CPE 331– Week 1

Course Administration and Review of

Vector Algebra
Dr. Nasir Faruk
Dept. of Telecommunication Sci.
University of Ilorin

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 Lecture schedule
• Lecture days Tuesdays Except for any
necessity

11:00 – 12:50 Tutorial + Lecture

12:50 – 01:00 Short Break

01:00 – 02:00 Lecture

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 Course title, code and pre-
requisite
• Course Title: Electromagnetic Field and
Waves
• Credit Unit: 3
• Pre-requisite
TCS 204 (Electromagnetic Field and Waves)
PHY 152 (Electricity and Magnetism)

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 COURSE TUTOR
Dr. Nasir Faruk
Room No 16: Ground Floor
Dept of Telecommunication Sci.
Faculty of CIS, University of Ilorin,
Ilorin, Nigeria.
Email: faruk.n@unilorin.edu.ng
Mobile: +2348054549807

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Course content/Lecture Schedule
Lect. No. Date Topic
1 Week 1 Course Administration and Review of Vector Algebra
2 Week 2 Vector Calculus
3 Week 3 Divergence and Divergence theorem
4 Week 4 Electrostatics: Coulomb forces and Electric field intensity
5 Week 5 (Test 1) Electrostatic field: Work, Energy and Potential
6 Week 6 Electrostatic Field: Current density and Conductors
7 Week 7 Magneto static: Ampere’s Law and Magnetic Field
8 Week 8 Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary Conditions
9 Week 9 Wave Propagation : Waves in Vacuum, non conductive and conductive
10 Week 10 (Test 2) Reflection and Refraction of Plane waves
11 Week 11 Introduction to Wave guides
12 Week 12 MATLAB Simulation of Electromagnetic Materials
13 Week 13 General Course Revision

PROBLEM SETS
P.S Topic Date Duration
No. Assigned
1 Vector Calculus Week 2 1 Week
2 Divergence and Divergence theorem Week 3 1 week
2 Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary Conditions Week 8 1 Week
4 Wave Propagation : Waves in Vacuum, non conductive and conductive Week 9 1 week
5 Reflection and Refraction of Plane waves Week 10 1 week

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 Course Objectives

• The objectives of the course are as

follows:
– to apply the principles of Coulombs Law and the Superposition Principle to electric
fields in the Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems.
– to determine the electric field intensity resulting from various configurations of
charge distributions.
– to determine the electric potential and its relation to electric field intensity
– to have an in depth understanding of electric fields in dielectric and semiconducting
materials.
– to have an in depth study of electrostatic boundary-value problems by application of
Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations.
– To understand time-varying EM field as governed by Maxwell’s equations.
– An in depth understanding of plane wave reflection and transmission at the
boundaries.
– Basic understanding of wave guides and transmission lines

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 Course Grading
• Homework / Project:10%
• Continuous Assessment Tests: 20%
• Final Examination: 70%
• Sick?
– apply for make-up exam

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 GENERAL READING LIST
• Electromagnetic Field and Waves , 2nd ed, 1970,
Freeman, Lorrain and Corson
• Electromagnetic Field and Waves, National Broadcasting
Comission, 2000, Ikata Eghuanoye
• Theory and Problems of Electromagnetics, 2nd Ed, 2003,
The McGraw-Hill, Joseph A. Edminister
• Schaum's Theory and Problems of Vector Analysis
(Outline Series and an introduction to Tensor Analysis)
Paperback – 1959 by Murray R Spiegel

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 Today’s lecture
• Introduction of EM waves
• Review of Vector Algebra

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Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
• Electromagnetics is the study of the effect
of charges at rest and charges in motion.
• Some special cases of electromagnetics:
– Electrostatics: charges at rest
– Magnetostatics: charges in steady motion
(DC)
– Electromagnetic waves: waves excited by
charges in time-varying motion

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Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
(cont...)

•transmitter and receiver are connected by a “field.”

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 Introduction to Electromagnetic
Fields (cont...)
• When an event in one place has an effect
on something at a different location, we
talk about the events as being connected
by a “field”.
• A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity;
in general, it can be either scalar or vector
in nature.

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Introduction to Electromagnetic
Fields (cont...)
• Electric and magnetic fields:
– Are vector fields with three spatial
components.
– Vary as a function of position in 3D space as
well as time.
– Are governed by partial differential equations
derived from Maxwell’s equations (see later).

