TN 424: MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION

FROM MARCH -JUNE 2017

BY
KILAVO HASSAN
Email: sirkilavo@gmail.com
Mob: 0714247935
Room BG 7
 MULTICARRIER MODULATION
 Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) is the principle of
transmitting data by dividing the stream into several bit
streams, each of which has a much lower bit rate, and
by using these sub-streams to modulate several carriers.

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MULTICARRIER MODULATION

Multicarrier modulation with Nc=4 sub-channels

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MULTICARRIER MODULATION (MCM)
 The first systems using MCM were military HF radio
links in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
 A special form of MCM, Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM), with densely spaced
subcarriers with overlapping spectra of the modulating
signal, was patented in the U.S. in 1970.

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MULTICARRIER MODULATION (MCM)
 OFDM abandoned the use of steep bandpass filters that
completely separated the spectrum of individual
subcarriers, as it was common practice in older
Frequency Division Multiplexing systems

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 MULTICARRIER MODULATION
 In multicarrier (MC) modulation, a transmitted bit-
stream is divided into many different sub-streams,
which are sent in parallel over many sub-channels.
 Technique in which multiple frequencies are used to
transmit data.
 Divide broadband channel into narrowband sub
channels.
 The parallel sub-channels are typically orthogonal
under ideal propagation conditions. 6
 MULTICARRIER MODULATION
 The data rate on each of the subcarriers is much lower
than the total data rate.
 The bandwidth of sub-channels is usually much less
than the coherence bandwidth of the wireless channel,
so that the sub-channels experience flat fading.
 Thus, the ISI on each sub-channel is small;

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 MULTICARRIER MODULATION
 MC modulation can be efficiently implemented digitally
using the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) techniques,
yielding the so-called orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM).
 The basic principle of MCM is to split a high-rate data
stream into a number of lower-rate streams that are
transmitted simultaneously over a number of
subcarriers.

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 MULTICARRIER MODULATION-
APPLICATION
 Digital audio and video broadcasting.
 Wireless local area networks (WLAN) - IEEE802.11a, g,
n, ac, ad, etc.
 Fixed wireless broadband services.
 Mobile wireless broadband communications.
 Multiband OFDM for ultra-wideband (UWB)
communications.

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 MULTICARRIER MODULATION-
APPLICATION
 Main modulation scheme in the 4th generation cellular
mobile communications systems (uplink SC-FDMA,
downlink OFDMA).
 A candidate for many future generations (802.11ax, 5th
generation cellular) of wireless communications
systems.

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 MULTICARRIER MODULATION-
PRINCIPLE
 Consider a linearly modulated system with data rate R
and bandwidth B.
 The coherence bandwidth of the channel is assumed to
be Bc < B, so
 Signals transmitted over this channel experience
frequency-selective fading.

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 MULTICARRIER MODULATION-
PRINCIPLE
When employing the MC modulations:
 The bandwidth B is broken into N subbands, each of
which has a bandwidth BN = B/N for conveying a data
rate RN = R/N.
 Usually, it is designed to make BN << Bc, so that the
subchannels experience (frequency non-selective) flat
fading.
 Ensure flat fading on each subchannel, we take
BN = B/N = 0.1 * Bc << Bc. 12
 MULTICARRIER MODULATION-
PRINCIPLE

 In the time-domain, the symbol duration TN 1/BN of

the modulated signals is much larger than the delay-
spread Tm 1/Bc of the channel, which hence yields
small ISI.

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 EXAMPLES

1. Consider a MC system with a total passband

bandwidth of 1MHz. Suppose the channel delay-
spread is Tm = 20micro seconds. How many
subchannels are needed to obtain approximately flat
fading in each subchannels?

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 EXAMPLES

2. Consider a high-speed data signal with bandwidth 0.5

MHz and a data rate of 0.5Mbps. The signal is
transmitted over a wireless channel with a delay
spread of 10μs. If multicarrier modulation with non-
overlapping subchannels is used to mitigate the effects
of ISI, approximately how many subcarriers are
needed? What is the data rate and on each subcarrier?
(We do not need to eliminate the ISI completely, so BN
= Bc is enough for ISI mitigation)
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 EXAMPLES

3. Consider a multicarrier FDM system (without and

with overlapping) operating in a channel with
coherence bandwidth Bc = 10 kHz. Find a subchannel
symbol time TN = 1/BN = 10Tm, assuming channel
delay spread Tm = 1/Bc. This should insure flat fading
on the subchannels.

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Multicarrier Modulations - Transmitted
Signals

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Multicarrier Modulations - Transmitted
Signals

Illustration of multicarrier modulated signals. 18

Multicarrier Modulations - Receiver

Receiver schematic diagram in general multicarrier modulations. 19

Multicarrier Modulations - Overlapping

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 OVELAPPING MC

 The total system bandwidth required is:

B =(N + 1)/TN N/TN……………(3)

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 OVELAPPING MC-DETECTION

 Without considering fading and noise, the received MC

signal can be expressed as;

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 OVELAPPING MC-DETECTION

 Assuming that the detector knows (Φi), then, Sj can be

detected as;

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Fading Mitigation Techniques in MC
Modulation

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