NAGENDRA KUMAR (124102042) Date: 26/07/13 Submitted To: Prof. Dr. K. R.

Singh

Distributed Space-time block codes

Introduction: In recent years, wireless network and devices have seen rapid improvement in terms of throughput, robustness and coverage. Challenges in Wireless Communications Fading and Time variations Interference High data rate requirements (but limited bandwidth) Complexity limitations of a wireless system. Time diversity and frequency diversity techniques require additional time resource and frequency resources, respectively. However, space diversity techniques do not require any additional time or frequency resources. Receiver may not require channel state information (CSI) using the space-time block code (STBC). Two main forwarding mechanisms that can be used with distributed STBC. Amplify and forward (AF), in which the received signal is amplified by the relay and retransmitted to destination. The advantage of this protocol is its simplicity and low cost implementation Decode and forward (DF), in which relay attempts to decode the received signal. If successful it re-encodes the information and retransmits it. The advantage of this protocol is, it able to retransmit the signal to the destination with high SNR Multiple Antenna Systems: Use of Multiple antenna Systems :- Beamforming, Diversity combining, Space time coding. Space time coding: Information is encoded by a space-time code and transmitted simultaneously over the transmit antennas. Different signals are transmitted from each antennas.

Advantage of MIMO: Increase in capacity, no additional bandwidth requirement. Challenges in MIMO:

Complexity: cost, size, etc. Channel estimation: training overhead, degraded performance. Correlation: reduced capacity, degraded performance. Cooperative communication: Motivation: Correlation among adjacent antennas, Complexity. Solution: Deploy single antennas transmitters/receivers, Deploy relay(s) between transmitters and receivers.

Combining Techniques: Equal gain combining (EGC): All the received signal summed coherently. Maximal-ratio combining (MGC): The received signal weighted with respect to the SNR and then summed. Switched combining: The receiver switched to another signal when the currently selected signal drops below a predefine threshold. Selection combining (SC): Of the all received signals, the strongest signal is selected.

Alamouti Space-time Code : Alamouti belongs to a special class of codes termed as Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (OSTBC), specialized for the case of two transmits antennas. It achieves diversity order of 2 without CSI at the transmitter. In an alamouti encoder, two consecutive symbols and are encode with the following space-times code word matrix. X=[ ]

Alamouti encoded signal is transmitted from the two transmit antennas over two symbol periods. During the 1st symbol period, two symbol simultaneously transmitted nd from the two transmit antennas and during the 2 symbol period is transmitted from the first antenna and transmitted from the second antenna. Since, it transmits a net of 2 symbols in 2 time instants i.e. it effectively transmits 1 symbol/ (time instant). So, it is termed as rate R = 1 code i.e. Full rate code. Receiver get following signal (after little modification): [ ] [ ][ ] [ ] , where h is channel gain and z is noise.

By using ML receiver we can recover this received signal.

Ex of another OSTBC 1*3 MIMO system

X= [

Observe 4 symbols over 8 time instants. So net rate = 4/8 = . So, here rate R = code. It has 3 * 4 STBC code.

Decode-and-forward distributed STBC: