ELECTROSTATICS

Presented by
R. B. Tyata, PhD
 Outlines
1. Definition of Electrostatics
2. History of Electrostatics
3. Matter- Atom: Electron, Proton and Neutron
4. Electric Charge
5. Modern Theory of Electrification
6. Properties of Electric Charge
7. Coulomb’s Force
8. Electric Field
9. Electric Lines of Forces
10. Numerical
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Electro-
statics
•Electro- Electricity/charged particles
•Static-Stationary/not moving/
•Electrostatics- The study of stationary charges
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 Electric Charge
History
600 BC Greeks first discover attractive properties
of amber when rubbed.
History Electric Charge
1600 AD William Gilbert Electric bodies repel as well
as attract

William Gilbert
History Electric Charge
1735 AD du Fay: Two distinct types of electricity
1750 AD Franklin: Positive and Negative Charge

du Fay Benjamin Franklin

History Electric Charge
1770 AD Coulomb:
“Inverse Square Law”
1890 AD J.J. Thompson:
Quantization of electric charge - “Electron”

Coulomb: J.J. Thompson:

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Definition:-
The branch of physics which deals with the study of
charge in rest is called electrostatics.
or
The branch of physics which deals with the study of
electricity in rest is called electrostatics.
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Matter (atom) and charge
We know that atom consist three elementary particles a)
electron b) proton and c) neutron. Electrons are revolving
around the outermost orbit of atom and protons and neutrons
are lie on the nucleus. Electrons are negative charge particles.

Its mass be 9.1 ×10-31 Kg. Its charge be -1.6 ×10-19Coulomb.

Protons are positive charge particles. Its mass be 1.6 ×10-27 kg.
Its charge be 1.6 ×10-19coulomb. It is greater than electron i.e.
1/1840 time greater.

Generally, we know that diameter of nucleus varies form

2×10-15 m to 14×10-15 m of hydrogen atom to higher atoms. But
diameter of atom varies from 1×10-10 m to 3×10-10 m. i.e. 105
time greater than diameter of nucleus.
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0.00000000000000000000000000167Kg
0.000000000000000000000000000000911Kg
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Colorized scanning electron micrograph of an apoptotic

Scanning Electron cell (red) heavily infected with SARS-COV-2 virus
Microscope (SEM) particles (yellow)
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Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

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Electric charge: Positive and Negative charge
The electricity develops on bodies, when different natures of these
bodies are rubbed with each other, is called frictional electricity. It
is also called statics electricity. The body, at which electricity
developed due to friction, is called the electric charge.
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There are two types of charges.
a) Positive charge and b) Negative charge.
The body which loses electrons is called positive charge and the
body which gains electrons is called negatively charge. Electron
is called negatively charge particle and proton is called the
positively charge particle. When the number of electron and
proton is equal, is called neural particle.
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For example, when the glass rod is rubbed with silk, the glass rod
losses negative charge and silk gain the negative charge. So glass
rod is called the positive charge body and silk is called the
negative charge body.
Similarly, when the ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, the ebonite rod
surplus negative charge and fur losses the negative charge. So
ebonite rod is called the negative charge body and fur is called
the positive charge body.
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Modern theory of electrification:
According to modern theory of electrification, the charge on a body
is due to transfer of electrons when on body is rubbed with
others. Therefore, when a glass rod is rubbed with silk, some
electrons are transferred from glass rod to silk. So, glass rod
becomes positive charged and the silk becomes negatively charge.
Similarly, when an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, some electrons
transferred from fur to ebonite rod. So, ebonite rod becomes
negatively charged and fur becomes positively charge.
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Properties of electric charge:
There are following properties of electric charges.

1. Like charges repel one another and unlike charges attract

each other.
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Properties of electric charge:
2. Quantization of electric charge. i.e. the charge on the body is
integral multiple of charge of electron.
Therefore, Q =  ne
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1. What is the total charge of 75kg of electrons?

The mass of one electron is 9.11 × 10−31 kg,
so that a mass M = 75 kg contains
Number of electrons (N) =M/me
N=(75 kg)/(9.11 × 10−31 kg) = 8.23 × 1031 elctrons
The charge of one electron is (e) = −1.60 × 10−19 C, so that the total charge
of N electrons is: Q = -N(e) = (8.23 × 1031)(−1.60 × 10−19 C)
= −1.32 × 1013 C
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3. Conservation of electric charge. i.e. total charge on an isolated

system remains constant. In radioactive decay, here atomic
number is equal after decay.
92 U 238
 90Th 234
 2 H 4
 Energy
4. Electric charge is scalar quantity.
5. Electric charge is not affected by motion of charge particle.
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Conductors and Insulators:
Conductors
The substances at which electric charge can easily flow through
them, is called conductor. For example: metal such as silver,
iron, copper, gold, brass, human body earth solution of salts,
acids and bases. Conductor contains large number of free
electrons.
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Aqueous Solution

Battery
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Raj Mohan Nair,

a man
supposedly
immune to
electricity.
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Conductors and Insulators:
Insulating capacity of quartz is 1025 time greater than
copper.
Copper Quartz
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Insulators:
The substances at which electric charge cannot flow through
them, is called insulator. For example: Polythene, quartz, glass,
silk, dry air, pure water, wax, mica etc.