Electromag

Course Outline Text Book:

Hayt, William, Engineering
Electromagnetics
Midterms: ----- Chapter 1 & 2
Chapter 1.
• Introduction---- Electricity & Magnetism
• Atomic structure
• Electrical Classifications
• Magnetism
• Magnetic flux density
• Magnetic force
• Magnetic units
• Magnetomotive force
• Field intensity/Permeability & Reluctivity
Course Outline
Chapter 2:
• Coulombs Law
• Force B/N two Charges
• Electric Field Intensity
• Volume Charge Distribution
Finals : ------- Chapter 3 & 4
Chapter 3
• Electric Flux / Electric flux Density
• Gauss Law
• Differential Surface Area
Course Outline
Chapter 4
• Work , Force & Displacement
• Potential Difference
• Potential Difference Given a Reference point
• Dipole / Dipole Moment
• Potential in terms of dipole moment
• Electric Field intensity in terms of the dipole moment

Nothing follows
Components
• Electricity - Phenomenon associated with the
presence and motion of electrons and other charged
particles
• Electric current – the directional motion of electrons.
• Electrostatics – deals with slow moving charges.
• Electromagnetism – magnetism due to electric
current
Experiment on electrostatics
1. Blow up and tie off the balloon

2) Turn on the Faucet so that you have a thin, unbroken stream of water
3) Rub the balloon quickly on your hair back and forth a number of times.
Notice what happens as you lift the balloon away from your head (make
sure your hair is very dry and clean).
4) Hold the balloon close (1-2cm) beside the stream of water. Make sure the
balloon doesn’t touch the water.

You'll see the water bend towards the balloon and be careful that it still
doesn't touch the balloon as this can stop the effect.
Atomic structure

Nucleus
Elementary Particles
• Electrons – are negatively charged particles
• Protons – are positively charged particles
• Neutrons – are electrically neutral (no charge)
Elementary particles
• Particle charge(coulomb) mass(Kilograms)

Electron - - 1.602 x 10-19 9.109 x 10-3 1

Proton - + 1.602 x 10-19 1.673 x 10-27

Neutron - none 1.673 x 10-27

Structure of matter
• Matter – anything in the universe that has mass and occupies space,
and is convertible to energy.
• Atom – a substance consisting of basic particles electrons, protons,
and neutrons. As atoms combine they form either an element or
compound.
• Element – substance consisting of atoms of only one kind. This is
considered as the elementary (irreducible) chemical identity of
materials.
• Compound – a combination of two or more different
atoms or elements. Most of the insulators are
compound.
• Molecule – the smallest part of a compound or
material that retains all the properties of a
compound.
• Atomic number – represents the number of protons
in the nucleus of an atom, which is in a neutral atom
equals the number of electrons outside the nucleus.
This number determines the place of elements in the
periodic table of elements.
• Atomic mass – mass of the atom, which represents
the sum of protons and neutrons. Electrons has a
relatively very small mass and therefore neglected.
Bohr Atomic Model
In this model,
- electrons travel in defined circular orbits around the nucleus.
- The orbits are labelled by an integer, the quantum number n.
- electrons can jump from one orbit to another by emitting or by
absorbing energy.
TERMS
• Valence shell – is the outer most shell or the last shell this shell or
orbit is filled with,

• Valence electron(s) – electron(s) that is occupying the valence shell or

the last shell.

• Free electrons – are originally valence electrons. As they gain enough

energy they escape from the valence shell and become free.
Electrical classifications of materials

The number of valence electrons is a common

indication that tells as the electrical characteristics of
material.

Conductor – material with less than 4 valence

electrons. Conductors allow electrical current to flow
easily because they have more free electrons
• Insulator – material with more than four valence electrons. Insulators
will not allow electrical current to flow easily because they have very
few or even no free electrons.
• Semiconductors – with exactly four valence electrons.
Semiconductors have electrical characteristics in between conductors
and insulators.
 Atomic number
Given the atomic number of an element, we can determine the number
of electrons in a given orbit

likewise we can also compute the number of valence electrons in the

last shell or obit as a result, we can determine if the element is an
insulator, semi conductor or conductor of electricity.
Example
1.For an element of copper: has an atomic number of 29 – which
means there are 29 protons in the nucleus.
Ne = 2(n)2
Ne - indicates the number of electrons
Sol’n
1.For an element of copper: has an atomic number of 29 – which means there
are 29 protons in the nucleus.
Ne = 2(n)2
Ne - indicates the number of electrons
1st shell , n = 1; then Ne = 2(1)² = 2 electrons
2nd shell, n = 2; then Ne = 2(2)² = 8 electrons
3rd shell, n = 3; then Ne = 2(3)² = 18 electrons
4th shell, n = 4; but 1, 2, 3 has already 28 plus one at the last shell. ---- therefore
this is a conductor of electricity
since the valence electron is less than 4
2. For an element of mercury (Hg): has an atomic number of 80 – which
means there are 80 protons in the nucleus.
Ne = 2(n)2
2. For an element of mercury (Hg): has an atomic number of 80 – which
means there are 80 protons in the nucleus.
1st shell , n = 1; then Ne = 2(1)² = 2 electrons
2nd shell, n = 2; then Ne = 2(2)² = 8 electrons
3rd shell, n = 3; then Ne = 2(3)² = 18electrons
4th shell, n = 4; then Ne = 2(4)² = 32 electrons
5th shell, n = 3; then Ne =2(3)² = 18 electrons
total = 78 electrons
6th shell, = 80 – 78 = 2 electrons ----conductor
Exercises
3. bismuth(Bi) having an atomic number of 83
4. Zinc (Zi)=30
5. Magnesium (Mg) = 12
Magnetism
Generally, magnetism is the property of a device or material to attract
bodies of iron and other magnetic materials or magnets.
Electromagnetism – magnetism due to electric charges that are
moving, such as the flow of electric current.
Electromagnetic induction – the production of electric current,
potential or voltage due to magnetism.
Electromagnetism
Fig. a
Electromagnetism induction
Fig. b
 Magnetic field
Due to a moving electric charge
Magnetic field is present whenever a charge (Q) moves, such as a point
charge or an electric current. Comparing it from electric field E,
electric field is present whenever there is a charged body moving or
not .(Vector quantity)
1. Magnetic flux density
B = Ф/A

