Bangladesh University of Professionals: Department of Information & Communication Technology

Bangladesh University of Professionals
Department of Information & Communication Technology
ICT 4107: Microwave Engineering (3.0 Cr)
Course Teacher
Dr. Mohammad Junaebur Rashid (JR)

Associate Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
University of Dhaka
1
Lecture 04 ICT 4107: ME
Importance of Wave Equations

One-dimensional Wave equation
• These waves are transversal
•  is perpendicular to the direction of propagation
• We can evaluate the velocity of wave

propagation (the speed at which wave crest
is traveling) and the trajectory of wave
propagation.
• The velocity of propagation depends on
the surface tension and mass density of
water.
2

• A string is stretched
between two points. A
small perturbation is
launched at one end of it
and it propagates to the
other end. We neglect any
reflections.
• The velocity of
propagation depends on
the tension on the string
and its mass density.
• These waves are transversal:  is perpendicular to the direction of propagation
3
• A spring is stretched
between two walls. If one of
the walls is suddenly moved,
a perturbation in the spring
compression propagates to the
other end of the spring.
• We can find the trajectory of

the propagation and the
velocity of propagation.
• The velocity of propagation depends on the elasticity and the mass density of the spring.
The wave in this experiment is longitudinal :  is in the direction of propagation (parallel
to it). Longitudinal EM waves do not exist!
4

• Analytical solution of a 1D equation – traveling waves.
Recall that in 1D the wave equation is:
x x
Ex
z z
y y Ey 5
Poynting Theorem
• At what rate will electromagnetic energy be transmitted through free space or any
medium, be stored in the electric and magnetic fields, and be dissipated as heat?
• From the standpoint of complex power in terms of the complex field vectors, the time
average of any two complex vectors is equal to the real part of the product of one complex
vector multiplied by the complex conjugate of the other vector.
• Hence the time average of the instantaneous Poynting vector in steady state is given by
where the notation < > stands for the average and the factor of 1/2 appears in the equation
for complex power when peak values are used for the complex quantities E and H. Re
represents the real part of the complex power, and the asterisk indicates the complex
conjugate.
6
Poynting Theorem
∂/∂t = jω 7
Poynting Theorem
8
Poynting Theorem
Rewriting Equation (2-2-9)
1 1 1 1
 E.J 0*  E.E *  j 2 ( H .H *  E.E * )  .P
2 2 4 4
Equation (2-2-10) is well known as the complex Poynting theorem or the Poynting
theorem in frequency domain.
9
Poynting Theorem
This theorem states that the total complex power fed into a volume is equal to the algebraic
sum of the active power dissipated as heat, plus the reactive power proportional to the
difference between time-average magnetic and electric energies stored in the volume, plus
the complex power transmitted across the surface enclosed by the volume. 10
Uniform Plane Wave

• A uniform plane wave is a wave whose magnitude and phase are both constant.
• Electromagnetic waves in free space are typical uniform plane waves.

• The electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of propagation of the waves. The phases of the two fields are always in time
phase and their magnitudes are always constant.
• The stored energies are equally divided between the two fields, and the energy flow is
transmitted by the two fields in the direction of propagation. Thus a uniform plane wave is
a transverse electromagnetic wave or a TEM wave.
• A nonuniform plane wave is a wave whose
amplitude (not phase) may vary within a plane
normal to the direction of propagation.
Consequently, the electric and magnetic fields
are no longer in time phase.
11
Uniform Plane Wave
12
Uniform Plane Wave
Electric and Magnetic wave

equations in the time domain
Assuming σ = 0, the wave equations (2-1-25) and (2-1-26) in time domain for the electric
and magnetic intensities in free space for rectangular coordinates reduce to
13
Uniform Plane Wave
14
Uniform Plane Wave
15
References
Books:
• Microwave Devices and Circuits (3rd edition) by Samuel Y. Liao
• Microwave Engineering (3rd edition) by David_M._Pozar
16

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Bangladesh University of Professionals

Department of Information & Communication Technology

ICT 4107: Microwave Engineering (3.0 Cr)

Dr. Mohammad Junaebur Rashid (JR)

Importance of Wave Equations

• We can evaluate the velocity of wave

Importance of Wave Equations

Importance of Wave Equations

• We can find the trajectory of

Importance of Wave Equations

Recall that in 1D the wave equation is:

Uniform Plane Wave

• Electromagnetic waves in free space are typical uniform plane waves.

Uniform Plane Wave

Uniform Plane Wave

Electric and Magnetic wave

Uniform Plane Wave

Uniform Plane Wave

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