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Introduction to Electromagnetic
Fields (cont...)
• A scalar is a quantity having only an
amplitude (and possibly phase).
Examples: voltage, current, charge, energy, temperature

• A vector is a quantity having direction in

addition to amplitude (and possibly
phase).
Examples: velocity, acceleration, force

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Introduction to Electromagnetic
Fields (cont...)
• Fundamental vector field quantities in
electromagnetics:
– Electric field intensity E 
units = volts per meter (V/m = kg m/A/s3)

– Electric flux density (electric displacement) D 

units = coulombs per square meter (C/m2 = A s /m2)

– Magnetic field intensity H 

units = amps per meter (A/m)

– Magnetic flux density B 

units = teslas = webers per square meter (T =
Wb/ m2 = kg/A/s3) 15
 Introduction to Electromagnetic
Fields (cont...)
• Universal constants in electromagnetics:

– Velocity of an electromagnetic wave (e.g., light)

in free space (perfect vacuum)
c  3 108 m/s
– Permeability of free space  0  4 10 7 H/m

– Permittivity of free space:  0  8.854  10 12 F/m

– Intrinsic impedance of free space: 0  120 

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 Introduction to Electromagnetic
Fields (cont...)
• Relationships involving the universal
constants:
1 0
c 0 
0 0 0

In free space:
B  0 H

D  0 E
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Electromagnetic Fields in Materials

•  = permittivity = r0 (F/m)

•  = permeability = r0 (H/m)
• s = electric conductivity = r0 (S/m)
• sm = magnetic conductivity = r0 (/m)

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 Vectors
• A vector can be specified
by its components along
any three mutually
perpendicular axes.
• In the Cartesian
coordinate system of Fig.
1, for example, the
components of the vector Fig.1, a vector A and the three vectors Axi, Ayj, Azk,
which, when placed end-to-end, are equivalent to A.
A are Ax, Ay, Az.

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 Vectors and Scalar
• Mathematically, a field is a function that
describes a physical quantity at all points in
space.
• In scalar fields, this quantity is specified by a
single number for each point. E.g. Pressure,
temperature, and electric potential. These can
vary from one point to another in space.
• For vector fields, both a number and a direction
are required. E.g. Wind, velocity, gravitational
force, and electric field intensity
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• The vector A can be uniquely expressed in
terms of its components through the use of
unit vectors i, j , k, which are defined as
vectors of unit magnitude in the positive x,
y, z directions, respectively:

A = A x i + A y + A zk

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 Vector Algebra
• The vector A is the sum of three vectors of magnitude
Ax, Ay, Az, parallel to the x-, y~, z-axes, respectively.
The magnitude of A is
A = (A2X + A2y + A2z)1/2 (2)
The sum of two vectors is obtained by adding their
components:
A + B = (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j + (Az + Bz)k (3)

Subtraction is simply addition with one of the vectors

changed in sign:
A - B = A + ( - B ) = (Ax - Bx)i + (Ay– By)j + (Az - Bz)k (4)
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 Law of Vector Algebra
If A, B and C are vectors and m and n are scalars, then,

1. A+B= B+A Commutative law of addition

2. A+(B+C)= (A+B)+C Associative law

3. mA=Am Commutative law of multiplication

4. m(nA)=(mn)A Associative law of multiplication

5. (m+n)A=mA+nA Distributive law

6. m(A+B)=mA+mB Distributive law

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 Dot and Cross Products
• The dot product between two vectors is defined as:

A  B  A B Cos
 A1 B1  A2 B2  A3 B3

• The cross product between two vectors is defined as:

A  B  A B Sin an
• Where is the smallest angle between A and B
•  an is a unit vector normal to the plan determine by A and B

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 Cross Product

A  B  B  A
i j k
A  B  A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
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Examples

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 Home Work

(1) Given that U= -i+2J-2K find

(a) the magnitude of u
(b) the unit vector in the direction of u
(c) the direction cosines of u
(d) the angle between u and v=3i+4j-12k
(e) the angle between 3u-v and u+v

(2) Given r1  2i  j  k , r2  i  3 j  2k , r3  2i  j  3k , r4  3i  2 j  5k

find Scalars a, b, c such that r4= ar1+ br2 + cr3

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