel condition with ZF, MMSE,V-BLAST/ZF and V-BLAST/MMSE as symbol detection methods Nt = 6 and Nr = 12

V-BLAST is a very effective technique for symbol detection which reduces computational complexity manifold. V-BLAST techniques works even well in correlated channel condition. To achieve high data rate diversity is exploited in which several replicas of the signal are made available to the receiver in the hope that at least some of them are not attenuated severely. As available bandwidth is finite, the space diversity is promising, since it does not involve any loss of bandwidth. V-BLAST is an example of space diversity scheme. Space time block code and space time trellis code combines both space and time diversity which provides better performance. In the algorithm implemented assumption was made that all the antenna transmit equal energy but practically depending upon the distance between antennas the transmitted power varies from antenna to antenna. Waterfilling algorithm is used to estimate the capacity of each path. So, future work can be done by extending these algorithm to system with uneven symbol power under more practical correlated channel condition. Even assumption was made that the CSI is known at the receiver. So, future work involve blind channel estimation of the channel coefficient and assuming that there are error in channel estimation and then detecting the symbol at receiver when the nature of channel is correlated. The various whitening methods available can used for whitening the channel coefficients.

[1] J. Winters,On the capacity of radio communications systems with diversity, IEEE Journals on Selected Areas of Communication, pp. 871878, June 1987 [2] G. J. Foschini and M. Gans,On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,Wireless Personal Communications, pp. 311335, March 1998. [4] E.Telatar,Capacity of multi-antenna gaussian channels,European Transactios on Telecommunication,pp. 585-596,November 1999. [5] Andreas Darmawan,Cooperative Spatial Multiplexing System,MSc. Thesis,Iowa State University,2004 [6] Gerard J. Foschini and Michael J. Gans,On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,Wireless Personal Communication,6,pp.311_ 335,March 1996 [7] Gerard J. Foschini,Layerd space-time architecture for wireless communications in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas,Bell Labs Technical Journal,Autumn 1996 [8] P. W. Wolniansky, G. J. Foschini, G. D. Golden, and R. A. Valenzuela,VBLAST : An architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich- scattering wireless channel,URSI International Symposium on Signals,Systems and Electronics,pp.295_300,1998