B – flux density
Ф – flux through an area
A – area

CGS --- B = line per square cm or Mx/cm2 or Gauss

SI - (MKS)---B = Weber per Square meter or Tesla
English ---B = Maxwell/ Square foot.
Examples
1. With a flux of 10,000 Mx through a perpendicular area of 5 sq. cm
what is the flux density in Gauss?
2. With the flux of 400 uWb. Through an area of 0.005 sq. meter,
what is the flux density in Tesla units?
 2. Magnetic flux density
B = µ |Q|V sinѲ (T) Tesla
o

4Π r2
Where:
µ - is the permeability of free space ; 4Π x 10-7
o

T.m / A, where A = C/sec

V – is the velocity of the charge Q in m/s.
Ѳ – is the angle between the direction of V with respect to the magnetic field.
Q - charge in coulombs
r – radius of the area where the flux is computed in meters
A - amperes
Units :

β= (T . m . s) C m
c (m)2 s

C
A= s
Example:

• Given:
Θ = 45 deg.
Q = 10 Coulomb

Calculate B when ;
a) V = 2.43 x 108 m/sec, @ r = 24.6 cm
b) V = 12.34 x 108, m/sec , @ r =50 cm
c) V = 4.53 x 108 m/sec, @ r = 75 cm
Ans Key
A, B = 2,838.935 T
B, B = 3,489.752 T
C, B = 569.371 T
Magnetic Force (F)
Due to an electric charge.
- The presence of magnetic field B will cause a magnetic force F on
other moving charge Q. This a Vector quantity.
The direction of the force is always perpendicular to the plane
containing B and V
Unit:
Newtons, Dynes, Ff - Lb
F = |Q|(V)B

Where:
Mks.
F – Newtons Q – charge---coulombs
V – velocity---meters/seconds
B – flux density-Tesla(weber/sq.m)
Cgs
F – Dynes
Q – charge---coulombs
V – velocity---cm/seconds
B – flux density- gauss(Mx/sq.cm)

English system
F – Ft-lbs
Q – charge---coulombs
V – velocity---ft./seconds
B – flux density- Mx/sq.ft.
FORCE IN TERMS OF LENGTH, CURRENT AND FLUX DENSITY

Recall:
V = L/t
I = Q/t ; Q = I x t
But
F=QVB
substitute
F = I . L x B from
Where;
L---- Length of the conductor in meters
t---- time in seconds
Q----- charge in coulombs
B---- flux density in Tesla or (W/m2)
V ---- velocity in meter / seconds
F --- force in Newtons
I --- current in amperes
conversion
1 Newton = 1 x 105 Dynes
1 Weber = 1 x 108 lines
1 meter = 100 cm
1 inches = 2.54cm
1 mils = 0.0001 inches
1 miles = 5280 ft
1 miles = 1.609756 Km
• 10^1 deka da 10^30 weka W
10^2 hecto h 10^33 vunda V
10^3 kilo k 10^36 uda U
10^6 mega M 10^39 treda TD
10^9 giga G 10^42 sorta S
10^12 tera T 10^45 rinta R
10^15 peta P 10^48 quexa Q
10^18 exa E 10^51 pepta PP
10^21 zetta Z 10^54 ocha O
10^24 yotta Y 10^57 nena N
10^27 xona X 10^60 minga MI
Examples
1. Calculate the magnitude of the force of one Tesla in a 2 meter conductor carrying 5
amperes current?
2. What is the magnitude of the flux density if the force is 140 Newtons, the velocity of a
15 coulomb charge is 1.5 m/sec?
3. A 15 ft. long conductor is carrying a current of 450 mA calculate the force if the flux
density is equal to 1000 weber/sq m?
4. What is the magnitude of the flux density if the force is 240 Newtons, the velocity of a
50 coulomb charge is 3o0 cm/sec?
5. A 393.6 inches. long conductor is carrying a current of 500 mA calculate the force if
the flux density is equal to 980 weber/sq.meter?
Example ans.
1. F = 10 N
2. B = 6.22 T
3. F = 2057.93 N
4. B = 1.6 T
5. F = 4,900 N