Bangladesh University of Professionals

Department of Information & Communication Technology

ICT 4107: Microwave Engineering (3.0 Cr)

Course Teacher

Dr. Mohammad Junaebur Rashid (JR)

Associate Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
University of Dhaka

1
 Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

 Maxwell’s Equation
The Maxwell–Ampère equation

• Treating all charges (disregarding whether they are bound or free charges), the
generalized Ampère's equation, also called the Maxwell–Ampère equation, is in
differential form

• In both forms J includes magnetization current density as well as conduction and

polarization current densities. That is, the current density on the right side of the Ampère–
Maxwell equation is:

where current density JD is the displacement current, and J is the current density
contribution actually due to movement of charges, both free and bound

2
 Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Maxwell’s Equations: Applications

• Prediction of Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell mathematically manipulated his equations (uncoupling the partial differential
equations, applying the curl etc.) and derived a wave equation.
• Speed of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

Maxwell deduced the speed of these electromagnetic

waves theoretically to 3×108 m/sec.

He observed that the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves was very close to the
speed of light. He wrote (1865): “This velocity is so nearly that of light, that it seems we
have strong reason to conclude that light itself (including radiant heat, and other radiations
if any) is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the
electromagnetic field according to electromagnetic laws.”

3
http://202.141.40.218/wiki/index.php/Applications_of_Maxwell's_equations
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Maxwell’s Equations: Applications

This statement caused controversy in the beginning. In 1886 Heinrich Hertz, was able to
generate and detect electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. The theoretical speed of
these electromagnetic waves equaled the experimental values of the speed of light.

Maxwell thereby demonstrated that light was a type of electromagnetic wave. He published
a theory that accounted for the physical origins of light. Thus he unified the fields of
electromagnetism and optics, which were unrelated separate branches until then.

• Theory of Relativity
Maxwell's equations have a close relation to special relativity. Albert Einstein himself said:
"The special theory of relativity owes its origins to Maxwell's equations of the
electromagnetic field." The simplicity, symmetry and beauty of Maxwell’s equations
motivated Einstein to develop the revolutionary theory of relativity.
4
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Maxwell’s Equations: Applications

• Tools of Modern Technology
Modern technology in the today’s world has its origins in the basic principles as stated in
Maxwell’s equations. Their applications like electromagnetic waves have given rise to
tremendous developments in the fields of communications, computation, entertainment etc.
• To describe many theories: Poynting theorem, Lorentz potential,
• To describe transmission line, waveguide, strip line, antenna, etc.
• Magnetic train, Biomedical instruments (MRI, Imaging, etc.), Magnetic tape
• Any devices that use electricity or magnets.

• It is the base of electromagnetic theory…….

• Assignment on Maxwell’s equation.

5
 Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

• The electric and magnetic wave equations can be basically derived from Maxwell's
equations, which in time domain are expressed as

6
 Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

• The units of these field variables are

• The electric current density includes two components-that is,

where Jc = σE is called the conduction current density and

Jo = the impressed current density, which is independent of the field

7
 Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

• In addition to Maxwell's four equations, the characteristics of the medium in which the
fields exist are needed to specify the flux in terms of the fields in a specific medium. These
constitutive relationships are

8
 Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

• If a sinusoidal time function in the form of ejωt is assumed, ∂/∂t can be replaced by jω.
Then Maxwell's equations in frequency domain are given by   = ejωt jω

9
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

[Note: We assumed that there are no free charges in the region of interest; therefore, fields
are studied outside the “source region”] 10
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

11
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

12
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

13
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

14
 Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

The Helmholtz Equation

[Notes:
• Medium is homogeneous: ε and μ constant
• Medium is linear: ε and μ will not change with the field
• Medium is isotropic: ε and μ do not depend on the direction of the field
• For no conduction current (medium is source free): J = 0 and ρ = 0]
15
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations

16
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

Importance of Wave Equations

• Solution of (2.1.25) in general case may be quite complicated… Therefore, we
assume that the wave is propagating in free space with no currents and only y
component of the electric field exists: i.e. the wave is linearly polarized in the y-
direction.
E y 2Ey
 E y  
2
 
t t 2

where c  1 /  0 0

2Ey
σ = 0 when no current:  E y  
2
0
t 2

One-dimensional Wave equation

17
Lecture 03 ICT 4107: ME

References

Books:
• Microwave Devices and Circuits (3rd edition) by Samuel Y. Liao
• Microwave Engineering (3rd edition) by David_M._Pozar

18